Ulmus minor 'Plotii'

The Field Elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Plotii', commonly known as Lock Elm[1][2] or Lock's Elm[3][4] (its vernacular names), Plot's Elm[5] or Plot Elm,[6] and first classified as Ulmus sativa Mill. var. Lockii and later as Ulmus plotii by Druce in 1907-11 (see 'Etymology'), is endemic mainly to the East Midlands of England, notably around the River Witham in Lincolnshire, in the Trent Valley around Newark-on-Trent,[6] and around the village of Laxton, Northamptonshire. Ronald Melville suggested that the tree's distribution may be related to river valley systems, in particular those of the Trent, Witham, Welland, and Nene.[6] Two further populations existed in Gloucestershire.[7][8] It has been described as Britain's rarest native elm, and recorded by The Wildlife Trust as a nationally scarce species.[9]

Ulmus minor 'Plotii'
'Plotii', near Fineshade, 1911
SpeciesUlmus minor
Cultivar'Plotii'
OriginEngland

As with other members of the Field Elm group, the taxonomy of Plot Elm has been a matter of contention, several authorities, notably Professor Clive A. Stace in New Flora of the British Isles (2010),[10][11][12] recognizing it as a species in its own right. It is as U. plotii Druce that the specimens held by the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew and Wakehurst Place are listed. R. H. Richens, however, contended (1983) that it is simply one of the more distinctive clones of the polymorphous Ulmus minor, conjecturing that it arose as an U. minor sport and that its incidence in the English Midlands may have been linked to its use as a distinctive marker along Drovers' roads.[13]: 54 [14] After Richens had challenged the species hypothesis, the tree was the subject of a study at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh by Dr Max Coleman (2000), which showed that trees a perfect fit with the 'type' material of Plot elm were of a single clone (genetically identical to each other).[15] Arguing in a 2002 paper that there was no clear distinction between species and subspecies, and suggesting that known or suspected clones of U. minor, once cultivated and named, should be treated as cultivars, Coleman preferred the designation U. minor 'Plotii'[16] to U. minor var. plotii, a form used in late 20th-century publications.[17]

Alfred Rehder considered Ulmus Plotii Druce to be synonymous with Jonathan Stokes' Ulmus surculosa argutifolia which was located at Furnace Mill near North Wingfield, Derbyshire,[note 1] before 1812.[18][19] Earlier still, a herbarium specimen labelled Ulmus angustissima collected in the 1670s by Edward Morgan, the Welsh botanist referred to by Evelyn in his Diary and colleague of Thomas Johnson, was identified by Druce in 1919 as Ulmus plotii.[20] Morgan's source location is not recorded; the nearest Plot Elm (recorded in the 20th century) to his North Wales home was in Shropshire.[6][21][22]

Augustine Henry, though he equated the elm with Druce's, miscalled it Goodyer's Elm (U. minor 'Goodyeri'). The trees John Goodyer discovered were near the south coast at Pennington, Hampshire, some 200 miles away from centre of distribution of 'Plotii' and very dissimilar in structure.[23][24][25]

Description

Richens stated that "a unilateral habit is the prime diagnostic feature of U. plotii."[26] This habit of branching tends to make Plot appear narrow from some angles. Before the advent of Dutch elm disease, this slender, "loose-habited",[27] monopodial tree[28] grew to a height of 30 metres (98 ft) and was chiefly characterized by its cocked crown comprising a few short ascending branches. Richens[29] likened its appearance to an ostrich feather, and noted "a general tendency for shoots to continue growth as long shoots".[13]: 4  Melville noted that Plot "is unusually variable in the type of shoot produced on normal branches of the crown. In some seasons trees produce occasional branches bearing only semi-long shoots – i.e. shoots intermediate in character between typical short-shoots and the long extension shoots."[30] These semi-long shoots (also known as "proliferating short-shoots") have smaller, more rounded, more coarsely toothed leaves.[31][32]: 652  The bark remains smooth for several years.[13] A few longer lower branches were often a feature of its profile;[33][34] the form of old trees will have depended on whether or not these survived cropping and pruning. The obovate to elliptic acuminate leaves are small, nearly equal at the base,[35] rarely > 4 cm in length, with comparatively few marginal teeth, usually < 70; the upper surfaces dull, with a scattering of minute tubercles and hairs.[36] The samarae[37] rarely ripen, but when mature are narrowly obovate, < 13 mm in length, with a triangular open notch.[23][24]

