Phallolysin

Phallolysin is a protein found the Amanita phalloides species of the Amanita genus of mushrooms, the species commonly known as the death cap mushroom. The protein is toxic and causes cytolysis in many cells found in animals and is noted for its hemolytic properties.[1] It was one of the first toxins discovered in Amanita phalloides when the various toxins in the species where first being researched.[2] The protein itself is observed to come in 3 variations, with observed differences in isoelectric point.[3]

History

The toxic properties of death cap mushrooms have been known for most of recorded history, with historical accounts implicating it in the deaths of emperors.[4] Attempts to isolate the toxic compounds began in the late 19th century, with the cytolytic elements of A. phalloides being isolated in 1891.[5][2]

Physical properties

Phallolysin has three variations, which differ in observed isoelectric point. The variations have differences in the amino acids that make up the protein structure, with identical amounts of some amino acids while varying in others. They have near identical molecular weights of 34 kDa.[1]

Effects on animal cells

Phallolysin has been observed to have hemolytic properties toward a variety of animal cells, with it primarily being observed in mammals. The toxic effects are reduced at higher temperatures.[1][6]

See also

References
  1. Faulstich H, Bühring HJ, Seitz J (September 1983). "Physical properties and function of phallolysin". Biochemistry. 22 (19): 4574–4580. doi:10.1021/bi00288a035. PMID 6626515.
  2. Wieland T (1996). "Toxins and Psychoactive Compounds from Mushrooms". In Howard DH, Miller JD (eds.). Human and Animal Relationships. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 229–248. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-10373-9_12. ISBN 978-3-662-10375-3. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  3. Seeger R (1975-09-01). "Demonstration and isolation of phallolysin, a haemolytic toxin from Amanita phalloides". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 287 (3): 277–287. doi:10.1007/BF00501473. PMID 1171383. S2CID 20334083.
  4. Marmion VJ, Wiedemann TE (May 2002). "The death of Claudius". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 95 (5): 260–261. doi:10.1177/014107680209500515. PMC 1279685. PMID 11983773.
  5. Kobert R (1891) Über Pilzvergiftung. St. Petersburger Med Wochenschr 16:463–471
  6. Faulstich H, Weckauf-Bloching M (December 1974). "Isolation and toxicity of two cytolytic glycoproteins from Amanita phalloides mushrooms". Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie. 355 (12): 1489–1494. doi:10.1515/bchm2.1974.355.2.1489. PMID 4461647.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.