Orthetrum

Orthetrum is a large genus of dragonflies in the Libellulidae family.[2] They are commonly referred to as skimmers.

Skimmers
Female Orthetrum chrysostigma
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Odonata
Infraorder: Anisoptera
Family: Libellulidae
Subfamily: Libellulinae
Genus: Orthetrum
Newman, 1833[1]

The size of adults within the genus ranges from small to large; in Africa, the hindwing ranges in length from 22 to 50 mm. The bodies of adult females and recently emerged males are yellow to brown with black markings; these may facilitate identification of individuals to species level. Mature males, however, develop blue-grey pruinosity over most of their bodies - this makes species identification difficult without the capture of a specimen and inspection of the shape of the hamule.[3]

Species

The genus Orthetrum includes the following species:[4]

Scientific name[lower-alpha 1] Common name IUCN Red List Status Distribution Picture (Male) Picture (Female)
Orthetrum abbotti
Calvert, 1892		 Abbott's skimmer LC IUCN Sub-Saharan Africa, Jordan and Yemen.[5]
Orthetrum africanum
(Selys, 1887)		 LC IUCN Central and Western Africa[6]
Orthetrum albistylum
Selys, 1848		 White-tailed skimmer[7] LC IUCN Europe to China and Japan[8]
Orthetrum anceps
(Schneider, 1845)		 LC

[9]

 Europe, India, and northern Africa[10]
Orthetrum angustiventre
(Rambur, 1842)		 Many-celled skimmer[11] LC IUCN Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and possibly Tanzania.
Orthetrum austeni
(Kirby, 1900)		 Giant skimmer LC IUCN[12] Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia.
Orthetrum austrosundanum
Lieftinck, 1953		 VU[13]
Orthetrum azureum
(Rambur, 1842)		 LC Madagascar
Orthetrum balteatum
Lieftinck, 1933		 Speckled skimmer[14] NT IUCN[15]
Orthetrum borneense
Kimmins, 1936		 DD IUCN
Orthetrum boumiera
Watson & Arthington, 1978		 Brownwater skimmer NT IUCN[16]
Orthetrum brachiale
(Palisot de Beauvois, 1805)		 Tough skimmer LC IUCN[17] Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Réunion, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, possibly Burundi, and possibly São Tomé and Príncipe
Orthetrum brunneum
(Fonscolombe, 1837)		 Southern skimmer LC IUCN Europe[18] and the range extends to Mongolia and North Africa.
Orthetrum caffrum
(Burmeister, 1839)		 Two-striped skimmer, white-lined skimmer LC IUCN[19] Angola, Cameroon, Chad, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, possibly Burundi, and possibly Gambia
Orthetrum caledonicum
(Brauer, 1865)		 Blue skimmer LC[20]
Orthetrum cancellatum
(Linnaeus, 1758)		 Black-tailed skimmer LC[21] Albania, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France (Corsica, and mainland), Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey (Turkey-in-Europe), Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan and in part of United Kingdom
Orthetrum capense
Calvert, 1893		 LC
Orthetrum chrysis
(Selys, 1891)		 LC
Orthetrum chrysostigma
(Burmeister, 1839)		 Epaulet skimmer LC Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Orthetrum coerulescens
(Fabricius, 1798)		 Keeled skimmer LC Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Finland; France; Georgia; Greece; Hungary; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Italy; Lebanon; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Montenegro; Morocco; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Tunisia; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom.
Orthetrum glaucum
(Brauer, 1865)		 Blue marsh hawk LC IUCN[22] tropical and subtropical Asia
Orthetrum guineense
Ris, 1909		 Guinea skimmer LC IUCN[23] Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi
Orthetrum guptai
Baijal, 1955		 LC
Orthetrum helena
Buchholz, 1954		 LC
Orthetrum hintzi
Schmidt, 1951		 Hintz's skimmer LC IUCN[24] Angola, Benin, Botswana, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi
Orthetrum icteromelas
Ris, 1910		 Spectacled skimmer LC IUCN[25] Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi
Orthetrum japonicum
(Uhler, 1858)		 Taiwan-shioya-tombo LC[26]
Orthetrum julia
Kirby, 1900		 Julia skimmer LC IUCN[27] Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, possibly Burundi, and possibly Madagascar
Orthetrum kollmannspergeri
Buchholz, 1959		 LC IUCN
Orthetrum kristenseni
Ris, 1911		 LC IUCN Ethiopia
Orthetrum latihami
Pinhey, 1966		 LC IUCN Central Africa
Orthetrum lemur
Ris, 1909		 LC IUCN
Orthetrum lineostigma
(Selys, 1886)		 LC IUCN
Orthetrum luzonicum
(Brauer, 1868)		 LC IUCN
Orthetrum machadoi
Longfield, 1955		 Machado's skimmer LC IUCN[28] Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi
Orthetrum macrostigma
Longfield, 1947		 LC Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, and possibly Zambia
Orthetrum malgassicum
Pinhey, 1970		 LC
Orthetrum martensi
Asahina, 1978		 LC
Orthetrum melania
(Selys, 1883)		 LC
Orthetrum microstigma
Ris, 1911		 LC Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia
Orthetrum migratum
Lieftinck, 1951		 Rosy skimmer LC IUCN[29]
Orthetrum monardi
Schmidt, 1951		 LC Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia
Orthetrum nitidinerve
(Selys, 1841)		 Yellow-veined skimmer LC
Orthetrum poecilops
Ris, 1916		 Mangrove skimmer VU[30]
Orthetrum pruinosum
(Burmeister, 1839)		 Crimson-tailed marsh hawk LC[31]
Orthetrum ransonnetii
(Brauer, 1865)		 Desert skimmer LC Western Sahara, Sudan, Niger, Chad, Algeria, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Oman, United Arab Emirates
Orthetrum robustum
Balinsky, 1965		 Robust skimmer LC[32]
Orthetrum rubens
Barnard, 1937		 Elusive skimmer CR IUCN[33] South Africa
Orthetrum sabina
(Drury, 1770)		 Slender skimmer LC
Orthetrum saegeri
Pinhey, 1966		 LC Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia
Orthetrum sagitta
Ris, 1915		 Arrow skimmer LC[34] Sierra Leone
Orthetrum serapia
Watson, 1984		 Green skimmer LC
Orthetrum signiferum
Lieftinck, 1926		 LC
Orthetrum silvarum
Lieftinck, 1934		 LC
Orthetrum stemmale
(Burmeister, 1839)		 Stemmale skimmer LC IUCN[35] Angola, Benin, Botswana, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi
Orthetrum taeniolatum
(Schneider, 1845)		 Small skimmer LC[36]
Orthetrum testaceum
(Burmeister, 1839)		 LC India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.[37]
Orthetrum translatum
Bartenev, 1929		 LC
Orthetrum triangulare
(Selys, 1878)		 Blue-tailed forest hawk[38] LC [39]
Orthetrum trinacria
(Selys, 1841)		 Long skimmer LC Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Ethiopia, France (Corsica), Gambia, Ghana, Italy (Sicily and Sardinia), Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi
Orthetrum villosovittatum
(Brauer, 1868)		 Fiery skimmer LC[40]

