Pygmalion (mythology)

Pygmalion by Jean-Baptiste Regnault, 1786, Musée National du Château et des Trianons

Miniature from a 14th-century manuscript of Pygmalion working on his sculpture

The story has been the subject of notable paintings by Agnolo Bronzino, Jean-Léon Gérôme (Pygmalion and Galatea), Honoré Daumier, Edward Burne-Jones (four major works from 1868–1870, then again in larger versions from 1875–1878 with the title Pygmalion and the Image), Auguste Rodin, Ernest Normand, Paul Delvaux, Francisco Goya, Franz von Stuck, François Boucher, Eduardo Chicharro y Agüera and Thomas Rowlandson, among others. There have also been numerous sculptures of the "awakening".

Ovid's Pygmalion has inspired many works of literature, some of which are listed below. The popularity of the Pygmalion myth surged in the 19th century.

• John Gower's "Pygmaleon and his Statue" in Book 4 of the Confessio Amantis (1390)
• John Marston's "Pigmalion", in "The Argument of the Poem" and "The Authour in prayse of his precedent Poem" (1598)[7]
• John Dryden's poem "Pygmalion and the Statue" (1697–1700)[8]
• Thomas Lovell Beddoes's "Pygmalion, or the Cyprian Statuary" (1823–25)[9]
• William Cox Bennett's poem "Pygmalion" from his work Queen Eleanor's Vengeance and Other Poems (1856)
• Arthur Henry Hallam's poem "Lines Spoken in the Character of Pygmalion" from his work Remains in verse and prose of Arthur Henry Hallam: With a preface and memoir (1863)[10]
• Robert Buchanan's poem "Pygmalion the Sculptor" in his work Undertones (1864)[11]
• William Morris's poem "Earthly Paradise" in which he includes the section "Pygmalion and the Image" (1868)[12]
• William Bell Scott's "Pygmalion"[13]
• Thomas Woolner's long poem "Pygmalion" (1881)[14]
• Frederick Tennyson's "Pygmalion" from Daphne and Other Poems (1891)[15]
• Robert Graves's "Pygmalion to Galatea" (1926) and "Galatea and Pygmalion"[16]

• Andrew Lang's "The New Pygmalion or the Statue's Choice" (1911)[13]
• Carol Ann Duffy's poem "Pygmalion's Bride" (1999)[17]

• Emily Henrietta Hickey's A Sculptor and Other Poems (1881)[18]
• Patrick Kavanagh's "Pygmalion" (1938)
• Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin's "Pygmalion's Image" (1991)

• Friedrich Schiller's poem "The Ideals" (Die Ideale) (1795-6)[19]

• Nichita Stănescu's poem "Către Galateea" (Dreptul la timp) (1965)[20]

• Sara Jane Lippincott (Grace Greenwood)'s "Pygmalion" (1851)[21]
• Elizabeth Stuart Phelps' "Galatea" from Harper's Weekly (1884)[22]
• Edward Rowland Sill's "The Lost Magic" (1900)[23]
• H.D.'s "Pygmalion" (1913–17)[24]
• Genevieve Taggard's "Galatea Again" (1929)[13]
• Katha Pollitt's "Pygmalion" (1979)[25]
• Joseph Brodsky's "Encore" (1983)[26]
• Katherine Solomon's "Galatea" (1999)[27]
• Madeline Miller's "Galatea" (2013)[28]

• Claribel Alegría's "Galatea Before the Mirror" (1993)[13]

• Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story "The Birth-Mark" and his similar novella, Rappaccini's Daughter.
• H.P. Lovecraft's "Herbert West–Reanimator"
• Tommaso Landolfi's "La moglie di Gogol" ('The Wife of Gogol')
• John Updike's "Pygmalion"
• E. T. A. Hoffmann's "The Sandman"
• Jorge Luis Borges's "Las Ruinas Circulares" (Argentina)
• Isaac Asimov's short story Galatea (in his collection Azazel is a parody of the story, where a woman sculptor sculpts her idea of the ideal man)
• Madeline Miller's short story 'Galatea'

