ATP Finals

The ATP Finals is the fifth iteration of a championship which began in 1970. It was originally known as the Masters Grand Prix and was part of the Grand Prix tennis circuit.[3] It was organised by the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) and ran alongside the competing WCT Finals from 1971 to 1989. The Masters was a year-end showpiece event between the best players on the men's tour, but did not count for any world ranking points.

In 1990, the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) took over the running of the men's tour and replaced the Masters with the "ATP Tour World Championships".[3] World ranking points were now at stake, with an undefeated champion earning the same number of points they would earn for winning one of the four Grand Slam events.[4] The ITF, who continued to run the Grand Slam tournaments, created a rival year-end event known as the Grand Slam Cup, which was contested by the 16 players with the best records in the Grand Slam tournaments of the season (1990–99).

In December 1999, the ATP and ITF agreed to discontinue the two separate events and create a new jointly-owned event called the "Tennis Masters Cup".[3] As with the Masters Grand Prix and the ATP Tour World Championships, the Tennis Masters Cup was contested by eight players. However, the player who was ranked number eight in the ATP Race world rankings was not guaranteed spot. If a player who won one of the year's Grand Slam events finished the year ranked outside the top eight, but still within the top 20, he was included in the Tennis Masters Cup instead of the eighth-ranked player. If two players outside the top eight won Grand Slam events, the higher placed player of the two in the world rankings took the final spot in the Tennis Masters Cup. This accommodation for Grand Slam winners who are nevertheless ranked outside the top eight continues in the event's current form.

In 2009, the championship was renamed the "ATP World Tour Finals" and was held at The O2 Arena in London.[3] The contract ran through 2013,[5] but was extended up to 2015 in 2012,[6][7] and another time until 2018 in 2015.[8] In 2017 the event was renamed the "ATP Finals"[3] and the contract with the O2 Arena was extended to 2020.[9][10] In December 2018 it was announced that London, along with Manchester, Singapore, Tokyo and Turin were on a shortlist of five cities which made the cut from an initial list of 40 cities to host the event starting from 2021.[11] In April 2019, the ATP announced that Turin is going to host the ATP Finals from 2021 to 2025.[12]

For most of its history, the event has been considered the most important indoor tennis tournament in the world (there were a few exceptions when the event was held outdoors: 1974 in Melbourne & 2003–04 in Houston). The indoor atmosphere allows for controlled conditions of play, both in terms of the court surface and the court's illumination.

In recent years it has been played on indoor hard courts, however, indoor carpet was used in some previous editions. On one occasion, when Melbourne hosted the event in 1974, the grass courts of Kooyong Stadium were used;[13] the tournament was staged only 1–2 weeks before the 1975 Australian Open, which was also played on grass. Apart from 1974, all tournaments have been on a hard court variant, which has prompted calls from some players (chiefly Rafael Nadal)[14] to feature a greater variety of surfaces, including clay courts. However, others disagree[15] and have argued that clay court events already comprise a large chunk of the tennis calendar.[16] As it stands, the ATP is not apt to change the event from an indoor hard court competition.[17]

For many years, the doubles event was held as a separate tournament staged the week after the singles competition, but more recently both events have been held together during the same week and in the same venue.

In 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic and in an effort to reduce the number of staff on-site, the ATP introduced live electronic line-calling powered by Hawk-Eye Live. Instead of line umpires, the system detects the relevant movements of the player and where the ball bounces on court. A pre-recorded voice announces "Out", "Fault", and "Foot fault." Video review can be used for suspected double bounces, touches, and other reviewable calls.[18]

The tournament has traditionally been sponsored by the title sponsor of the tour; however, in 1990–2008 the competition was not sponsored, even though the singles portion of the event, as part of the ATP Tour, was sponsored by IBM. In 2009, the tournament gained Barclays PLC as its title sponsor.[19] Barclays confirmed in 2015 that they would not renew their sponsorship deal once it expires in 2016.[20] On 25 May 2017, it was announced that Nitto Denko will be the main sponsor for the tournament, at least until 2020.[21] On 10 September 2020, Nitto Denko announced it will extend its title partnership of the ATP Finals for another five years, until 2025.[22]

The criteria to qualify for the ATP Finals are as follows:

1. Players who finish the season ranked in the top 7 in the ATP race automatically qualify.
2. The eighth spot is reserved for a player who won a Grand Slam event in the season and is ranked from 8th–20th. Ivanisevic in 2001, Costa in 2002, Gaudio in 2004, and Cilic in 2014 all qualified for their Grand Slam title despite not ending in the top 8 in the ATP race.
3. If more than one player won a Grand Slam event in the season and is ranked from 8th–20th, then whichever of these players is highest-ranked is awarded the eighth spot; whichever of these players is second highest-ranked is made first alternate.
4. If there is no player who won a Grand Slam event in the season and is ranked from 8th–20th, then the eight spot is awarded to the player ranked eighth, irrespective of Grand Slam results.