Notes
  1. A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Orthetrum.

References
  1. Newman, Edward (1833). "Entomological notes". Entomological Magazine. London. 1: 505–514 [511] – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  2. "Genus Orthetrum Newman, 1833". Australian Faunal Directory. Australian Biological Resources Study. 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  3. Dijkstra, K.-D. B. "ADDO -- African Dragonflies and Damselflies Online". www.zoology.uct.ac.za. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
  4. Martin Schorr; Martin Lindeboom; Dennis Paulson. "World Odonata List". University of Puget Sound. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
  5. http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/DENISIA_0014_0309-0317.pdf
  6. Clausnitzer, V. & Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2010). "Orthetrum africanum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T184246A8252508. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T184246A8252508.en. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  7. "Checklist, English common names". DragonflyPix.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
  8. Dow, R.A. 2010. Orthetrum albistylum. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
  9. Boudot, J.-P.; Schneider, W. & Samraoui, B. (2013). "Orthetrum coerulescens ssp. anceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T13186368A13186370. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T13186368A13186370.en. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  10. Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  11. Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2010). "Orthetrum angustiventre". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T59949A12179210. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T59949A12179210.en. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  12. Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2009). "Orthetrum austeni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  13. Dow, R.A.; Rachman, H.T & Kamaludin, N. (2021). "Orthetrum austrosundanum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T139408998A139429993. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T139408998A139429993.en. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  14. Theischinger, G.; Hawking, J. (2006). The Complete Field Guide to Dragonflies of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 0-643-09073-8.
  15. Dow, R.A. (2017). "Orthetrum balteatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T163903A87528450. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T163903A87528450.en. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  16. Dow, R.A. (2017). "Orthetrum boumiera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T87535148A87540029. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T87535148A87540029.en.
  17. Clausnitzer, V. & Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2009). "Orthetrum brachiale". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  18. "Orthetrum brunneum (Fonscolombe, 1837) | Fauna Europaea". Fauna-eu.org. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  19. Suhling, F. & Clausnitzer, V. (2008). "Orthetrum caffrum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  20. Dow, R.A. (2017). "Orthetrum caledonicum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T83369732A83383908. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T83369732A83383908.en. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  21. Mitra, A. (2020). "Orthetrum cancellatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T165521A140593008. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T165521A140593008.en. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  22. Dow, R.A. (2009). "Orthetrum glaucum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T163780A5650496. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T163780A5650496.en.
  23. Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2009). "Orthetrum guineense". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  24. Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2009). "Orthetrum hintzi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  25. Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2009). "Orthetrum icteromelas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  26. Subramanian, K.A (2010). "Orthetrum japonicum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T167357A6333755. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T167357A6333755.en. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  27. Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2009). "Orthetrum julia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  28. Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2009). "Orthetrum machadoi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  29. Hawking, J. (2009). "Orthetrum migratum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T163524A5611321. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T163524A5611321.en. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  30. Wilson, K. D. P. (2009). "Orthetrum poecilops". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T60302A12340184. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T60302A12340184.en. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  31. Sharma, G. (2010). "Orthetrum pruinosum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T167097A6301540. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T167097A6301540.en.
  32. Suhling, F. (2010). "Orthetrum robustum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T63204A12629389. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T63204A12629389.en. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  33. Samways, M.J. (2007). "Orthetrum rubens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  34. Clausnitzer, V. & Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2010). "Orthetrum sagitta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T169242A6596337. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T169242A6596337.en. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  35. Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2009). "Orthetrum stemmale". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  36. Mitra, A. (2013). "Orthetrum taeniolatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T165506A17533964. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T165506A17533964.en. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  37. Wilson, K.D.P. (2011). "Orthetrum testaceum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T167384A6339264. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T167384A6339264.en. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  38. Subramanian, K. A. (2005). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Peninsular India (PDF).
  39. Dow, R.A. (2010). "Orthetrum triangulare". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T167098A6301833. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T167098A6301833.en. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  40. Dow, R.A. (2017). "Orthetrum villosovittatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T83369839A83383913. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T83369839A83383913.en. Retrieved 17 December 2017.

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