Sulfadiazine

Sulfadiazine
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a682130
Routes of; administration	Topical cream, by mouth
Drug class	Antibiotic (sulfonamide)[1]
ATC code	J01EC02 (WHO) QJ01EQ10 (WHO);
Legal status
Legal status	In general: ℞ (Prescription only);
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	?
Protein binding	38-48%[1]
Metabolism	Liver (acetylation)[1]
Elimination half-life	7-17 hours [1]
Excretion	Urine [1]
Identifiers
	IUPAC name 4-amino-N-pyrimidin- 2-yl-benzenesulfonamide;
CAS Number	68-35-9 ;
PubChem CID	5215;
DrugBank	DB00359 ;
ChemSpider	5026 ;
UNII	0N7609K889;
KEGG	D00587 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL439 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID7044130 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.623
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C10H10N4O2S
Molar mass	250.28 g·mol−1
Melting point	252 to 256 °C (486 to 493 °F)
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Sulfadiazine is an antibiotic.[1] Used together with pyrimethamine, a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, it is the treatment of choice for toxoplasmosis, which is caused by a protozoan parasite.[2] It is a second-line treatment for otitis media, prophylaxis of rheumatic fever, chancroid, chlamydia, and infections by Haemophilus influenzae.[1] It is also used as adjunct therapy for chloroquine-resistant malaria and several forms of bacterial meningitis.[3] It is taken by mouth.[1] Sulfadiazine is available in multiple generic tablets of 500 mg. For urinary tract infections, the usual dose is 4 to 6 grams daily in 3 to 6 divided doses.[3]

Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, headache, fever, rash, depression, and pancreatitis.[1] It should not be used in people who have severe liver problems, kidney problems, or porphyria.[2] If used during pregnancy, it may increase the risk of kernicterus in the baby.[1] While the company that makes it does not recommend use during breastfeeding, use is believed to be safe if the baby is otherwise healthy.[4] It is in the sulfonamide class of medications.[1]

Sulfadiazine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1941.[1][5] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[6] Sulfadiazine is available as a generic medication.[1]

Medical uses

It eliminates bacteria that cause infections by stopping the production of folate inside the bacterial cell, and is commonly used to treat urinary tract infections and burns.

In combination, sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine can be used to treat toxoplasmosis, the disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii.

Other uses

Sulfadiazine is used in plant research for selecting and maintaining genetically manipulated cells.[7]

Mechanism of action

Sulfadiazine works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase.

Side effects

Side effects reported for sulfadiazine include nausea, loss of appetite, dizziness, gastrointestinal upset, rash and fever.[3]

Brand names

This drug is sold branded as Lantrisul, Neotrizine, Sulfa-Triple #2, Sulfadiazine, Sulfaloid, Sulfonamides Duplex, Sulfose, Terfonyl, Triple Sulfa, Triple Sulfas, and Triple Sulfoid.

References

"Sulfadiazine". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. pp. 126, 205. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659.
"Sulfadiazine", LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury, Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2012, PMID 31643992, retrieved 2021-12-27
"Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products". www.accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Kobercová E, Srba M, Fischer L (March 2023). "Sulfadiazine and phosphinothricin selection systems optimised for the transformation of tobacco BY-2 cells". Plant Cell Reports. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 42 (3): 535–548. doi:10.1007/s00299-022-02975-7. PMID 36609768. S2CID 255501050.

External links

"Sulfadiazine". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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[AHFS2016-1] "Sulfadiazine". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.

[WHO2008-2] World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. pp. 126, 205. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659.

[:0-3] "Sulfadiazine", LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury, Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2012, PMID 31643992, retrieved 2021-12-27

[5] "Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products". www.accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 11 November 2018.

[WHO21st-6] World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

[Kobercová_2023_p.-7] Kobercová E, Srba M, Fischer L (March 2023). "Sulfadiazine and phosphinothricin selection systems optimised for the transformation of tobacco BY-2 cells". Plant Cell Reports. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 42 (3): 535–548. doi:10.1007/s00299-022-02975-7. PMID 36609768. S2CID 255501050.