Two alternates also attend the ATP Finals. If the first alternate has already been selected according to (3) mentioned above, then the second alternate is the highest-ranked player who has not otherwise qualified for the event. If both alternate spots are available, they are awarded to the two highest-ranked players who did not otherwise qualify for the event.

An alternate can replace a player who withdraws before the round-robin stage is over, so long as the player who withdraws still has at least one round-robin match left to play. When an alternate enters the competition, his results are considered separately, i.e. the alternate does not inherit the results of the player he is replacing. If an alternate's round-robin results qualify him for the semifinals, then he may continue into the single-elimination rounds.

Unlike other events on the ATP Tour, the ATP Finals is not a straightforward single-elimination tournament. The eight players are divided into two groups of four and each play three round-robin matches against the other players in their group. After the round-robin stage, the top two players in each group advance to the semifinals. The two winners of the semifinals play a final to determine the champion. In this format, it is theoretically possible to advance to the semifinals even with as many as two round-robin losses, but no player in the history of the singles tournament has won the title after losing more than one round-robin match.

To create the groups, the eight players are seeded according to rank. The #1 and #2 seeds are placed in Group A and Group B, respectively. The remaining seeds are drawn in pairs (#3 and #4, #5 and #6, #7 and #8); the first of the pair to be drawn goes to Group A and the other to Group B, and so on.

The format described above has been in place for all editions of the tournament except the following years:

• 1970–71: All round robin (no groups), no semifinals or finals, the winner was decided based on round-robin standings.
• 1982–84: 12-player three-round single-elimination tournament (no round robin), the top four seeds received byes in the first round.
• 1985: 16-player four-round single-elimination tournament (no round robin), no byes.

Since 2019, the group standings at the end of the round-robin stage are determined by, in order:[23]

• Most matches won.
• Most matches played (for example: the record 1–2 beats 1–1, and 2–1 beats 2–0).

If some players are tied, the following tiebreakers are used depending on how many players are tied (two or three):

If two players are tied, then:

• Head-to-head round-robin result.

If three players are tied, then the following tiebreakers are used, in order, until all three players are no longer tied OR until only two players are tied, at which point the two-player tie is broken by the head-to-head round robin result:

• Highest % of sets won.
• Highest % of games won.
• Highest ranking at the start of the tournament.

When calculating tiebreakers, a match that ended in a retirement is counted as a 0–2 sets loss for the retiring player and a 2–0 sets win for their opponent, regardless of the actual score when the retirement occurred. When calculating the "Highest % of games won" tiebreaker, a match that ended in a retirement is disregarded.

ATP Finals is the men's premier indoor event of the season, only in three editions it was played outdoors; 1974, 2003 and 2004.

Years[24]	City	Surface	Stadium	Capacity
1970	Tokyo, Japan	Hard (i)	Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium[25]	6,500
1971	Paris, France		Stade Pierre de Coubertin	5,000
1972	Barcelona, Spain		Palau Blaugrana	5,700
1973	Boston, United States		Boston Garden[26]	14,900
1974	Melbourne, Australia	Grass	Kooyong Stadium	8,500
1975	Stockholm, Sweden	Carpet (i)	Kungliga tennishallen	6,000
1976	Houston, United States		The Summit	16,300
1977–1989	New York City, United States		Madison Square Garden	18,000
1990–1995	Frankfurt, Germany		Festhalle Frankfurt	12,000
1996–1999	Hanover, Germany[lower-alpha 1]	Carpet (i) Hard (i)	Hanover Fairground	15,000
2000	Lisbon, Portugal	Hard (i)	Pavilhão Atlântico	12,000
2001	Sydney, Australia		Sydney Super Dome	17,500
2002	Shanghai, China		SNIEC	10,000
2003–2004	Houston, United States	Hard	Westside Tennis Club	5,240
2005–2008	Shanghai, China[lower-alpha 2]	Carpet (i) Hard (i)	Qizhong Forest Sports City Arena	15,000
2009–2020	London, United Kingdom	Hard (i)	The O2 Arena[27]	20,000
2021–2025	Turin, Italy		Pala Alpitour[28]	16,600

• Winning the year-end championships in both singles and doubles in the same year.

Player	Year
John McEnroe	1978 (S–D), 1983 (S–D), 1984 (S–D)
Stan Smith	1970 (S–D)

• ATP YEC (active); played since 1970.
• WCT YEC (defunct); played from 1971 to 1989.
• ITF YEC (defunct); played from 1990 to 1999.

Player	ATP Finals	WCT Finals	Grand Slam Cup
Boris Becker	1988	1988	1996