Stokes' Ulmus surculosa argutifolia (1812) [: 'bright-leaved twiggy elm'], considered by Rehder a description of the elm pre-dating Druce's by a century,[18] was a tree with erect stem and branches throughout its length, and with small elliptic leaves, scabrous above and villose beneath, 1 to 2.5 inches long, that narrowed at the base, with margins meeting petiole nearly opposite each other.[19]

Pests and diseases

'Plotii' is very susceptible to Dutch elm disease.

Etymology

The tree was first classified by the Oxford botanist George Claridge Druce in 1907-11,[6][3][39][5][40][41] who found examples at Banbury and Fineshade, Northamptonshire, and published descriptions with photographs.[6][5][42] Druce named the tree for Dr Robert Plot, a 17th-century English naturalist. The older vernacular name 'Lock Elm', in use since at least 1742,[43] is said to be an allusion to the difficulty in working its timber.[44] Druce, however, wrote in 1913 that 'The wood is of very good quality, easy to work, and of a different texture from the Wych, Dutch, or English Elm, and has a general usefulness as a substitute for Ash or Wych Elm. The name Locks Elm can have no reference to any difficulty in working or dressing of the wood.'[4] 'Lock' may be related to its use in boundaries, as 'loc' is Old English for enclosure.[45] Lock Elm may have been one of the plants used in witchcraft to open locks and reveal hidden treasure.[46] Richens called the tree U. minor. var. lockii.[13]: 4  A. R. Horwood in his book British Wild Flowers – In Their Natural Haunts, called it the 'Northamptonshire Elm'.[47]

Bancroft referred to Plot's Elm as the 'East Anglian Elm', adding that it was often referred to as Wych Elm in the region;[48] however, she was almost certainly alluding to the Smooth-leaved Elm.

Cultivation
Ulmus minor 'Plotii' is located in the East Midlands
Ulmus minor 'Plotii'
Ulmus minor 'Plotii'
Ulmus minor 'Plotii'
Ulmus minor 'Plotii'
Ulmus minor 'Plotii'
Ulmus minor 'Plotii'
Ulmus minor 'Plotii'
Ulmus minor 'Plotii'
Ulmus minor 'Plotii'
Ulmus minor 'Plotii'
Ulmus minor 'Plotii'
Ulmus minor 'Plotii'
Ulmus minor 'Plotii'
Ulmus minor 'Plotii'
Ulmus minor 'Plotii'
Ulmus minor 'Plotii'
Ulmus minor 'Plotii'
Ulmus minor 'Plotii'
Ulmus minor 'Plotii'
Ulmus minor 'Plotii' locations in east Midlands, England, after Coleman (2000)[15] (Compare Melville's distribution map, 1940.[6])
  • 1. Derbyshire
  • 2. Derby U.A.
  • 3. Nottinghamshire
  • 4. Nottingham U.A.
  • 5. Lincolnshire
  • 6. Leicestershire
  • 7. Leicester U.A.
  • 8. Rutland U.A.
  • 9. Northamptonshire

