Palestinian Islamic Jihad

The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (Arabic: حركة الجهاد الإسلامي في فلسطين, Harakat al-Jihād al-Islāmi fi Filastīn), commonly known simply as Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), is a Palestinian Islamist paramilitary organization formed in 1981.

Islamic Jihad Movement
حركة الجهاد الإسلامي في فلسطين
FounderAbd Al Aziz Awda
LeaderFathi Shaqaqi (1981–1995)
Ramadan Shalah (1995–2018)
Ziyad al-Nakhalah (2018–present)
Dates of operationOctober 1981 – present
Split fromMuslim Brotherhood
CountryPalestine
Active regionsGaza Strip
IdeologyPalestinian nationalism
Islamic nationalism
Islamism
Anti-Zionism
StatusDesignated as a terrorist organization by Australia, Canada, the EU, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, the UK, and the USA.
Size8,000 (2011)[1]
Part ofAlliance of Palestinian Forces
Axis of Resistance
Colorsblack
Websitewww.saraya.ps
Part of a series on
Jihadism
Practices and concepts
Islamic fundamentalism
Notable jihadist organisations
Jihadism in Africa
Jihadism in Asia
Jihadism in the West
 Islam portal

PIJ formed as an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood and was influenced ideologically in its formation by the Islamic regime in Iran. It is a member of the Alliance of Palestinian Forces, which rejects the Oslo Accords and whose objective is the establishment of a sovereign Islamic Palestinian state.[2] It calls for the military destruction of Israel and rejects a two-state solution.[3] The organization's financial backing has historically come mainly from Syria and Hezbollah.[4][5] Since 2014, PIJ has seen its power steadily increase with the backing of funds from Iran.[6]

The armed wing of PIJ is Al-Quds Brigades (also known as "Saraya"), also formed in 1981, which is active in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, with its main strongholds in the West Bank being the cities of Hebron and Jenin. Its operations have included suicide bombings, attacks on Israeli civilians, as well as the firing of rockets into Israel. PIJ has been designated a terrorist organisation by the United States,[7] the European Union,[8] the United Kingdom,[9] Japan,[10] Canada,[11] Australia,[3] New Zealand[12][13] and Israel.[14]

History and background
Flag of the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine. The organization's banner leads from a verse in the Quran: "And those who do jihad for Us, we shall guide them to our paths. And God is with those who do good."[15]
Ramadan Abdullah Mohammad Shallah was wanted by the FBI for conspiracy to conduct the affairs of the designated international terrorist organization known as the "Palestinian Islamic Jihad".

PIJ was formally established in Gaza in 1981 by two Palestinian activists: Fathi abd al-Aziz Shaqaqi, a Rafah-based physician, and Shaykh Abd al-Aziz Awda, an Islamic preacher from the Jabaliyya refugee camp, as well as Ramadan Shalah, Bashir Moussa and three other Palestinian radicals. Based in Egypt, Shaqaqi and Awda were originally members of the Muslim Brotherhood. Their views on the destruction of Israel led them in 1979 to establish Islamic Jihad-Shaqaqi Faction, a branch of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad.[16] and conducted operations out of Egypt. The Shaqaqi Faction was expelled from Egypt in 1981 following the assassination of Egypt's President Anwar Sadat by the Egyptian Islamic Jihad. Shaqaqi and Awda returned to Gaza where they formally established PIJ,[17][18] from where it continued its operations.

The aim of the organization was the establishment of a sovereign, Islamic Palestinian state within the geographic borders of pre-1948 Mandatory Palestine. Completely rejecting the political process, the organization professes that its goals can only be achieved through military means.[19][20]

PIJ began its armed operations against Israel in 1984. In 1988, its leaders were exiled by Israel to Lebanon. While in Lebanon, the group received training, support and other backing from Hezbollah and its backers in Iran, and developed a close relationship with the organization. In 1990, the headquarters of PIJ moved to the Syrian capital, Damascus, where it continues to be based,[21] with offices in Beirut, Tehran, and Khartoum.