• William Hazlitt's Liber Amoris: or, the New Pygmalion (1823)
• Lloyd C. Douglas's novel "Invitation To Live" (1940)
• Richard Powers's novel Galatea 2.2
• Amanda Filipacchi's novel Vapor
• Edith Wharton's House of Mirth[29]
• Henry James' Portrait of a Lady (1880–81)[29]
• George MacDonald's Phantastes[30]
• George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion
• Edgar Neville's play Prohibido en otoño.
• Tawfiq el-Hakim's play Pygmalion
• William Schwenck Gilbert's play Pygmalion and Galatea
• Willy Russell's play Educating Rita
• Rousseau's play Pygmalion, scène lyrique, the first full melodrama[31]
• Villiers de l'Isle-Adam's novel Tomorrow's Eve
• Jacinto Grau's play El Señor de Pigmalión (1921)
• William Shakespeare's play The Winter's Tale (1611)

• Pete Wentz's comic series Fall Out Toy Works
• Grant Morrison's Professor Pyg, who appears in Batman and Robin
• Dr. William Moulton Marston drew inspiration from the Galatea and Pygmalion myth in creating his allegorical myth of Wonder Woman's clay birth, with Hippolyte being in the "Pygmalion" role sculpting her daughter Wonder Woman (as the "Galatea") from clay and given life by Aphrodite's breath. It was Marston's intention to express the creative power of a mother's love for a child and that Wonder Woman is the product of her mother's rearing, and therefore personifying much of her mother's qualities of independence, self sufficiency, strength of character, non-limiting beliefs, etc.

• The story of Pygmalion is the subject of Jean-Philippe Rameau's 1748 opera, Pigmalion.
• It was also the subject of Georg Benda's 1779 monodrama, Pygmalion.
• Ramler's poem Pygmalion was set to music as an aria by J.C.F.Bach in 1772, and as a cantata by Friedrich Benda in 1784.
• Pygmalion was the subject of Gaetano Donizetti's first opera, Il Pigmalione.
• Fromental Halévy wrote an opera Pygmalion in the 1820s, but it was not performed.
• Franz von Suppé composed an operetta Die schöne Galathée, which is based on the characters of Pygmalion and Galatea.
• The ballet Coppélia, about an inventor who makes a life-sized dancing doll, has strong echoes of Pygmalion.
• The choreographer Marius Petipa and the composer Prince Nikita Trubetskoi created a four-act ballet on the subject called Pygmalion, ou La Statue de Chypre. The ballet was revived in 1895 with the great ballerina Pierina Legnani.
• British shoegaze band Slowdive named their third LP Pygmalion in 1995.
• Kahimi Karie's 2000 EP "Journey To The Centre Of Me" contains the song "Pygmalism".
• The song "Trial By Fire" by darkwave/gothic band ThouShaltNot recreates the idea of a modern-day Pygmalion with lyrics such as "I sculpt your nature within, I am your Pygmalion" and "I dust away the plaster from off your breathing body...You'll never be the same."
• Lunatic Soul's 2014 album Walking on a Flashlight Beam includes the track "Pygmalion's Ladder".[32]
• The progressive house artist Hellberg (Jonathan Hellberg) released a song called 'The Girl' featuring vocalist Cozi Zuehlsdorff in 2015. They have both admitted to having been inspired by the Pygmalion myth when creating the track.
• Wonderbound Ballet Company in Denver, Colorado premiered the piece "Patterns" in 2018 as part of their work Aphrodite's Switchboard. The piece centers on a reinterpretation of the Pygmalion story in which Aphrodite falls in love with Pygmalion's sculpture herself.[33]
• My Fair Lady stage musical
• South Korean band Pentagon's 2022 mini album's title track "Feelin' Like" is based on the Pygmalion story, centered on the moment Galatea awakens.
• South Korean band Oneus's 9th mini album is titled Pygmalion. The album features songs loosely related to the Greek figure and myth.