Plot-type elms had been noted as distinctive and were being cultivated in collections before they were botanically classified by Druce (1911), as evidenced by the two specimens at Westonbirt House[49] (mature by 1912 when Augustine Henry photographed one of them for his Trees of Great Britain & Ireland) and the tree at Eastington Park.[8][50] Melville confirmed by field studies in the 1930s that Druce's specimens[5] were typical ('the type'),[6] but believing plotii to be a species and so to some extent variable[51] he also admitted to Kew 'Plot Elms' that varied from the type.[42]: 74  Cultivation in the decades that followed, influenced by Melville or sourced from Kew, allowed similar latitude. Following Coleman's findings about the type (2000) and his paper on British elms (2002), atypical Plot's Elms or 'Plot-type' elms are classified as Ulmus aff. 'Plotii'. These are very close to Plot's Elm and have a number of characteristics of the type, but their crowns are too broad and regular to match "true Plot".[15][16] Melville himself, from the 1940s, had used the name Ulmus aff. plotii for elms close to Plot but outside the range of his variable species.[52]

Melville believed that the tree, scattered in distribution by the 20th century, was formerly more abundant.[6][42] William Henry Wheeler in his History of the fens of south Lincolnshire, being a description of the rivers Witham and Welland and their estuary (1897) – a Plot area – wrote: "The tree of the Fenland and the one which attains to a very large growth is the elm".[53][54] An uncommon tree even before Dutch elm disease, 'Plotii' has also been affected by the destruction of hedgerows and by urban development within its limited range.[9][42]: 72–74  No mature 'type' trees are known to survive. One of the last known stands of semi-mature Plot elms, the Madingley Road elms[55][56][note 2] descended from those described by Elwes and Henry in 1913[23] and by Richens in 1960,[57] was destroyed by the City Council of Richens's own Cambridge in road-widening c.2007–2014.[58] Unlike other forms of Field Elm, 'Plotii' is not a prolific generator of root suckers,[7] but it is not considered critically endangered. Conservation measures were drafted to preserve known stands and to encourage propagation,[9] though it is not clear if any of these were implemented.

"A landscape of such trees," wrote Richens in 1956, "such as occurs in parts of northern Northamptonshire,[59] is highly distinctive, and rather suggestive of a Japanese print."[60] "The Plot Elm is a beautiful tree," agreed Gerald Wilkinson, with "a silhouette no broader than Wheatley's." Wilkinson regarded as a "lost opportunity" the failure of East Midlands councils to cultivate this local elm in preference to exotic plantsmen's varieties. "Unhappily, the plumes of U. plotii are no longer a common feature of the landscape of the Trent above Newark and the Witham above Lincoln. Elms are now [1978] few in these areas that were once the home of Plot Elm. A wartime shortage of wood, altered drainage levels, land clearance for power stations, and machine farming have all combined into the familiar pattern of short-term efficiency and long-term degradation."[42]: 74 [note 3]

Elms labelled 'Plotii' were included in botanical collections such as Kew Gardens,[42] Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, University of Dundee Botanic Garden (the two latter by Edward Kemp),[61] and Belmonte Arboretum, Wageningen.[62] In the UK 'Plot Elm' was propagated and marketed by the Hillier & Sons nursery, Winchester, Hampshire, from 1949, with 38 sold from 1965 to 1977, when production ceased.[63][64] Its presence in the Hillier nursery suggests that it was also represented in the Hillier Arboretum in the mid-20th century. The tree is now only planted occasionally owing to its susceptibility to Dutch elm disease.[65][66] It appears in National Elm Collection lists,[67] but no specimen is known in the Brighton area (2015).

In continental Europe, 'Plotii' was distributed by the Späth nursery of Berlin from at least 1930 onwards, as U. minor Mill. (U. sativa Moss), 'Goodyer-Rüster' [:'Goodyer Elm'], "a tall tree up to 30 m, of upright growth and [with] pendulous [branchlets]".[68] Späth knew Elwes and Henry's 1913 work, with its photograph of one of the Westonbirt trees so named,[68] so is likely to have sourced 'Plotii' either from Westonbirt or from one of Elwes and Henry's other source locations. (The real Goodyer's Elm was rediscovered by Melville in the later 1930s.) Rehder (1949) gives U. sativa Moss as a synonym of 'Plotii'.[18] A specimen stood in Zuiderpark, The Hague, in the mid-20th century.[69] The U. minor that stood in the Ryston Hall arboretum, Norfolk,[70] in the early 20th century [71] may have been Plot Elm, referred to as U. minor in the leading UK tree survey of the day, Elwes and Henry (1913). Späth sent numerous elms to Ryston, but the date when he began supplying Ulmus minor [:Plot Elm] is unknown. Three young specimens were reported (2014) from in a private garden at Seyne les Alpes, France.

