Siege of Menagh Air Base

The first major rebel assault against the base came in the weeks following the start of the battle of Aleppo. Rebel fighters from the Free Syrian Army and affiliated groups launched an attack against the air base on 2 August 2012 using a combination of small arms, rocket-propelled grenades, and five tanks they had captured during the battle of Anadan. The base was used by Syrian Air Force helicopters and jet aircraft to bombard rebel positions, and seizing it was seen as vital to the rebels in their advances across northern Syria.[31] The initial rebel attack was repelled by government troops entrenched inside the air base's perimeter, though rebel commanders said they would continue the siege and capture the base.[32]

Heavy fighting broke out on the night of 27 December and continued "all night", as rebels had once again assaulted the besieged base. MiG warplanes bombed rebel positions on the outskirt of the base in an effort to alleviate some of the pressure on the defenders.[33]

By January 2013, the base still held out against the rebels, despite being besieged on all sides. The remaining defenders were receiving supplies of weapons and food, as well as medical evacuations by helicopter; however, these flights became increasingly risky for pilots as rebel forces gained access to heavy weaponry and fired upon government helicopters. At this point the rebels estimated roughly 300 soldiers remained defending the air base. Soldiers who defected from the base reported that food supplies were a major issue and that soldiers were given rations of dry rice and wheat and told to "make what they can from it". Self-inflicted injuries were also reported as soldiers attempted to escape the fighting.[6]

On 8 February, the Syrian Air Force bombed parts of the base after rebel fighters stormed it, which forced the rebels to retreat.[34]

Syrian Air Force strike on the surroundings of Menagh Air Base in support of the besieged government forces inside the base, April 2013

A rebel attack was once again repulsed by government troops on 28 April, though rebels did manage to overrun some parts of the base before being forced to withdraw.[35]

On 5 May, as the siege of the base continued and government soldiers still refused to surrender, rebels launched their biggest offensive against the base to date, overrunning several Army positions and moving deep inside the base and capturing a tank, although they came under heavy aerial attack by the Air Force.[36] Rebels claimed that a group of pilots defected and assassinated the base's commanding officer. The defecting pilots told rebels that around 200 soldiers remained in the base, garrisoned in the headquarters building supported by a handful of tanks. Many soldiers resorted to sleeping under tanks, fearing a rebel assault.[22] On 9 May, it was reported that, although they managed to capture parts of the Menagh Air Base, rebel fighters were forced to retreat from the base due to heavy air strikes.[37]

On 28 May, rebel sources reported that the government conducted a successful airborne resupply mission to the Menagh base after several thousand FSA and jihadist rebels moved west to launch an attack on Kurdish fighters of the People's Protection Units (YPG) in the Afrin region, bringing critical military and logistical supplies to the air base. The Kurdish Front Brigade also withdrew its participation in the siege in order to join forces with the YPG to repel the attack on Afrin.[20]

On 7 June, rebel forces attacked the air base and fired tank shells at its command building, but were once again repelled.[38] Rebel forces launched another assault on 10 June, and by the next day had managed to secure the control tower after heavy fighting.[39] Government forces responded by shelling rebel held parts of the base.[40] On 17 June, rebels clashed with pro-government fighters from Nubl and Al-Zahraa who were headed for Menagh in an effort to reinforce the remaining soldiers inside the base.[41]

On 23 June, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), a pro-opposition war observer, reported that rebels had detonated a large car bomb in the government-held area of Menagh, which killed 12 soldiers and destroyed many buildings within the airport. The explosion was reportedly followed by missile fire on Army positions.[42]

An ISIL suicide bomber detonates a car bomb during the final assault on Menagh Air Base.

Map of the final assault on the air base in August 2013

After ten months of siege warfare, the various rebel groups at Menagh Air Base finally decided to coordinate in order to launch a large-scale assault to capture the base. Several insurgent militias taking part in this coordinated effort were actually hostile toward each other (for example, the Northern Storm Brigade had clashed with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) as late as July 2013); nevertheless, they put their differences mostly aside for the final attack on the base.[43] The rebels prepared their assault with a three-day long bombardment using artillery, mortars, and machine-guns.[44] The attack was carried out on 5 August 2013, led by jihadist Abu Omar al-Shishani, a chief ISIL commander.[45] By this point, 70[23]–120[24][25][26] government troops had remained, holding out in a small section of the complex.[44]

The attack began when two foreign suicide bombers from ISIL's JAMWA,[17] one of them a Saudi, drove a BMP infantry fighting vehicle up to the airport's command center and blew themselves up, destroying the building and killing or scattering the defenders.[44] Despite this, the surviving soldiers continued to offer heavy resistance[46] as ISIL, along with FSA and Islamist forces, stormed the base from three sides.[47] By the morning of the next day, however, rebel forces had full control of the airport. In course of the final battle, 32 government soldiers and at least 19 rebels were killed.[1][3][24] According to the insurgents, on the morning of the final attack, ten soldiers defected to the rebels and claimed to have attempted but failed to kill the base commander, who was later captured as he attempted to retreat with his men.[26] Though most of the aircraft which had originally been stationed at the airbase was distributed to other bases during the siege,[48] the Syrian Air Force lost at least five Mil Mi-8 helicopters at Menagh.[29]

About 70 Syrian soldiers, who managed to flee from the base during the battle, surrendered themselves (and two tanks) the next day to the Kurdish-led YPG in Afrin, located about 15 kilometers west of the airbase.[25][49] It was later reported that the surrendered troops were from the 17th Division and some officers from those surrendered troops were turned over by the YPG to the al-Nusra Front in exchange for Arab and Kurdish YPG prisoners al-Nusra captured from previous battles.[50] Al-Nusra then executed the officers they had received. The YPG later apologized for the incident.[50]

• Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad (2013). "The Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham" (PDF). Middle East Review of International Affairs. Herzliya: Rubin Center for Research in International Affairs. 17 (3): 19–44. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-18. Retrieved 2018-09-16.
• Bolling, Jeffrey (2012). Rebel Groups in Northern Aleppo Province. Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of War.
• Cooper, Tom (2015). Syrian Conflagration. The Civil War 2011–2013. Solihull: Helion & Company Limited. ISBN 978-1-910294-10-9.
• TRADOC G-2 (2014). Threat Tactics Report: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (PDF). Fort Eustis: United States Army Training and Doctrine Command.
• Jones, Seth G. (2017). Waging Insurgent Warfare: Lessons from the Vietcong to the Islamic State. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190600860.