Eastern Trans-Fly languages

The Eastern Trans-Fly (or Oriomo Plateau) languages are a small independent family of Papuan languages spoken in the Oriomo Plateau to the west of the Fly River in New Guinea.

Eastern Trans-Fly
Oriomo Plateau
Geographic
distribution
Oriomo Plateau, Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait Islands (Australia)
Linguistic classificationTrans-Fly or independent language family
  • Eastern Trans-Fly
Glottologeast2503
Map: The Eastern Trans-Fly languages of New Guinea
  The Eastern Trans-Fly languages
  Trans–New Guinea languages
  Other Papuan languages
  Austronesian languages
  Australian languages
  Uninhabited

Classification

The languages constituted a branch of Stephen Wurm's 1970 Trans-Fly proposal, which he later incorporated into his 1975 expansion of the Trans–New Guinea family as part of a Trans-Fly – Bulaka River branch. They are retained as a family but removed from Trans–New Guinea in the classifications of Malcolm Ross and Timothy Usher.

Wurm had concluded that some of his purported Trans-Fly languages were not in the Trans–New Guinea family but rather heavily influenced by Trans–New Guinea languages. Ross (2005) removed the bulk of the languages, including Eastern Trans-Fly, from Wurm's Trans–New Guinea.

Timothy Usher links the four languages, which he calls Oriomo Plateau, to the Pahoturi languages and the Tabo language in an expanded Eastern Trans-Fly family.

Languages

Oriomo (Eastern Trans-Fly) languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below.[1] Geographical coordinates are also provided for each dialect (which are named after villages).[2]

List of Oriomo (Eastern Trans-Fly) languages
LanguageLocationPopulationAlternate namesDialects
Gizrrasouth Oriomo-Bituri Rural LLG, Western Province (Papua New Guinea)1,050GizraWestern Gizra and Waidoro (9.199001°S 142.758852°E / -9.199001; 142.758852 (Waidoro)) dialects
Binesouth Oriomo-Bituri Rural LLG, Western Province (Papua New Guinea)2,000Kunini (9.091499°S 143.009076°E / -9.091499; 143.009076 (Kunini)), Boze-Giringarede (9.06073°S 143.03836°E / -9.06073; 143.03836 (Boze)), Sogal (8.93995°S 142.841073°E / -8.93995; 142.841073 (Sogale)), Masingle (9.130976°S 142.950793°E / -9.130976; 142.950793 (Masingara)), Tate (9.078728°S 142.877514°E / -9.078728; 142.877514 (Tati)), Irupi-Drageli (9.135394°S 142.862977°E / -9.135394; 142.862977 (Iru'upi); 9.161472°S 142.892287°E / -9.161472; 142.892287 (Drageli)), and Sebe (9.050889°S 142.698247°E / -9.050889; 142.698247 (Sebe)) dialects
Wipieast Oriomo-Bituri Rural LLG, Western Province (Papua New Guinea)3,500Wipim, Gidra, Oriomo, JibuDorogori (9.029768°S 143.215139°E / -9.029768; 143.215139 (Dorogori No. 2)), Abam (8.926818°S 143.19112°E / -8.926818; 143.19112 (Abam)), Peawa (8.886084°S 143.192049°E / -8.886084; 143.192049 (Peawa (Woigi))), Ume (9.021446°S 143.069507°E / -9.021446; 143.069507 (U'ume)), Kuru (8.901837°S 143.074435°E / -8.901837; 143.074435 (Kuru No 1)), Woigo (8.897189°S 143.19818°E / -8.897189; 143.19818 (Woigi)), Wonie (8.836602°S 142.974578°E / -8.836602; 142.974578 (Wonie)), Iamega (8.768564°S 142.91733°E / -8.768564; 142.91733 (Yamega (iamega))), Gamaewe (8.954618°S 142.932798°E / -8.954618; 142.932798 (Gamaewe)), Podari (8.862731°S 142.860353°E / -8.862731; 142.860353 (Podare)), Wipim (8.786604°S 142.871224°E / -8.786604; 142.871224 (Wipim)), Kapal (8.620541°S 142.815635°E / -8.620541; 142.815635 (Kapal)), Rual (8.570315°S 142.85601°E / -8.570315; 142.85601 (Rual No. 1)), Guiam, and Yuta dialects
Meryam MirAustralia: Torres Strait Islands of Erub (Darnley Island),
Ugar (Stephen Island), and Mer (Murray Island)
700Meriam MirErub (no longer used) and Mer dialects