In the USA, the " U. minor = U. sativa " introduced as "young grafted plants" to the Arnold Arboretum, Massachusetts, c.1915, may have been Plot Elm, as the arboretum's July 1915 article on European Elms reporting this accession is based on Elwes and Henry's 1913 book and nomenclature.[72] The young trees were established by 1918 and still present in 1922, the arboretum then considering them possibly the only specimens of this kind of elm in the US.[73][74]

Notable trees

The type tree at Banbury was blown down in a gale around 1943; the timber was donated to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.[75] A mature avenue of the 'type' tree stood at Newton on Trent, Lincolnshire, in the early 20th century[76] and a notable quantity grew by the river Tove at Towcester and was present until at least 1955.[77] A large assemblage of Plot elm survives (2015) as a hedge of young trees near Caythorpe, Nottinghamshire. Two large trees survive near Calceby, Lincolnshire (2016).[78]

One of two late 19th-century specimens in the parkland of Westonbirt House, mature by 1912 when Henry photographed it for his Trees of Great Britain & Ireland, was said by Elwes to be the largest-known tree of its kind in Britain.[23] A clearer, winter photograph appears in Bruce Jackson's Catalogue of the Trees & Shrubs in the Collection of Sir George Lindsay Holford (1927).[49] It was 88 feet (27 m) high and 8.1 feet (2.5 m) in girth in 1921.[49] The 1921 girth is consistent (on circumference-growth estimates for elm[79]) with a c.1820s planting date – that is, a decade after Stokes published his 1812 description, matching Westonbirt, and giving source-location, of his Ulmus surculosa argutifolia.[19] Elwes and Henry examined Druce's 'type' trees in Banbury and the elms of Madingley Road, Cambridge, as well as the Westonbirt specimens, and considered all three the same "species". Another notable specimen, described in Flora of Gloucestershire (1948) as U. plotii Druce, stood in the grounds of Eastington House, Ampney St Peter, Gloucestershire, till blown down c.1947.[80][50][81]

Natural hybrids

Plot Elm hybridizes in the wild both with wych elm,[6][13] to form U. × hollandica 'Elegantissima', and with U. minor to form Ulmus × viminalis. Melville noted that within the limits of the tree's distribution, hybrids are more common than Plot Elm itself.[6]

Hybrid cultivars

Elms of the Ulmus × viminalis group have been cultivated since the 19th century and have given rise to a hybrid cultivar of that name and to the cultivars 'Aurea', 'Marginata', 'Pulverulenta'.[32]: 659  The 19th-century cultivar 'Myrtifolia' was considered by Melville to be a probable U. minor × U. minor 'Plotii' hybrid.[83] The cultivar Wentworth Elm was identified by the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh as a hybrid of Huntingdon Elm and Plot Elm, though Melville dismissed the specimen growing at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew as Huntingdon Elm.[83] The 20th-century dwarf elm cultivar 'Jacqueline Hillier' is thought to belong to the 'Elegantissima' group.[32]: 653  The cultivar 'Etrusca' was identified by Melville as a hybrid of U. glabra × U. minor 'Plotii'.[83]

In art, photography, and literature

... Cedric stopped the car when they were well out of the suburbs on the Hertfordshire side, at a place where a by-road ran up a slope of ploughland. At the top was a short row of elms whose crests were asymmetrical – shaped like one-sided foam on a tankard of beer, as if exposed to a prevailing breeze.