PIJ masterminded several suicide attacks in Israel,[22] and continues to be considered by Israel the most extreme organization in its operational methods and commitment to the destruction of Israel.[23] By 1995 PIJ was, according to Fisk, "perhaps the fiercest of all Israel's modern-day enemies."[24] Shaqaqi was assassinated in 1995 in Malta, and Ramadan Shalah became secretary-general of the organisation. There was a subsequent crackdown on the PIJ by Israel and the Palestinian National Authority which led to a significant weakening of the organization.[25]

On 20 February 2003, University of South Florida computer engineering professor Sami Al-Arian was arrested after being indicted on a terrorism-related charge. U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft alleged at a press conference that Al-Arian was the North American head of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad. On 6 December 2006, Sami Al-Arian was sentenced to 57 months in prison, pursuant to a plea bargain.[26] In November 2006 he was found guilty of civil contempt for refusing to testify before a federal grand jury and served 21 months in prison on that conviction. On 27 June 2014, the US Federal Government dropped all charges against Al-Arian.[27]

PIJ is alleged to have used minors. On 29 March 2004, 15-year-old Tamer Khuweir of Rifidia, a suburb of Palestinian city Nablus in the West Bank, was captured by Israeli forces as he planned to carry out a suicide mission. His older brother claimed he was brainwashed and demanded the Palestinian Authority investigate the incident and arrest those responsible for it.[28]

Following further terrorist attacks on civilians in Israel, Shalah and Awda were indicted under United States law and added in 2006 to the United States FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list.[29]

In February 2012, the Hamas government in the Gaza Strip distanced itself from PIJ. During the March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes, which followed the Israeli assassination of Popular Resistance Committees leader, Zuhir al-Qaisi, who bragged of kidnapping Gilad Shalit, PIJ and PRC opened attacks on Israel. Hamas refrained from joining PIJ and PRC in attacking Israel.[30] Over a hundred Palestinians were killed or injured in the ensuing violence, but Israel did not attack any Hamas targets at the time.[31] The eventual ceasefire was negotiated between Israel and the militant groups, not Hamas.

London-based Arabic newspaper Asharq al-Awsat reported in May 2015 that Iran had stopped funding PIJ due to the group's neutrality over the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen, throwing PIJ into a severe financial crisis. Iran had expected PIJ to condemn the intervention led by Saudi Arabia, Iran's chief regional rival. Palestinian newspaper al-Quds reported that Iran is now supporting an offshoot of PIJ called as-Sabirin (Arabic for "the patient ones"), headed by Islamic Jihad veteran Hisham Salem.[32]

Under the former leadership of Ramadan Shalah, the group would receive approximately US$70 million per year from the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps of Iran.[33]

Ideology, motives and beliefs
Main article: Ideology of Palestinian Islamic Jihad

Ramadan Shalah was interviewed by a delegation from the World Federation of Scientists in Damascus, Syria, on 15 December 2009. In the interview, he argued that the Israelis will accept neither a two state nor a one state solution and that the only choice is to continue the armed struggle until Israel's defeat.

We are the indigenous people of the land. I was born in Gaza. My family, brothers and sisters, live in Gaza. But I am not allowed to visit them. But any American or Siberian Jew is allowed to take our land. There is no possibility today of a two-state solution. That idea is dead. And there is no real prospect of a one-state solution...

I will never, under any conditions, accept the existence of the state of Israel. I have no problem living with the Jewish people...

