Demographics of Macau

Demographic features of the population of Macau include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Demographics of Macau
Population pyramid of Macau in 2020
Population635,293 (2022 est.)
Growth rate0.75% (2022 est.)
Birth rate6.5 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate4.5 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy84.98 years
 • male82.09 years
 • female88.02 years
Fertility rate0.68 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate4.59 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate3.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years14.41%
15–64 years70.73%
65 and over14.86%
Sex ratio
Total0.9 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.05 male(s)/female
Under 151.05 male(s)/female
65 and over0.74 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityChinese
Major ethnicHan Chinese (88.7%)
Language
SpokenCantonese (80.1%)
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Street scene in Macau

Macau's population is 95% Chinese, primarily Cantonese and some Hakka, both from nearby Guangdong Province. The majority of the remainder are of Portuguese or mixed Chinese-Portuguese ancestry. Some Japanese, including descendants of Japanese Catholics who were expelled by shōguns, also live in Macau.

The official languages are Portuguese and Cantonese Chinese. The residents commonly (85.7%) speak Cantonese, Mandarin is spoken by 3.2% at home, about 40% are able to communicate in standard Mandarin. English and Portuguese are spoken as a first language by 1.5% and 0.6% respectively, while English is widely taught as a second language. The other popular topolect is Hokkien (Min Nan), spoken by a small percentage of the population. The creole Macanese language (Patuá or Macaista Chapado) is almost extinct.

Vital statistics

The following are data on vital statistics.[1][2]

Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) TFR
1970 248,600 2,6761,5161,160 11.65.56.02.167
1971 246,200 2,6371,5431,094 10.95.55.41.979
1972 243,900 2,7501,5391,211 10.35.44.91.818
1973 241,700 2,6861,4101,276 10.05.44.61.679
1974 239,400 2,7811,5791,202 9.75.44.31.562
1975 237,000 2,5831,3981,185 9.75.44.31.478
1976 234,200 2,3691,517852 10.25.44.71.437
1977 231,700 2,5321,4241,108 11.05.55.61.445
1978 233,100 2,4071,3601,047 12.45.56.91.499
1979 237,300 3,0191,5041,515 14.15.68.51.591
1980 242,000 3,7841,5552,229 16.05.610.41.709
1981 247,600 4,2071,4652,742 18.05.612.41.835
1982 261,700 5,2621,4886,750 19.85.614.21.953
1983 276,900 6,1681,5144,654 21.35.615.82.046
1984 288,800 6,6661,4885,178 22.45.516.92.104
1985 290,600 7,5601,4666,094 22.95.317.62.121
1986 301,500 7,4771,3246,153 22.95.217.72.094
1987 312,200 7,5651,3216,244 22.45.017.32.031
1988 319,800 7,9131,4376,476 21.54.916.61.944
1989 330,400 7,5681,5166,052 20.34.715.61.838
1990 339,500 6,8721,4825,390 19.04.514.51.722
1991 363,800 6,8321,3355,497 17.64.413.21.605
1992 378,000 6,6761,4325,244 16.24.312.01.494
1993 390,000 6,2671,5314,736 14.94.210.81.394
1994 403,600 6,1151,3304,785 13.84.19.71.308
1995 415,000 5,8761,3514,525 12.84.08.81.236
1996 415,200 5,4681,4134,055 12.04.08.01.174
1997 419,400 5,0311,2933,738 11.13.97.21.116
1998 425,200 4,4341,3563,078 10.33.96.41.059
1999 429,600 4,1481,3742,774 9.63.95.71.002
2000 431,500 3,8491,3382,511 8.83.95.00.95
2001 436,300 3,2411,3271,914 8.23.84.40.818
2002 440,500 3,1621,4151,747 7.73.83.90.813
2003 446,700 3,2121,4741,738 7.53.83.70.837
2004 462,600 3,3081,5331,775 7.43.83.60.855
2005 484,300 3,6711,6152,056 7.53.83.70.912
2006 509,900 4,0581,5662,492 7.83.84.00.954
2007 531,800 4,5371,5452,992 8.23.74.51.008
2008 543,100 4,7171,7562,961 8.73.75.00.979
2009 533,300 4,7641,6443,120 9.33.75.61.004
2010 540,600 5,1141,7743,340 9.93.76.21.070
2011 557,400 5,8521,8454,007 10.43.76.81.150
2012 582,000 7,3151,8415,474 10.93.77.31.357
2013 607,500 6,5711,9204,651 11.43.77.71.150
2014 636,200 7,3601,9395,421 11.73.78.01.224
2015 646,800 7,0552,0025,053 12.03.88.21.142
2016 644,900 7,1462,2384,908 12.13.88.31.138
2017 653,100 6,5292,1204,409 10.03.26.81.021
2018 667,400 5,9252,0693,856 9.03.15.90.915
2019 679,600 5,9792,2823,697 8.93.45.50.899
2020 683,100 5,5452,2303,315 8.13.34.80.841
2021 683,200 5,0262,3202,706 7.43.44.00.756
2022 672,800 4,3443,0041,340 6.54.52.00.680