Pronouns

The pronouns Ross reconstructs for proto–Eastern Trans-Fly are,

I*kaexclusive we*ki
inclusive we*mi
thou*mayou*we
he/she/it*tabV; *ethey*tepi

There is a possibility of a connection here to Trans–New Guinea. If the inclusive pronoun is historically a second-person form, then there would appear to be i-ablaut for the plural: *ka~ki, **ma~mi, **tapa~tapi. This is similar to the ablaut reconstructed for TNG (*na~ni, *ga~gi). Although the pronouns themselves are dissimilar, ablaut is not likely to be borrowed. On the other hand, there is some formal resemblance to Austronesian pronouns (*(a)ku I, *(ka)mu you, *kita we inc., *(ka)mi we exc., *ia he/she/it; some archeological, cultural and linguistic evidence of Austronesian contact and settlement in the area exists (David et al., 2011; McNiven et al., 2011; McNiven et al., 2006; McNiven et al., 2004: 67-68; Mitchell 1995).

Vocabulary comparison

The following basic vocabulary words for Bine (Täti dialect), Bine (Sogal dialect), Gizra (Kupere dialect) and Wipi (Dorogori dialect) are from the Trans-New Guinea database.[3] The equivalent words for Meriam Mir are also included.[4]

glossBine (Täti dialect)Bine (Sogal dialect)Gizra (Kupere dialect)Wipi (Dorogori dialect)Meriam Mir
head mopomoposiŋɨlmopʰkìrìm
hair ede ŋæřimopo ŋæřieřŋenmop ŋɨsmus
ear tablamtablamogublamyəkəpyagirip, laip
eye iřeʔuiřekuilkʰəpyəřerkep
nose kekekekesiəkʰsokpit
tooth giřiʔuziřguptìrìg
tongue wætæwærtæuːlitʰvlatwerut
leg er̃ŋeer̃ŋewapʰər̃kwateter
louse ŋamweŋamoŋəmbɨnɨmnem
dog dřegodřeŋgoumeyɔŋgomai
pig blomweblomob'omborom
bird eřeeřepʰöyɑyyiebur
egg kukuuŕgupkʰɨpwer
blood uːdiuːdiəiwɔːdžmam
bone kaːkekaːkokʰuskʰakʰlid
skin tæːpwetæːposopʰaigɨmgegur
breast nonoŋamoŋiamŋɔmnano
tree uliulinugupwʉllu(g)
man řoːřieřoːřiepʰamr̃ɨgakimiar
woman magebemagobekʰoːlkʰɔŋgakoskìr
sun abwedžibimuabɨslomlìm
moon mřeːpwemabyemɛlpalmobimeb
water niːyeniːyenaini
fire uloboulikobouːřpar̃aur
stone kulakulaiŋlkʰupglibakìr
name ŋiŋiŋiniːnei
eat waː alodanina wavwinero
one neːteřayepædər̃pʰanyəpanetat
two nenenineneniniːsnɨmɔgneis

References

  1. Evans, Nicholas (2018). "The languages of Southern New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 641–774. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
  2. United Nations in Papua New Guinea (2018). "Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup". Humanitarian Data Exchange. 1.31.9.
  3. Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  4. McNiven, Ian J.; Hitchcock, Garrick (2015). "Goemulgaw Lagal: Natural and Cultural Histories of the Island of Mabuyag, Torres Strait" (PDF). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum – Culture. 8. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  • Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
  • David, B., McNiven, I.J., Mitchell, R., Orr, M., Haberle, S., Brady, L. & Crouch, J. 2004. Badu 15 and the Papuan-Austronesian settlement of Torres Strait. Archeology in Oceania 39(2): 65-78.
  • Fleischmann, L. and Turpeinen, S. "A Dialect Survey of Eastern Trans-Fly Languages". In Reesink, G.P., Fleischmann, L., Turpeinen, S. and Lincoln, P.C. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 19. A-45:39-76. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1976. doi:10.15144/PL-A45.39
  • McNiven, I.J., Dickinson, W.R., David, B., Weisler, M., Von Gnielinski, F., Carter, M., & Zoppi, U. 2006. Mask Cave: red-slipped pottery and the Australian-Papuan settlement of Zenadh Kes (Torres Strait). Archaeology in Oceania 41(2): 49-81.
  • McNiven, I.J., David, B., Richards, T., Aplin, K., Asmussen, B., Mialanes, J., Leavesley, M., Faulkner, P., UlmM, S. 2011 New directions in human colonisation of the Pacific: Lapita settlement of south coast New Guinea. Australian Archaeology 72:1-6.
  • Mitchell, R. 1995. Linguistic Archeology in Torres Strait. Unpublished MA thesis (James Cook University: Townsville).
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