Proto-Micronesian language

Proto-Micronesian is the ancestor of almost all of the languages of Micronesia, except for Chamorro, Palauan, Yapese, and the two Polynesian languages of Nukuoro and Kapingamarangi, which are only distantly related to Proto-Micronesian.

With regards to subgrouping by Jackson (1986), it was thought that Nauruan fell outside the Nuclear Micronesian group. However, Hughes (2020) argues instead for the classification of Nauruan as a Nuclear Micronesian language, either as a primary branch of Micronesian, a subgrouping with Kosraean, or belonging within Central Micronesian.

The consonants of Proto-Micronesian, according to Jackson, are:

Consonants

		Labiovelar	Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Stop		*pʷ	*p	*t		*c	*k
Nasal		*mʷ	*m	*n		*ɲ	*ŋ
Fricative			*f	*S	*s	*Z	*x
Affricate				*T
Approximant		*w			*l	*j

The values of *S, *T, and *Z are unknown, the latter only occurring in two words: *kiaZo "outrigger boom" and *laZe "kind of coral".

The vowels of Proto-Micronesian, according to Jackson and Hughes, are:

Vowels

	Front	Back
Close	*i	*u
Close-mid	*e	*o
Open	*a

From Jackson (1986, 205), modified to fit Bender (2003)'s orthography:

• Jackson, Frederick (1986), "On determining the external relationships of the Micronesian languages", in Paul Geraghty; Lois Carrington; Stephen A. Wurm (eds.), FOCAL II: Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Pacific Linguistics Series C, No. 94, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, pp. 201–238, doi:10.15144/PL-C94, hdl:1885/145382.
• Hughes, Kevin (2020). The Synchronic and Diachronic Phonology of Nauruan: Towards a Definitive Classification of an Understudied Micronesian Language (PhD dissertation). City University of New York.

• Micronesian Comparative Dictionary