– From E. B. C. Jones, Morning and Cloud (1932).[84]

George Lambert's landscape 'View of Dunton Hall, Lincolnshire', painted in 1739 near Tydd St Mary within the native range of Plot Elm, shows a narrow monopodial elm-like tree with short branches and cocked crown, that may be a rare representation of Plot Elm in art.[85][86] Tydd St Mary is between the rivers Nene and Welland, by both of which Melville had noted the presence of Plot Elm.[6][87][88]

What appear to be two Plot elms stand in the background of Ernest Arthur Rowe's painting 'Revesby Abbey, Lincolnshire, The Rose Garden' (1898).[89] Elwes (1913) mentioned Plot elm at Hagnaby Priory, East Kirkby, near Revesby Abbey.[23] Rowe (1863–1922) was known for his meticulous attention to botanical detail.

  • George Lambert, 'View of Dunton Hall, Lincolnshire' (1739)
    George Lambert, 'View of Dunton Hall, Lincolnshire' (1739)
  • 'On The Leam'. Plot elm in a postcard by Hildesheime (c.1907)
    'On The Leam'. Plot elm in a postcard by Hildesheime (c.1907)

Walter Hutchinson's four-volume Britain Beautiful (1920), a pictorial celebration of the British Isles that includes a number of elm landscapes, contains a photograph by Herbert Felton, FRPS (1888-1968) of a notable Plot elm by King's Mill, Stamford, Lincolnshire, c.1910, a tall undamaged double-stemmed tree, with long lateral boughs like a sparse-branched cedar of Lebanon.[33] Of such well-grown specimens Melville wrote: "In old age Plot is matched by no other elm for character and individuality".[90]

A description in E. B. C. Jones's novel Morning and Cloud (1932) of asymmetrical elms in Hertfordshire, where Plot Elm was present,[91][92] may be a rare literary reference to 'Plotii'.

Accessions

Europe

North America
  • Bartlett tree nurseries. Acc. nos. 7771, 00–108, as U. plotii, provenances not disclosed.

Synonyms
  • Ulmus angustissima: Edward Morgan MSS "Hortus siccus" (c.1672); Druce (1919)[20]
  • Ulmus surculosa argutifolia Stokes.[18][19]
  • Ulmus sativa var. Lockii Druce.[18][3]
  • Ulmus minor Henry (non Miller).[18][23]
  • Ulmus sativa Moss (non Miller).[18][93]
  • Ulmus Plotii Druce.[18][5][6]
  • Ulmus minor var. lockii Richens.[13]

The Laxton court-case

It is not known whether what the Press called "lofty Italian elms" on the village green of Laxton, Northamptonshire (later identified as a Plot hub), the felling of which in 1937 caused a fracas between conservationists and police and led to a court-case, were U. plotii, perhaps miscalled by outsiders by analogy with similarly narrow Italian poplar.[94]

Notes
  1. Possibly a misprint for Furnace Hill, near North Wingfield.
  2. Augustine Henry's hybrid Ulmus 'Mossii' was also present in Madingley Rd (Trees of Great Britain & Ireland, vol. 7, p.1865; Kew Herbarium specimen K000852679)
  3. Wilkinson's tree-photographs of Plot in Epitaph for the Elm (1978) show known forms; his leaves-photograph, however, from a mislabelled tree at Kew (p.72) and his leaf-illustration drawn from this (p.55) do not match type-Plot herbarium specimens (see External Links).