We have lived together in peace for centuries. And if Netanyahu were to ask if we can live together in one state, I would say to him: "If we have exactly the same rights as Jews to come to all of Palestine. If Khaled Meshaal and Ramadan Shalah can come whenever they want, and visit Haifa, and buy a home in Herzliyah if they want, then we can have a new language, and dialogue is possible."[34]

The group is a Sunni Jhadist movement but includes other religious beliefs.[35]

Activities
See also: Palestinian domestic weapons production

Militant activities
Training of al-Quds Brigades snipers in Gaza, 25 December 2013
Al-Quds Brigades weapons exhibition/parade, Gaza Strip, 7 January 2022

The Palestinian Islamic Jihad has claimed responsibility for many militant activities over the years and is responsible for more than 30 suicide bombings.[36] The international community considers the use of indiscriminate attacks on civilian populations[37] and the use of human shields[38][39] as illegal under international law.[40]

The Palestinian Islamic Jihad have claimed responsibility for the following attacks:

List of attacks
  • August 1987: The PIJ claimed responsibility for a shooting that killed the commander of the Israeli military police in the Gaza Strip.[2]
  • July 1989: Attack of Egged bus 405 along the Jerusalem–Tel Aviv highway, at least 14 people killed (including two Canadians and one American) and dozens more wounded. Though intended to be a suicide attack, the perpetrator survived.[41]
  • 4 February 1990: A bus carrying Israeli tourists in Egypt was attacked. The attack left 11 people, including 9 Israelis, dead and 17 others injured.[42]
  • February 1992: in Night of the Pitchforks, killed three Israeli soldiers asleep in their base, using knives, axes and a pitchfork
  • 6 April 1992: an Israeli Army convoy was ambushed in Hula, South Lebanon. Two soldiers were killed and 5 wounded. The target had been Major-General Yitzhak Mordechai, head of Israel’s Northern Command. But he had left the convoy earlier. Three of the attackers were killed.[43]
  • December 1993: Killed an Israeli reservist, David Mashrati, during a public bus shooting.
  • April 1994: A car bomb aboard a public bus killed 9 people and injured 50.
  • January 1995: Bomb attack near Netanya killing eighteen soldiers and one civilian.[20]
  • April 1995: Bomb Attack in Netzarim and Kfar Darom. The first bomb killed 8 people including American student, Alisa Flatow, and injured over 30 on an Israel bus; the second attack was a car bomb that injured 12 people.
  • March 1996: A Tel Aviv shopping mall is the site of another bombing killing 20 and injuring 75.
  • November 2000: A car bomb in Jerusalem at an outdoor market killed 2 people and injured 10.[44]
  • March 2002: A bomb killed seven people and injured approximately thirty aboard a bus travelling from Tel Aviv to Nazareth.[44]
  • June 2002: Eighteen people are killed and fifty injured in an attack at the Megiddo Junction.[20]
  • July 2002: A double attack in Tel Aviv killed five people and injured 40.
  • November 2002: 12 soldiers and security personnel killed in an ambush in Hebron.[45]
    After the Afula mall bombing, PIJ stated that the suicide bomber was a 19-year-old Palestinian female student named Hiba Daraghmeh
  • May 2003: Three people killed and eighty-three injured in a suicide bombing at a shopping mall in Afula.
  • August 2003: A bomber killed 21 people and injured more than 100 people on a bus in Jerusalem.[44]
  • October 2003: A bomb killed 22 and injured 60 at a Haifa restaurant.
  • October 2005: A bomb detonated in a Hadera market was responsible for killing seven people and injuring 55, five of them severely.
  • April 2006: A bomb in a Tel Aviv eatery killed eleven and injured 70.
  • January 2007: Both the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades and the PIJ claim responsibility for a suicide bombing at an Eilat bakery that killed three.[20]
  • June 2007, in a failed assault on an IDF position at the Kissufim crossing between Gaza and Israel in a possible attempt to kidnap IDF soldiers, four armed members of the al-Quds Brigades (the military wing of Islamic Jihad) and the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades (the military wing of Fatah) allegedly used a vehicle marked with "TV" and "PRESS" insignias penetrated the border fence and assaulted a guard tower in what Islamic Jihad and the army said was a failed attempt to capture an Israeli soldier.[46] IDF troops killed one militant, while the others escaped. The use of a vehicle that resembled a press vehicle evoked a sharp response from many journalists and news organizations. The Middle East director for Human Rights Watch Sarah Leah Whitsonn responded, "Using a vehicle with press markings to carry out a military attack is a serious violation of the laws of war, and it also puts journalists at risk."[47] The FPA responded by saying,

