Oriented strand board

Oriented strand board (OSB) is a type of engineered wood similar to particle board, formed by adding adhesives and then compressing layers of wood strands (flakes) in specific orientations. It was invented by Armin Elmendorf in California in 1963.[1] OSB may have a rough and variegated surface with the individual strips of around 2.5 cm × 15 cm (1.0 by 5.9 inches), lying unevenly across each other, and is produced in a variety of types and thicknesses.

OSB is easily identifiable by its characteristic wood strands.

Oriented strand board is sometimes confused with chipboard, a synonym for particle board, whose "chips" are of a size that a lay person would likely describe as "particles".

Uses
OSB is frequently used in light steel frame house construction.

OSB is a material with favorable mechanical properties that make it particularly suitable for load-bearing applications in construction.[2] It is now more popular than plywood, commanding 66% of the North American structural panel market.[3] The most common uses are as sheathing in walls, flooring, and roof decking. For exterior wall applications, panels are available with a radiant-barrier layer laminated to one side; this eases installation and increases energy performance of the building envelope. OSB is also used in furniture production.

Manufacturing
OSB in production before pressing in a thermal press

Oriented strand board is manufactured in wide mats from cross-oriented layers of thin, rectangular wooden strips compressed and bonded together with wax and synthetic resin adhesives.

The adhesive resins types used include: urea-formaldehyde (OSB type 1, nonstructural, nonwaterproof); isocyanate-based glue (or PMDI poly-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate based) in inner regions with melamine-urea-formaldehyde or phenol formaldehyde resin glues at surface (OSB type 2, structural, water resistant on face); phenol formaldehyde resin throughout (OSB types 3 and 4, structural, for use in damp and outside environments).[4]

The layers are created by shredding the wood into strips, which are sifted and then oriented on a belt or wire-mesh caul (a heated, ventilated support) and coated with the resin.[5] The layers thus built up are transferred to a forming line and cross-orientated so that strips on the external layers are aligned to the panel's strength axis, while the internal layers are perpendicular.[6] The number of layers placed is determined partly by the thickness of the panel, but is limited by the equipment installed at the manufacturing site. Individual layers can also vary in thickness to give different finished panel thicknesses (typically, a 15 cm (5.9 in) layer will produce a 15 mm (0.59 in) panel thickness). The mat is placed in a thermal press to compress the flakes and bond them by heat activation and curing of the resin that has been coated on the flakes. Individual panels are then cut from the mats into finished sizes. Most of the world's OSB is made in the United States and Canada in large production facilities.

Materials other than wood have been used to produce products similar to OSB. Oriented structural straw board is an engineered board made by splitting straw and formed by adding P-MDI adhesives and then hot compressing layers of straw in specific orientations.[7] Strand board can also be made from bagasse.

Production

In 2005, Canadian production was 10,500,000 m2 (113,000,000 sq ft) (3⁄8 in or 9.53 mm basis) of which 8,780,000 m2 (94,500,000 sq ft) (3⁄8 in or 9.53 mm) were exported, almost entirely to the United States.[8] In 2014, Romania became the largest OSB exporting country in Europe, with 28% of the exports going to Russia and 16% to Ukraine.[9]

Properties
OSB, closeup of corner

Adjustments to the manufacturing process can affect thickness, panel size, strength, and rigidity. OSB panels have no internal gaps or voids, and can be water-resistant, although they do require additional membranes to achieve impermeability to water and are not recommended for exterior use. The finished product has properties similar to plywood, but is uniform and cheaper.[10] However, in 2021 the price spiked 5% to 600% going from under $10 to almost $50 per 4x8 sheet for 7/16" nominal, before correcting into 2022. When tested to failure, OSB has a greater load-bearing capacity than milled wood panels.[11] It has replaced plywood in many environments, especially the North American structural panel market.

While OSB does not have a continuous grain like a natural wood, it does have greater strength on its long axis because more of the component grains are oriented in this direction. This can be seen by observing the alignment of the surface wood chips.

All wood-based structural use panels can be cut and installed with the same types of equipment as for solid wood.

Health and safety

The resins used to create OSB have raised questions regarding the potential for OSB to emit volatile organic compounds such as formaldehyde. Urea-formaldehyde is more toxic and should be avoided in home use. Phenol-formaldehyde products are considered to be relatively hazard free. Some newer types of OSB, so-called "new-generation" OSB panels, use isocyanate resins that do not contain formaldehyde and are considered nonvolatile when cured.[12] Industry trade groups assert that formaldehyde emissions from North American OSB are "negligible or nonexistent".[13]

Some manufacturers treat the wood chips with various borate compounds that are toxic to termites, wood-boring beetles, molds, and fungi, but not mammals in applied doses.

Types

Five grades of OSB are defined in EN 300 in terms of their mechanical performance and relative resistance to moisture:[2]

  • OSB/0 – No added formaldehyde
  • OSB/1 – General-purpose boards and boards for interior fitments (including furniture) for use in dry conditions
  • OSB/2 – Load-bearing boards for use in dry conditions
  • OSB/3 – Load-bearing boards for use in humid conditions
  • OSB/4 – Heavy-duty load-bearing boards for use in humid conditions

References
  1. "Dokument US000003164511A" (PDF). DEPATISnet. Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  2. "Technical Information". Osb-info.org. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
  3. Marotte, Bertrand (19 July 2016). "Toronto's Norbord riding the rising wave of OSB sales". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
  4. Oldhand, Tony (25 Apr 2017), "Types of Glue Used in OSB", sciencing.com
  5. Koch, Peter (1985). Utilization of hardwoods growing on southern pine sites. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service. p. 2423. OCLC 13459178.
  6. Hedges, Keith E. (2017). "Oriented Strand Board". Architectural Graphic Standards (12 ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 9781119312512.
  7. Han, Guangping, Cheng, Wanli, Manning, Mark, and Eloy, Pierre (2012). "Performance of zinc Borate Treated Oriented Structural Straw Board against Mold Fungi, Decay Fungi, and Termites - A preliminary trial" (PDF). BioResources. 7 (3): 2986–2995.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. "Review of the Canadian structural panel market". Fordaq.com. 24 August 2006. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
  9. "Romania has become the largest OSB exporting country in the EU". Fordaq. Fordaq S.A. 7 April 2014.
  10. "UMass Amherst: Building and Construction Technology » Choosing Between Oriented Strandboard and Plywood". Umass.edu. 2015-09-04. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
  11. Chaya Kurtz (2010-05-12). "Experts Talk About Engineered Wood - Articles". Networx.com. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
  12. MacLeod, Ian. "I'm concerned about toxic offgassing from OSB subflooring and roofing". Green home guide. Retrieved 2015-11-14.
  13. "Oriented Strand Board Educational Bulletin, Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). OSBGuide. TECOTested.com. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
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