References
  1. Wright, Joseph (1905). The English dialect dictionary. Vol. 3. p. 637 [637 1.sb. (4)].
  2. Gould, S.C. & L.M. (1901). Notes and Queries. Vol. 7. pp. 229, 353, 453.
  3. Druce, George Claridge (1908). "Report for 1907" (PDF). Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles. Oxford: 258. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  4. Druce, George Claridge (1914). "Report for 1913" (PDF). Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles. 5. 3: 399–400. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  5. Druce, George Claridge (1911). "New or noteworthy plants". The Gardeners' Chronicle. 3. Vol. 50. pp. 408–409. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  6. Melville, Ronald (1940). "Contributions to the study of British Elms:- III. The Plot Elm, Ulmus plotii Druce" (PDF). The Journal of Botany. 78: 181–191. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  7. Messenger, Guy (1990). "Plot's elm on the verge of extinction in England?" (PDF). BSBI News. Vol. 55. pp. 8–9. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  8. Riddelsdell, H J; Hedley, G W; Price, W R (1948). Flora of Gloucestershire. Cheltenham: Cotteswold Naturalists' Field Club. p. 432.
  9. Plot’s Elm (Ulmus Plotii). Wildlifebcnp.org. Retrieved on 2012-03-22.
  10. Armstrong, J. V.; Sell, P. D. (1996). "A revision of the British elms (Ulmus L., Ulmaceae): the historical background". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 120: 39–50. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1996.tb00478.x. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  11. Stace, C. A. (1997). New Flora of the British Isles, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press.
  12. Melville, R. (1978). "On the discrimination of species in hybrid swarms with special reference to Ulmus and the nomenclature of U. minor (Mill.) and U. carpinifolia (Gled.)". Taxon. 27 (4): 345–351. doi:10.2307/1220370. JSTOR 1220370.
  13. Richens, R. H. (1983). Elm. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521249163.
  14. Max Coleman, ed.: Wych Elm (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh publication, 2009; ISBN 978-1-906129-21-7); p. 22
  15. Coleman, M.; Hollingsworth, M. L. & Hollingsworth, P. M. (2000). "Application of RAPDs to the critical taxonomy of the English endemic elm Ulmus plotii Druce". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 133 (3): 241–262. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb01545.x.
  16. Coleman, Max (2002). "British elms". British Wildlife. Vol. 13, no. 6. pp. 390–395.
  17. Kemp, Eddie (1979). "The Plantsman's Elm", in Clouston, Brian; Stansfield, Kathy (eds.), After the Elm; London: Heinemann; p.32
  18. Rehder, Alfred (1949). "Ulmaceae". Bibliography of cultivated trees and shrubs hardy in the cooler temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. p. 143.
  19. Stokes, Jonathan (1812). A botanical materia medica. Vol. 2. pp. 36–37.
  20. Druce, G. C., 'Edward Morgan's Hortus Siccus', in The Bodleian Quarterly Record, vol. 2, nos.13-24, 1917-1919 (Oxford, 1920), pp.227-228
  21. U. plotii, Shawbury, Shropshire; bioportal.naturalis.nl, specimen L.1581978
  22. Plot elms, Shawbury, Shropshire, 1955; francisfrith.com
  23. Elwes, Henry John; Henry, Augustine (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. 7. pp. 1901–1902, Plate 403.
  24. White, J. & More, D. (2002). Trees of Britain & Northern Europe. Cassell's, London.
  25. Chatters, C. (2009) Flowers of the Forest – Plants and people of the New Forest National Park. Wildguides, Old Basing, England. ISBN 978-1-903657-19-5
  26. Richens, R. H., 'Studies on Ulmus V - The Village Elms of Bedfordshire', Forestry, Vol. 34 (1961), p.194
  27. W. J. Stearn Plot description, Shawbury, Shropshire, 1942: bioportal.naturalis.nl, specimen L.1581978