Armored vehicles marked with TV are an invaluable protection for genuine journalists working in hostile environments. The FPA has long campaigned for the continued availability of armored vehicles for its members, despite official opposition in some quarters. The abuse of this recognized protection for the working journalist is a grave development and we condemn those that carried it out. Such an incident will reduce the protection offered by marked vehicles.[46]

During a press conference, an Islamic Jihad spokesperson Abu Ahmed denied that they had put press markings on the jeep used in the attack and said, "The Al-Quds Brigades used an armoured jeep resembling military armoured jeeps used by the Zionist intelligence services."[48]
  • On 26 March 2009, two Islamic Jihad members were imprisoned for a conspiracy "to murder Israeli pilots and scientists using booby-trapped toy cars".[49]
  • On 15 November 2012, Islamic Jihad fired two Fajr-5s at Tel Aviv from Gaza, one landing in an uninhabited area of the suburbs and the other in the sea.[50]
  • On 24 June 2013, six rockets were fired into Israel; major news outlets reported that the Islamic Jihad were behind the attacks.[51][52][53][54]
  • In March 2014 over 100 rockets were launched into southern Israel by PIJ and other Islamist groups. On 14 March Shalah announced that the attack was coordinated with Hamas.[55]

Islamic Jihad has also deployed its own rocket, similar to the Qassam rocket used by Hamas, called the al-Quds rocket.

Social services

Islamic Jihad also control dozens of religious organizations in the Palestinian territories that are registered as NGOs and operate mosques, schools, and medical facilities that offer free services.[56] Like other Islamic associations, these are heavily scrutinized by the Palestinian National Authority who have shut some of them down.[56] In one Islamic Jihad kindergarten graduation, children dressed up in military uniforms, waved guns, shouted anti-Israel slogans, and spoke of blowing themselves up to kill "Zionists".[57][58]

Islamic Jihad also operates dozens of summer camps for children. They have opened up 51 summer camps which attracted approximately 10,000 children in 2010.

We teach the children the truth. How the Jews persecuted the prophets and tortured them. We stress that the Jews killed and slaughtered Arabs and Palestinians every chance they got. Most important, the children understand that the conflict with the Jews is not over land, but rather over religion. As long as Jews remain here, between the [Jordan] river and the sea, they will be our enemy and we will continue to pursue and kill them. When they leave we won't hurt them.[59]

Public support

A June 2015 opinion poll commissioned by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy found that Islamic Jihad was viewed favorably by 71% of Palestinians in the West Bank and 84% of Palestinians in Gaza.[60]

PIJ, referred to as "Saraya", is mentioned in the Israeli series Fauda.[61]

Notable PIJ members

Secretaries-General
PIJ's founder Ramadan Shalah (right) and Hamas leader Khaled Mashal in Tehran, Iran, 14 April 2006
PIJ's Secretary-General Ziyad al-Nakhalah (left) with Iran's Ayatollah Ali Khamenei in Tehran, Iran, 31 December 2018