Current vital statistics

[3]

Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
January - June 2022 2,165 1,830 +335
January - June 2023 1,907 1,818 +89
Difference Decrease -258 (-11.91%) Negative increase -12 (-0.06%) Decrease -246

Structure of the population

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020): [4]

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 326 700 358 700 685 400 100
0–4 16 700 15 300 32 000 4.67
5–9 18 000 16 200 34 200 4.99
10–14 12 900 11 500 24 400 3.56
15–19 12 700 12 300 25 000 3.65
20–24 22 100 22 100 44 200 6.45
25–29 25 800 24 800 50 600 7.38
30–34 35 900 39 000 74 900 10.93
35–39 30 900 35 100 66 000 9.63
40–44 23 500 27 300 50 800 7.41
45–49 22 300 28 800 51 100 7.46
50–54 19 600 28 200 47 800 6.97
55–59 23 800 30 300 54 100 7.89
60–64 22 800 23 900 46 700 6.81
65-69 16 500 17 200 33 700 4.92
70-74 11 500 11 100 22 600 3.30
75-79 5 500 5 300 10 800 1.58
80-84 3 300 4 300 7 600 1.11
85+ 2 900 6 000 8 900 1.30
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 47 600 43 000 90 600 13.22
15–64 239 400 271 800 511 200 74.58
65+ 39 700 43 900 83 600 12.20

Life expectancy at birth

Macao is the territory with the world's second highest life expectancy behind Hong Kong.

Period Life expectancy in

Years

 Period Life expectancy in

Years

1950–1955 61.0 1985–1990 76.6
1955–1960 63.6 1990–1995 78.1
1960–1965 66.0 1995–2000 79.8
1965–1970 68.1 2000–2005 81.0
1970–1975 70.7 2005–2010 82.1
1975–1980 73.1 2010–2015 83.3
1980–1985 74.8

Source: UN World Population Prospects[5]

Ethnic groups

The following are information on ethnicity and nationalities based on data from the Statistics and Census Service.[6]

Place of birth

Immigration is an essential component of the population. Results of the 2011 Population Census indicated that 326,376 (59.1% of the total population) were born outside Macau, an increase of 3.0 percentage points over the last ten years. Analysed by place of birth, 255,186 (46.2%) were born in Mainland China, down by 1.2 percentage points from 2001. 226,127 (40.9%) were born in Macau, 19,355 (3.5%) in Hong Kong and 1,835 (0.3%) in Portugal. There were more persons born in other countries or territories as the number of non-resident workers increased. Among them, 14,544 were born in the Philippines, 7,199 in Vietnam and 6,269 in Indonesia, altogether taking up 5.1% of the total population. 1,942 were born in Europe other than Portugal, 2,252 in Americas, 959 in Africa and 672 in Oceania. Analysed by age group, 85.2% of the youth population (aged 0–14) were born in Macau, and 62.9% of those aged 35 and above were born in Mainland China.

As of 2011 35,578 people in Macau were originally from Fujian province in Mainland China, making up about 25% of the Mainland China-born people. The number of Fujianese in Macau increased after the 1999 handover.[7]

Nationality

Analysed by nationality, 509,788 (92.3% of the total population) were of Chinese nationality, down by 2.9 percentage points from the 2001 Census; meanwhile, only 0.9% was of Portuguese nationality, a decrease of 1.1 percentage points. These figures can be misleading, because more than a 100,000 people in Macau are holders of a Portuguese passport, making them in effect Portuguese citizens. Over the last ten years, diversity of the various components of the population is enhanced as economic development has drawn people to invest, work or study in Macau; consequently, 37,695 (6.8%) were of other nationalities, up by 4.0 percentage points, with 2.7% being Filipinos. Macau is a Chinese community and those of Chinese ethnicity totaled 510,383, an increase of 94,030 over the past ten years; however, its proportion to the total population decreased by 3.3 percentage points to 92.4%. Those of wholly or partly Portuguese ethnicity totaled 8,106, up slightly by 333 compared with 2001; its proportion to the total decreased by 0.3 percentage point to 1.5%.

