Blue-eyed shag

Blue-eyed shags
	South Georgia shag; Phalacrocorax georgianus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Class:	Aves
Order:	Suliformes
Family:	Phalacrocoracidae
Genus:	Leucocarbo; Bonaparte, 1856
Type species
	Carbo bougainvillii (guanay cormorant); Lesson, 1837
Species
	See text
Synonyms
	Phalacrocorax (in part); Euleucocarbo; Nesocarbo; Notocarbo;

Leucocarbo is a genus of birds in the family Phalacrocoracidae. Several species within the genus are collectively known as blue-eyed shags. This is a group of closely related cormorant taxa. Many have a blue, purple or red ring around the eye (not a blue iris); other shared features are white underparts (at least in some individuals) and pink feet.[1]

They are found around the colder parts of the Southern Hemisphere, especially near southern South America, Antarctica, and New Zealand. Many are endemic to remote islands. Determining which types are species and which are subspecies of what larger species is problematic; various recent authorities have recognized from 8 to 14 species and have placed them in a variety of genera. The common names are even more confusing, "like myriad footprints criss-crossing in the snow and about as easy to disentangle." Only one common name is given for most species here.[1]

Taxonomy

The genus Leucocarbo was introduced in 1856 by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte.[2] He did not specify a type species but this was designated as the guanay cormorant by William Ogilvie-Grant in 1898.[3][4] The name Leucocarbo combines the Ancient Greek leukos meaning "white" with the genus name Carbo introduced by Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1799.[5]

A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 found that Leucocarbo is sister to the American cormorants in the genus Nannopterum; the genera split between 6.7 - 8.0 million years ago.[6]

The genus contains 16 species:[7]

Scientific name	Common Name	Distribution
Leucocarbo magellanicus	Rock shag or Magellanic cormorant	The coast of Argentina, Uruguay and southern Chile.
Leucocarbo bougainvillii	Guanay cormorant	The western coast of South America (Extirpated of Argentina).
Leucocarbo ranfurlyi	Bounty shag	Bounty Islands.
Leucocarbo carunculatus	New Zealand king shag, rough-faced shag or kawau	New Zealand.
Leucocarbo onslowi	Chatham shag	Chatham Islands.
Leucocarbo chalconotus	Otago shag	Eastern coast of New Zealand.
Leucocarbo stewarti	Foveaux shag	Stewart Island and the Foveaux Strait.
Leucocarbo colensoi	Auckland shag	Auckland Islands.
Leucocarbo campbelli	Campbell shag	Campbell Island.
Leucocarbo atriceps	Imperial shag or blue-eyed shag	Southern Chile and Argentina.
Leucocarbo georgianus	South Georgia shag	South Georgia and the Shag Rocks.
Leucocarbo melanogenis	Crozet shag	The Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Islands and Elephant Island.
Leucocarbo bransfieldensis	Antarctic shag	Crozet Island, Prince Edward Island and Marion Island.
Leucocarbo verrucosus	Kerguelen shag	Kerguelen Islands.
Leucocarbo nivalis	Heard Island shag	Heard and McDonald Islands.
Leucocarbo purpurascens	Macquarie shag	Macquarie Island.

References

Nelson, J. Bryan (2006). Pelicans, Cormorants, and Their Relatives: The Pelecaniformes. Oxford University Press, U.S.A. pp. 476–511, Plate 8. ISBN 978-0-19-857727-0.
Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1856). "Excusion dans les divers Musées d'Allemagne, de Hollande et de Belgique, et tableaux paralléliques de l'ordre des échassiers (suite)". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 43: 571–579 [575].
Sharpe, R.B.; Ogilvie-Grant, W.R. (1898). Catalogue of the Plataleae, Herodiones, Steganopodes, Pygopodes, Alcae and Impennes in the collection of the British Museum. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Vol. 26. London: Trustees of the British Museum. p. 331.
Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 164.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 223. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Kennedy, M.; Spencer, H.G. (2014). "Classification of the cormorants of the world". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 79: 249–257. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.020. PMID 24994028.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans, boobies, cormorants". World Bird List Version 9.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 12 April 2019.

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[Nelson-1] Nelson, J. Bryan (2006). Pelicans, Cormorants, and Their Relatives: The Pelecaniformes. Oxford University Press, U.S.A. pp. 476–511, Plate 8. ISBN 978-0-19-857727-0.

[2] Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1856). "Excusion dans les divers Musées d'Allemagne, de Hollande et de Belgique, et tableaux paralléliques de l'ordre des échassiers (suite)". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 43: 571–579 [575].

[3] Sharpe, R.B.; Ogilvie-Grant, W.R. (1898). Catalogue of the Plataleae, Herodiones, Steganopodes, Pygopodes, Alcae and Impennes in the collection of the British Museum. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Vol. 26. London: Trustees of the British Museum. p. 331.

[4] Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 164.

[5] Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 223. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[6] Kennedy, M.; Spencer, H.G. (2014). "Classification of the cormorants of the world". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 79: 249–257. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.020. PMID 24994028.

[ioc-7] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans, boobies, cormorants". World Bird List Version 9.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 12 April 2019.