Northern Raqqa offensive

On 1 April 2016, Democratic Union Party (PYD) leader Salih Muslim stated that Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) forces were preparing with the US-led coalition to launch an offensive on Raqqa.[14]

U.S. Central Command Commander General Joseph L. Votel, the highest-ranking U.S. military official to visit Syria since the war erupted in 2011, came to Northern Syria in May 2016.[15]

Kurdish forces established a stronghold about 37 kilometers (23 miles) north of Raqqa.[16] ISIL reportedly used the residents of Raqqa as human shields, preventing them from leaving the city.[17]

According to Joshua Walker of the German Marshall Fund, Raqqa could be "the beginning of the end" for ISIL, and the most important offensive since Kobani in 2015.[18]

On 20 May the US-led coalition dropped leaflets on the city, encouraging the residents to leave.[19]

The SDF is led and dominated by YPG forces, which generally consist of Kurds. To avoid ethnic tensions with Raqqa's majority Arab population, US special forces trained more than 200 Arab fighters to take part in the offensive.

The announcement for the offensive was made on 24 May,[20] when the 30,000-strong[17] SDF announced the offensive, "with participation from all SDF units",[21] mobilising thousands of fighters in the countryside north of Raqqa, with the aim of expelling ISIL fighters from north of al-Raqqa.[18]

The US-led coalition stated that it would provide air support for the offensive.[18] Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov announced that his country was ready to coordinate with U.S. and Kurdish forces in the offensive,[18] but the U.S., distrustful of the Russian establishment, turned down the offer.[22]

On 21 May 2016 the SDF, led by the YPG, captured the village of al-Hishah, near the town of Ayn Issa in the northern countryside from ISIL, killing eight fighters.[23] In the following days additional SDF fighters were mobilized from Tell Abyad to Ayn Issa.[13] ISIL fighters in Raqqa responded by creating defensive lines and tunnels in the city.[4] seven Coalition airstrikes on ISIL positions were confirmed on 23 May.[24] On 25 May, the SDF took control of the Namrodia and Matmashraja villages near Ayn Issa.[25]

On 26 May, the SDF reported new gains. SDF forces took the villages of Qartaja, al-Fastah, Indebin and Matmasraja. They had advanced some 6 km into IS-held lands north of Raqqa,[26] and killed at least 31 ISIL fighters.[27] By 30 May, ISIL had redeployed 2,000 to 3,000 militants to Raqqa, from Mosul and other areas controlled by ISIL. It was also reported that ISIL's use of civilians as human shields was slowing down the SDF advance.[28] Later on the same day, the SDF captured an additional nine villages from ISIL, in the northern countryside of Raqqa.[29]

On 3 June 2016, a YPG unit infiltrated into a detention center in Raqqa city and raided it, rescuing a number of prisoners, including a Yezidi family.[30]

• Battle of Raqqa (2013)
• Manbij offensive, a follow-up Kurdish offensive in the "Manbij Pocket" in the northern Aleppo Governorate, Syria
• Raqqa campaign (2016–17)
• Third Battle of Fallujah, a simultaneous Iraqi offensive against ISIL-held Fallujah, Iraq