Population of Macau according to ethnic group 1991–2011
Ethnic
group		 1991 census 2001 census 2011 census
Number  % Number  % Number  %
Chinese338,19195.1416,35395.7510,38392.4
Chinese & Portuguese4,4771.34,2541.04,0190.7
Portuguese4,2211.22,8100.63,4850.6
Chinese & non-Portuguese1,7710.41,6010.3
Others7,8042.210,0472.333,0156.0
Portuguese & others7090.26020.1
Total355,693435,235552,503

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics
Residents' usual
language spoken at home[8]
LanguagePercentage of
population
Cantonese85.7%
Mandarin3.2%
Other
Chinese dialects		6.7%
Portuguese0.6%
English1.5%
Others2.3%

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Ethnic group
Chinese 92.4%, other 7.6% (includes Macanese – mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry) (2011 census)

Population
624,000[9] (2014 Qtr2 est.)

Male and female pattern
Male: 307,200[9] (2014 Qtr2 est.)
Female: 316,800[9] (2014 Qtr2 est.)

Age structure
  • 0-14 years: 14.42% (male 47,202/female 45,056)
  • 15-64 years: 70.73% (male 211,278/female 241,366)
  • 65 years and over: 14.86% (male 44,657/female 50,412) (2023 est.)[10]

Infant mortality rate
4.35 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

Total fertility rate
0.68 children born/woman (2022 est.) The lowest fertility rate in the world alongside Hong Kong.

Nationality
noun: Macau
adjective: Macanese

Religions
Religion in Macau[11]
Religion %
Shenism
 
 30%
Buddhism, Taoism
 
 10%
Christianity
 
 5%
No affiliation
 
 50%
Others
 
 10%
30% Shenism, 10% Buddhism or Taoism, 5% Christianity, 50% not declaring religious affiliation, 10% others (2009).[11] Another survey conducted between 2005, 2007 and 2009 has found that 30% of the population follows folk faiths, 10% are adherents of Buddhism or Taoism, 5% are Christians, and the remaining part do not declare religious adherence.[12]

Languages
Portuguese and Chinese, seen on this street sign, are official languages in Macau
Portuguese and Chinese are official languages. The Chinese standard (Cantonese or Mandarin) is not specified in the law.

Literacy
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 94.5%
male: 97.2%
female: 92% (2003 est.)

Immigration and crime
Persons authorized to reside in Macau: total: 50,159 (by the end of 2005)
Non-resident workers authorized to enter Macau: total: 39,411 (by the end of 2005)
Legal immigrants from Mainland China: 1,133 (Qtr1 2006) 947 (Qtr2 2006)
No. of criminal cases: 2,634 (Qtr1 2006) 2,708 (Qtr2 2006)

Health
No. of residents per doctor (excluding dentists): 473
No. of residents per nurse: 430
No. of residents per hospital bed: 496

Main causes of death
Diseases of the circulatory system: 518 cases, 32.1%
Neoplasm: 455 cases, 28.2%
Diseases of the respiratory system: 267, cases 16.5%

See also

References
  1. "Demographic Yearbooks". United Nations.
  2. "Dsec - 人口". Statistics and Census Service.
  3. "Demographic Statistics".
  4. "Demographic Yearbook 2021 - Table 7". United Nations Statistics Division. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  5. "World Population Prospects – Population Division". United Nations. Retrieved 2017-07-15.
  6. Statistics and Census Service (2012). Results of 2011 Population Census (Report). Macau: Statistics and Census Service (DSEC).
  7. "Macau: The rise and fall of an empire?". South China Morning Post. November 12, 2015. Archived from the original on July 7, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ()
  8. Statistics and Census Service (2007). 2006 中期人口統計總體結果/Resultados Globais dos Intercensos 2006/Global Results of By-census 2006 (Report) (in Chinese, Portuguese, and English). Macau: Statistics and Census Service (DSEC).
  9. "Demographic Statistics for the 2nd Quarter 2014". Statistics and Census Service. 11 August 2014.
  10. "Macau". 15 June 2023.
  11. Zhidong Hao, 2011. pp. 121–122.
  12. Zheng, VWT; Wan, PS. Religious beliefs and life experiences of Macao's residents 澳門居民的宗教信仰與生活經驗. On: Modern China Studies by Center for Modern China, 2010, v. 17 n. 4, p. 91-126. ISSN 2160-0295. «Drawing on empirical data obtained from three consecutive territory-wide household surveys conducted in 2005, 2007, and 2009 respectively, this paper attempts to shed light on the current religious profile of Macao residents.»
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