Other members

See also

References
  1. Ben Gedalyahu, Ben (7 November 2011). "Iran Backs Islamic Jihad's 8,000-Man Army in Gaza". Israel National News. Arutz Sheva. Archived from the original on 8 November 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
  2. BBC Archived 27 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Who are Islamic Jihad? 9 June 2003
  3. "Palestinian Islamic Jihad". Australian National Security. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  4. "THE TERRORIST CONNECTION - IRAN, THE ISLAMIC JIHAD AND HAMAS". fas.org. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  5. "Australian Government Attorneys General's Department - Palestinian Islamic Jihad". 20 August 2006. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  6. "The Gaza Strip: Who's in charge?". The Economist. 29 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  7. "US - Office of Counterterrorism". Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  8. "List of organisations recognized as terrorist groups" (PDF). europa.eu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  9. "Terrorism Act 2000". Schedule 2, Act No. 11 of 2000. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  10. "MoFA Japan" (PDF). mofa.go.jp. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  11. Public safety Canada Archived 19 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  12. "Lists associated with Resolution 1373". New Zealand Police. 20 July 2014. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  13. STATEMENT OF CASE TO RENEW THE DESIGNATION OF PALESTINIAN ISLAMIC JIHAD (PIJ) AS A TERRORIST ENTITY Archived 19 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, 2013
  14. "Islamic Jihad". haaretz.com. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  15. Qur'an Soorah al-Ankaboot 29:69 وَالَّذِينَ جَاهَدُوا فِينَا لَنَهْدِيَنَّهُمْ سُبُلَنَا ۚ وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ لَمَعَ الْمُحْسِنِينَ(Arabic text)
  16. Quintan Wiktorowicz (2004). Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach. Indiana University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-253-21621-2. Archived from the original on 5 January 2014.
  17. STATEMENT OF CASE TO DESIGNATE PALESTINIAN ISLAMIC JIHAD (PIJ) AS A TERRORIST ENTITY Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, New Zealand, October 2000
  18. Marlowe, Lara (6 February 1995). "Interview with a Fanatic". Time. Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  19. Fletcher, Holly (10 April 2008). "Palestinian Islamic Jihad". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  20. "Palestinian Islamic Jihad". Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
  21. Taylor & Francis, Ltd., "The Damascus-Based Alliance of Palestinian Forces: A Primer" Journal of Palestine Studies (Spring 2000), pp. 60–76 (JSTOR ref.)
  22. "Palestinians swear revenge for assassination". Herald Journal. Gaza City. 28 October 1995. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  23. Reich, Bernard; Goldberg, David H. (2008). Historical Dictionary of Israel. Scarecrow Press. pp. 373–375. ISBN 978-0-3133-2485-7. Archived from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  24. Fisk, Robert (30 January 1995). "The doctor who finds death a laughing matter". The Independent. Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  25. Shay, Shaul (2004). The Axis of Evil: Iran, Hizballah, And The Palestinian Terror. Transaction Publishers. pp. 76–77. ISBN 141281779X. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  26. St. Petersberg Times, 23 April 2006.
  27. ""Details and Statements On Federal Court Dismissing All Charges Against Sami Al-Arian," Jadaliyya, 27 June 2014". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  28. "Brother slams Palestinian militants for luring teenager into suicide mission". Yahoo News. AFP. 30 March 2004. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  29. "FBI – ABD AL AZIZ AWDA". FBI. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  30. Ilan Ben Zion (14 March 2012). "The eye of the Islamic Jihad storm". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  31. Marc Tracy (12 March 2012). "Terrorist Killing Prompts Gaza Rocket Exchange". Tablet Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  32. Elhanan Miller (26 May 2015). "Iran said to pull Islamic Jihad's funding over group's neutrality on Yemen". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  33. Eldar, Shlomi. (5 February 2019). "Islamic Jihad, the new lord of Gaza?" Al-Monitor website Archived 14 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  34. "Interview with Ramadan Shallah, Secretary General, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (Damascus, Syria, December 15, 2009)" (PDF). Perspectives on Terrorism. IV (2). 23 July 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  35. Ahronheim, Anna and JP Staff. (3 November 2019). "Who is Abu Al-Ata: the man behind rocket fire from Gaza Strip?". Jerusalem Post website Archived 12 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  36. "Palestinian Islamic Jihad". Jewish Virtual Library. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