  28. Photograph of Plot elm, Botanical Society of the British Isles, BSBI News April 2013, No. 123, p.12
  29. Richens, R. H. (1968). The correct designation of the European field elms. Feddes Repertorium 79: 1 –2.
  30. Melville's annotation to herbarium specimen BR0000005422500, Botanic Garden, Meise, June 1951
  31. Melville, R., 'Morphological characters in the discrimination of species and hybrids', in Lousley, J. E. (ed.), Species Studies in British Flora: Report of the 1954 conference on The Species Concept in its relation to British Flora (London, 1955)
  32. Bean, W. J. (1988). Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain (8th ed.). London: Murray.
  33. Tall, broad Plot elm, Kings Mill, Stamford, Lincolnshire: Hutchinson, Walter, Britain Beautiful (London c.1920), Vol.3. p.1332
  34. See Wilkinson's photo 'Plot Elms finely grown' & 'Young Plot in Trent Valley', Druce's Banbury photo, Stace's Hungarton photo, Westonbirt photo, Bruntsfield Links elm, etc.
  35. Step, Edward, Wayside and Woodland Trees (London, 1940), p.77
  36. Herbarium specimen of Ulmus plotii Druce (Banbury), 1911, RBGE Herbarium catalogue, specimen E00259948
  37. Samara illustration in Melville, Ronald, 1940, 'Contributions to the study of British Elms:- III. The Plot Elm, Ulmus plotii Druce', The Journal of Botany, vol. 78, p.186
  38. The Gardeners' Chronicle, 13 April 1912, p.235
  39. Druce, George Claridge (1911–1912). "Ulmus plotii". Journal of the Northamptonshire Natural History Society. 16: 108. hdl:2027/umn.31951d00651919t.
  40. Druce, George Claridge (1912). "New or noteworthy plants". The Gardeners' Chronicle. 3. Vol. 51. p. 35. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  41. Druce, George Claridge (1908). List of British plants. Oxford: Clarendon press. p. 63.
  42. Wilkinson, Gerald (1978). Epitaph for the Elm. London. ISBN 9780091314507.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  43. "in Market-Harborough the County of Leicester, late Mr. John Smith, Ironmonger, deceased. ...who hath one hundred Wheel Neaths to sell... made of right Lock Elm". Stamford Mercury. Stamford, Lincolnshire. 18 March 1742. p. 3.
  44. Gurney, R. (1958). Trees of Britain. Faber & Faber, London.
  45. "loc". EOW: Modern - Old English Translator.
  46. Thiselton Dyer, T. F. (1889). The Folk-lore of Plants. pp. 51, 82, 196, 197.
  47. Horwood, A. R. (1919). British Wild Flowers - In Their Natural Haunts. Vol. 6. The Gresham Publishing Company. p. 208.
  48. Bancroft, H. (1934). Notes on the Status and Nomenclature of the British Elms. Gardeners' Chronicle XCVI.
  49. Jackson, A. Bruce, Catalogue of the Trees & Shrubs [at Westonbirt] in the Collection of the Late Lieut-Col. Sir George Lindsay Holford (London 1927),  p.195; contains a second photograph.
  50. "Gloucestershire Plot Elms". Plot Elms.
  51. Tree near Brockdish, Norfolk, labelled "U. plotii variety" by Melville, 1937; bioportal.naturalis.nl, specimen L.4214744
  52. bioportal.naturalis.nl, specimen L.4214727
  53. Wheeler, W. H., A history of the fens of south Lincolnshire, being a description of the rivers Witham and Welland and their estuary (London, 1897), p.485
  54. Plot elm by the Witham, c.1910, francisfrith.com (location: geograph.org.uk/photo/1487190)
  55. Madingley Rd elms, bioportal.naturalis.nl, specimen L.1582362
  56. U. plotii, Dry Drayton, near Madingley (Melville's specimen, 1947); bioportal.naturalis.nl, specimen L.4222778
  57. Richens, R. H. (1960). "Cambridgeshire elms" (PDF). Nature in Cambridgeshire. 3: 19. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  58. Plot Elms on Madingley Road, Cambridge, 2006, and Madingley Road, Cambridge, 2013
  59. Plot elms (left), Thrapston, Northamptonshire, c.1960; francisfrith.com
