Prime Minister of Indonesia

On 18 August 1945, a day after the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, Sukarno was appointed president and the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia came into force, which stated that Indonesia was built around a presidential system; as such, there were no constitutional provisions for a prime minister, and the cabinet was directly responsible to the president. However following Vice-Presidential Edict No.X, on 11 November the cabinet was made responsible to the provisional legislature, the Central Indonesian National Committee (Indonesian: Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat (KNIP)), effectively suspending the constitution. The cabinet was dismissed, and Sutan Sjahrir was asked to become the first prime minister. He agreed to do so on the condition he was allowed to select his own cabinet. The new cabinet was announced on 14 November with the understanding that although the prime minister was responsible to the Working Committee of the KNIP, he had to consult the president before making any major decisions. If the prime minister came into conflict with the KNIP or the president, another could be chosen.[1][2][3][4]

Internal political disputes prompted Sjahrir to resign on 28 March, but he was asked to form the next cabinet. This fell in October, but yet again, Sjahrir agreed to continue as prime minister in the new cabinet.[5] He finally resigned on 27 June, after being fatally weakened by concessions he had made to the Dutch following the signing of the Linggadjati Agreement. He was replaced by Amir Sjarifuddin, and Sjahrir became Indonesian representative at the United Nations.[6][7] Sjariffuddin in turn resigned in turn following withdrawal of political support in the aftermath of the Renville Agreement. Sukarno then appointed vice-president Mohammad Hatta, asking him to form an emergency cabinet answerable to him rather than to the KNIP.[8][9]

On 27 December 1949, the Netherlands transferred sovereignty to a federal United States of Indonesia (RUSI), of which the Republic of Indonesia was one state. The Federal Constitution provided for a prime minister, and Hatta became the only prime minister of the RUSI. As this caused a vacuum of power in the Republican administration, Susanto Tirtoprodjo, justice minister in the previous cabinet, was appointed acting prime minister at the head of a transitional cabinet. On 22 January 1950, the new prime minister, announced his cabinet. The terms of both Hatta and Halim ended when the RUSI was dissolved and Indonesia became a unitary state on 17 August 1950 .[10][11]

Under the constitution of the unitary state, the cabinet was once again responsible to parliament, with the prime minister appointed by the president.[12][13] Due to the instability of the coalition cabinets, prime ministers often faced votes of no confidence. Every major policy change had a chance to be opposed, either by the government or opposition. As such, some cabinets lasted only a few months.[14]

On 5 July 1959, Sukarno issued a presidential decree declaring that, due to the inability of the Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia to decide on a new constitution, the 1945 Constitution would be reinstated. This removed the constitutional foundation for the office of Prime Minister. However, on 9 July of that same year, Sukarno took on the title of prime minister in addition to the presidency;[15] later using the phrase "I am president and prime minister" as a dominant message in his speeches.[16] After the abortive coup against the government in 1965 and the release of a document transferring all political power to Suharto, in 1967 Sukarno lost the title of prime minister together with the presidency.[17][18]

• Top left: Sutan Sjahrir was the first prime minister of Indonesia
• Top right: Mohammad Natsir was the first prime minister to serve following the transition into a unitary state
• Bottom left: Ali Sastroamidjojo was the longest serving prime minister, as well as the only prime minister to serve two non-consecutive terms
• Bottom right: Djuanda Kartawidjaja was the last prime minister of Indonesia

Political parties

Portrait		Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office[19]			Political party
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949)
		Sutan Sjahrir (1909–1966)	14 November 1945	27 June 1947	1 year, 225 days	Socialist Party of Indonesia
		Amir Sjarifuddin (1907–1948)	3 July 1947	29 January 1948	210 days	Socialist Party of Indonesia
		Mohammad Hatta (1902–1980)[lower-alpha 1]	29 January 1948	6 September 1950	2 years, 220 days	Independent
United States of Indonesia (1949–1950)
		Mohammad Hatta (1902–1980)	20 Desember 1949	6 September 1950	260 days	Independent
Republic of Indonesia (1949–1950)
		Susanto Tirtoprodjo (1900–1969) (Acting)	20 Desember 1949	21 January 1950	32 days	Indonesian National Party
		Abdul Halim (1911–1988)	21 January 1950	6 September 1950	228 days	Independent
Unitary Republic (from 1950)
		Mohammad Natsir (1908–1993)	6 September 1950	27 April 1951	233 days	Masyumi Party
		Soekiman Wirjosandjojo (1898–1974)	27 April 1951	3 April 1952	342 days	Masyumi Party
		Wilopo (1908–1981)	3 April 1952	1 August 1953	1 year, 120 days	Indonesian National Party
		Ali Sastroamidjojo (1903–1976)	1 August 1953	12 August 1955	2 years, 11 days	Indonesian National Party
		Burhanuddin Harahap (1917–1987)	12 August 1955	26 March 1956	227 days	Masyumi Party
		Ali Sastroamidjojo (1903–1976)	26 March 1956	9 April 1957	1 year, 14 days	Indonesian National Party
		Djuanda Kartawidjaja (1911–1963)	9 April 1957	9 July 1959	2 years, 91 days	Independent

• President of Indonesia
  • List of presidents of Indonesia
• Vice President of Indonesia
  • List of vice presidents of Indonesia
• Deputy Prime Minister of Indonesia
• Elections in Indonesia
• Politics of Indonesia

Bibliography