Pustula (brachiopod)

Pustula; Temporal range:
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Brachiopoda
Class:	†Strophomenata
Order:	†Productida
Family:	†Echinoconchidae
Subfamily:	†Pustulinae
Genus:	†Pustula; Thomas, 1914

Pustula is an extinct genus of brachiopods which lived during the Carboniferous period. It is the type genus of the subfamily Pustulinae. Its fossils have been found in Eurasia, North America and northern Africa.[1]

Description

Members of the genus Pustula had a subrectangular outline with a weak ventral sulcus, minimal trails and dorsal median folds. Like other echinoconchids, they had recumbent spines arranged in irregular concentric bands, with Pustula having elongated spine bases and weak spine differentiation. The dorsal face of this brachiopod was trifid, and the cardinal process was narrow. Marginal ridges and cardinal process pits are absent in this genus, while the cardinal ridges diminished towards the ears.[1]

Classification

Brunton et al. (1995) deemed Pustula to be a primitive member of the Echinoconchidae family, a placement also supported by Muir-Wood & Cooper (1960).[2][3] Leighton & Maples (2002) conducted multiple phylogenetic analyses which are strongly in agreement that the four subfamilies Buxtoniinae, Echinoconchinae, Pustulinae and Juresaniinae form the family Echinoconchidae. The cladogram results of their phylogenetic analyses are displayed in the cladogram below:[4]

Productella

	Praewaagenoconcha

	Sentosia

Leioproductus

Spinocarinifera

	Diaphragmus

	Antiquatonia

	Flexaria

	Buxtonia

Pustula

Echinoconchus

Echinaria

	Pulchratia

	Parajuresania

References

Williams, Alwyn (2000). Part H Brachiopoda (revised): Volumes 2 & 3, Linguliformea, Craniiformea, Rhynchonelliformea (part)., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Geological Society of America. p. 519.
Brunton, C. Howard C.; Lazarev, S. S.; Grant, Richard E. (1995). "A review and new classification of the brachiopod order Productida". Palaeontology. 38: 915–936.
Muir-Wood, Helen; Cooper, G. Arthur (1960). "MORPHOLOGY, CLASSIFICATION AND LIFE HABITS OF THE PRODUCTOIDEA (BRACHIOPODA)". Geological Society of America Memoirs. doi:10.1130/MEM81-p1.
Leighton, Lindsey R.; Maples, Christopher G. (July 2002). "Evaluating internal versus external characters: Phylogenetic analyses of the Echinoconchidae, Buxtoniinae, and Juresaniinae (Phylum Brachiopoda)". Journal of Paleontology. 76 (4): 659. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2002)076<0659:EIVECP>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360.

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[:alwyn-1] Williams, Alwyn (2000). Part H Brachiopoda (revised): Volumes 2 & 3, Linguliformea, Craniiformea, Rhynchonelliformea (part)., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Geological Society of America. p. 519.

[2] Brunton, C. Howard C.; Lazarev, S. S.; Grant, Richard E. (1995). "A review and new classification of the brachiopod order Productida". Palaeontology. 38: 915–936.

[3] Muir-Wood, Helen; Cooper, G. Arthur (1960). "MORPHOLOGY, CLASSIFICATION AND LIFE HABITS OF THE PRODUCTOIDEA (BRACHIOPODA)". Geological Society of America Memoirs. doi:10.1130/MEM81-p1.

[4] Leighton, Lindsey R.; Maples, Christopher G. (July 2002). "Evaluating internal versus external characters: Phylogenetic analyses of the Echinoconchidae, Buxtoniinae, and Juresaniinae (Phylum Brachiopoda)". Journal of Paleontology. 76 (4): 659. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2002)076<0659:EIVECP>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360.