  37. Kurz, Robert W.; Charles K. Bartles (2007). "Chechen suicide bombers" (PDF). Journal of Slavic Military Studies. Routledge. 20 (4): 529–547. doi:10.1080/13518040701703070. S2CID 96476266. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  38. "Hamas Caught Using Human Shields in Gaza". idfblog.com. Israel Defense Forces. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  39. Erlanger, Steven; Akram, Fares (8 July 2014). "Israel Warns Gaza Targets by Phone and Leaflet". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  40. "Protection of the civilian population". Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977. International Committee of the Red Cross. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  41. "Palestinian accused in bus crash". Rome News-Tribune. AP. 7 July 1989. p. 6-A. Archived from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2009.
  42. Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1990 Archived 7 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine Middle East Overview
  43. Middle East International No 423, 17 April 1992, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters MP; Gerald Butt pp.11,12
  44. "The Listing of Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ)" (PDF). Parliament of Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
  45. "Hebron ambush scene dubbed 'Death Alley'". Haaretz. 17 November 2002. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
  46. "Satellite News and latest stories | The Jerusalem Post". fr.jpost.com.
  47. "Gaza: Armed Palestinian Groups Commit Grave Crimes". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 7 November 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  48. "Journalists slam use of 'press vehicle' by Gaza militants". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  49. Stoil, Rebecca Anna. "Two Islamic Jihad conspirators jailed." Jerusalem Post. 26 March 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2009.
  50. "Rockets hit near Tel Aviv as Gaza death toll rises". Reuters. 15 November 2012. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  51. "6 Gaza rockets hit south; IDF retaliates". ynet. 23 June 2013. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  52. "Six rockets fired from Gaza towards Israel's South". The Jerusalem Post. 24 June 2013. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  53. "Six rockets fired from Gaza explode in southern Israel". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  54. Isabel Kershner, "Rocket Fire From Gaza Shakes Cease-Fire With Israel" Archived 3 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 25 June 2013.
  55. "Islamic Jihad Leader: Israel Attack Coordinated with Hamas; Despite Truce, Threatens Tel Aviv - Jewish & Israel News Algemeiner.com". Algemeiner.com. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  56. Palestinian civil society: foreign donors and the power to promote and exclude Archived 21 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Benoît Challand. p. 67-69.
  57. Levy, Elior (12 June 2012). "Gaza kindergartners want to 'blow up Zionists'". Yedioth Ahronot. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  58. "سرايا القدس الاعلام الحربي". Saraya. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  59. "Jihad summer camp: Sand, soccer and the Zionist enemy". Haaretz. 27 August 2006. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  60. "Most Palestinians favor Iran's policies, poll finds". The Times of Israel. 13 August 2015.
  61. Felice, Friedson (10 February 2023). "Fauda's Season 4, an Unlikely Unifier of Arabs and Jews, Explodes on Screen". Jewish Journal. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  62. "Samtal med en terrorist". Stockholms Fria. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  63. Blast kills senior Gaza militant Archived 18 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine BBC News
  64. Senior Jihad man, 14 others die in IDF strikes Archived 30 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Ynet, 29 December 2008
  65. IAF kills senior Islamic Jihad commander, JPost, 3 April 2009
  66. "Israel kills Islamic Jihad leader in Gaza, Iran-backed militants respond with rockets". CBS News. 12 November 2019. Archived from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  67. "Islamic Jihad says senior commander targeted in Damascus strike, son killed". The Times of Israel. 12 November 2019. Archived from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  68. "Islamic Jihad leader warns of escalation if Israel doesn't meet understandings". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  69. אוסמו, ליעד; ערביד, אייל (5 August 2022). "יורשו של בהא אבו אל-עטא חוסל בדירת מסתור. מנהיג הארגון: "הולכים ללחימה"" [The successor of Baha Abu al-Ata was killed in a hiding place. The leader of the organization: "Going to fight"]. Ynet (in Hebrew). Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  70. "IDF says it killed Islamic Jihad's southern command chief". Ynet. 6 August 2022.

Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palestinian Islamic Jihad.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.