Phalacrocorax

Phalacrocorax
	Great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Class:	Aves
Order:	Suliformes
Family:	Phalacrocoracidae
Genus:	Phalacrocorax; Brisson, 1760
Type species
	Pelecanus carbo; Linnaeus, 1758
Species
	12, see text
Synonyms
	Stictocarbo; Nanocorax (in part); Anocarbo;

Phalacrocorax is a genus of fish-eating birds in the cormorant family Phalacrocoracidae. Members of this genus are also known as the Old World cormorants.[1]

Taxonomy

The genus Phalacrocorax was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) as the type species.[2][3] Phalacrocorax is the Latin word for a cormorant.[4]

Formerly, many other species of cormorant were classified in Phalacrocorax, but most of these have been split out into different genera. A 2014 study found Phalacrocrax to be the sister genus to Urile, which are thought to have split from each other between 8.9 - 10.3 million years ago.[5]

Current taxonomy

A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 found that the genus Phalacrocorax contains 12 species.[5] This taxonomy was adopted by the IUCN Red List and BirdLife International, and later by the IOC.[6]

Scientific name	Common Name	Distribution
Phalacrocorax neglectus	Bank cormorant or Wahlberg's cormorant	Namibia and the western seaboard of South Africa
Phalacrocorax nigrogularis	Socotra cormorant	Arabian Peninsula.
Phalacrocorax featherstoni	Pitt shag or Featherstone's shag	Pitt Island.
Phalacrocorax punctatus	Spotted shag	New Zealand.
Phalacrocorax fuscescens	Black-faced cormorant	Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania
Phalacrocorax varius	Australian pied cormorant or yellow-faced cormorant	Australasia, New Zealand
Phalacrocorax sulcirostris	Little black cormorant	Australia and northern New Zealand
Phalacrocorax fuscicollis	Indian cormorant	Indian Subcontinent west to Sind and east to Thailand and Cambodia.
Phalacrocorax capensis	Cape cormorant	the Congo, and up the east coast of South Africa as far as Mozambique.
Phalacrocorax capillatus	Japanese cormorant or Temminck's cormorant	Taiwan, north through Korea and Japan, to the Russian Far East.
Phalacrocorax lucidus	White-breasted cormorant	the Cape Verde Islands to Guinea-Bissau and from Angola to the Cape of Good Hope and northwards on the east coast to Mozambique.
Phalacrocorax carbo	Great cormorant or black shag	the Old World, Australia, and the Atlantic coast of North America.

Alternative taxonomies

Formerly, the genus Phalacrocorax included all members of the genera Poikilocarbo, Urile, Gulosus, Nannopterum, and the rock shag of Leucocarbo, all of which are now understood to belong to different genera.[5]

The taxonomy adopted by the Clements Checklist classifies all cormorants aside from those already in Microcarbo into Phalacrocorax, leaving just two cormorant genera: Phalacrocorax and Microcarbo.

References

"Old World Cormorants (Genus Phalacrocorax)". iNaturalist NZ. Retrieved 2023-06-20.
Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1, p. 60, Vol. 6, p. 511.
Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 163.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 301. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Kennedy, M.; Spencer, H.G. (2014). "Classification of the cormorants of the world". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 79: 249–257. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.020. PMID 24994028.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2022). "Storks, frigatebirds, boobies, darters, cormorants". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 21 November 2022.

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[1] "Old World Cormorants (Genus Phalacrocorax)". iNaturalist NZ. Retrieved 2023-06-20.

[2] Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1, p. 60, Vol. 6, p. 511.

[3] Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 163.

[4] Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 301. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[kennedy2014-5] Kennedy, M.; Spencer, H.G. (2014). "Classification of the cormorants of the world". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 79: 249–257. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.020. PMID 24994028.

[ioc-6] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2022). "Storks, frigatebirds, boobies, darters, cormorants". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 21 November 2022.