  60. Richens, Richard Hook (1956). "Elms". New Biology. 20: 7–29.
  61. Kemp, Eddie (1979). "The Plantsman's Elm". In Clouston, Brian; Stansfield, Kathy (eds.). After the Elm. London: William Heinemann Ltd. p. 35. ISBN 9780434139002.
  62. bioportal.naturalis.nl, specimen WAG.1846142
  63. Hillier & Sons (1977). Catalogue of Trees & Shrubs. Hillier, Ampfield, UK.
  64. Hillier & Sons Sales inventory 1962 to 1977 (unpublished).
  65. Plot elms, historic and current distribution
  66. Carr, Johanna (17 May 2012). "Kew's trees planted at Hayle's royal walkway". The West Briton. Archived from the original on July 9, 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  67. "List of plants in the {elm} collection". Brighton & Hove City Council. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  68. Späth, Ludwig (1930). Späth-Buch, 1720-1930. Berlin: Self published. pp. 311–313, 351–352.
  69. U. plotii, Zuiderpark, The Hague, bioportal.naturalis.nl/specimen/L.1582320
  70. rystonhall.co.uk/
  71. Ryston Hall Arboretum catalogue. c. 1920. pp. 13–14.
  72. Arnold Arboretum Bulletin of Popular Information, Vol.1 N.S., No.14, 23 July 1915, p.55
  73. Arnold Arboretum Bulletin of Popular Information, Vol.4 N.S., No.10, 27 June 1918, p.39
  74. Arnold Arboretum Bulletin of Popular Information, Vol.8 N.S., No.13, 30 June 1922, p.51
  75. "Review of the Work of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, during 1949" (PDF). Kew Bulletin. 5 (1): 11. 1950.
  76. Plot Elm avenue, Newton on Trent
  77. "Northamptonshire Plot elms - Towcester". 2015-12-08.
  78. "Lincolnshire Plot elms - Calceby"
  79. 'Tall Trees – Calculating Tree Age', nationalparks.uk
  80. Riddelsdell, H.J., Hedley G.W., Price W.R., Flora of Gloucestershire (Gloucester 1948), plate XXVII
  81. Proceedings of the Cotteswold [sic] Naturalists' Field Club, Vol. XXVII, Part III (issued 1942 for 1941), p. 119 ('Report of the Club’s Third Winter Meeting, 27 February 1941'); Vol. XXVII, Part III, p. 121 ('Report of the Club’s Fifth Winter Meeting, 25 April 1941'); Vol. XXVIII, Part III (issued 1946 for 1944), p. 73 ('Report of the Entomological Section’s third Excursion on 20 May 1944'; Ulmus plotii in Salperton Park)
  82. Gloucestershire Plot regrowth (two trees) north of Ampney Crucis - Google Maps, April 2021, access date: 8 June, 2023
  83. Green, Peter Shaw (1964). "Registration of cultivar names in Ulmus". Arnoldia. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University. 24 (6–8): 41–80. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
  84. Jones, E. B. C., Morning and Cloud (1932), p.234
  85. Photograph of a Hertfordshire Plot Elm for comparison ('The Backs', River Lea, Ware, Herts.) Hammerton, John Alexander (1925). Wonderful Britain. Vol. 2. The Fleetway House.
  86. "Hertfordshire Plot elms - Ware". 2016-06-15.
  87. Plot elm by River Nene, March, Cambridgeshire, 1929: francisfrith.com
  88. Plot regrowth by east bank of River Nene, near Lincolnshire-Norfolk border - Google Maps, July 2009, access date: February 14, 2020
  89. Ernest Arthur Rowe (1862–1922), 'Revesby Abbey, Lincolnshire, The Rose Garden' (1898); fineartamerica.com
  90. Melville, Ronald, 'The British Elms', The New Naturalist, Collins, London, 1948, p.40
  91. Dony, John George, Flora of Hertfordshire (Hitchin 1967), p.80
  92. Photograph of an asymmetrical Hertfordshire elm, 'The Backs', River Lea, Ware, Herts. (from Hammerton, Wonderful Britain, 1920, vol.2): oreald.com
  93. Moss, C. E.; Hunnybun, E. W. (1914). The Cambridge British Flora. Vol. 2 Text. p. 93. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  94. Peterborough Standard, Friday 12 November 1937; Northampton Mercury & Herald, 12 November 1937

Herbarium specimens

Semi-juvenile leaves
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