W. S. Gilbert's stage version, 1871

Though it is not based on the story of Pygmalion, Shakespeare's play Measure for Measure references Pygmalion in a line spoken by Lucio in Act 3, Scene 2: "What, is there none of Pygmalion's images, newly made woman, to be had now, for putting the hand in the pocket and extracting it clutch'd?"[34]

There have also been successful stage-plays based upon the work, such as W. S. Gilbert's Pygmalion and Galatea (1871). It was revived twice, in 1884 and in 1888. The play was parodied by the musical 1883 burlesque Galatea, or Pygmalion Reversed, which was performed at the Gaiety Theatre with a libretto by Henry Pottinger Stephens and W. Webster, and a score composed by Wilhelm Meyer Lutz.

In January, 1872, Ganymede and Galatea opened at the Gaiety Theatre. This was a comic version of Franz von Suppé's Die schöne Galathee, coincidentally with Arthur Sullivan's brother, Fred Sullivan, in the cast.

In March 1872, William Brough's 1867 play Pygmalion; or, The Statue Fair was revived, and in May of that year, a visiting French company produced Victor Massé's Galathée.

George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion (1912, staged 1913) owes something to both the Greek Pygmalion and the legend of "King Cophetua and the beggar maid"; in which a king lacks interest in women, but one day falls in love with a young beggar-girl, later educating her to be his queen. Shaw's comedy of manners in turn was the basis for the Broadway musical My Fair Lady (1956), as well as numerous other adaptations.

P. L. Deshpande's play Ti Fulrani ("Queen of Flowers") is also based on Shaw's Pygmalion. The play was a huge success in Marathi theater and has earned many accolades. Madhu Rye adapted Pygmalion in Gujarati as Santu Rangili (1976) which was successful.

• The Man from U.N.C.L.E. 3rd-season episode "The Galatea Affair" from 1966 is a spoof of My Fair Lady. A crude barroom entertainer (Joan Collins) is taught to behave like a lady. Noel Harrison, son of Rex Harrison, star of the My Fair Lady film, is the guest star.
• The Japanese anime series Bubblegum Crisis: Tokyo 2040 includes a character named Galatea, an artificial life form designed to be the next evolution of the human race.
• In Disney's Hercules: The Animated Series, Pygmalion was Hercules' art teacher. His success in crafting a perfect wife for himself prompted Hercules to do the same to create a date for a school dance, naming her Galatea.
• The science-fiction franchise Star Trek explores the Pygmalion theme in episodes such Star Trek: The Next Generation's "Inheritance" (Episode 7x10), where Data's creator Dr. Soong constructs a female android to replace his deceased wife, and Star Trek: The Original Series' "Requiem for Methuselah" (Episode 3x19), where an immortal human builds a presumably immortal android as a life partner.[35] The character of Data, himself an android "sculpted" by man and his longing to become more "human," are a recurrent arc of the series.
• The 1897 flashback of the Gothic TV serial Dark Shadows includes a painter, Charles Delaware Tate (portrayed by Roger Davis), whose portraits come to life. The character of Amanda Harris is one of Tate's creations, falling in love with Quentin Collins.
• In the TV series Gotham in season 4 the run into a bad guy that calls himself "The Pyg". He says "I spell it with a y because it’s short for Pygmalion."
• In the TV series King of the Hill's season 7 episode 9 "Pigmalion", Luanne dates a wealthy pork supplier who attempts to model her after the woman on his company's logo.

• Pygmalion (1935 film), a German film based on the George Bernard Shaw play
• Pygmalion (1937 film), a Dutch film based on the George Bernard Shaw play
• Pygmalion (1938 film), a British film starring Leslie Howard and Wendy Hiller
• Pygmalion (1948 film), a British television film starring Margaret Lockwood
• Surjo Konna, a Bangladeshi film based on Pygmalion starring Bulbul Ahmed[36]
• Pygmalion (1983 film), a television film starring Peter O'Toole and Margot Kidder
• Alfred Hitchcock's Vertigo (1958) is a variation on the Pygmalion theme.
• The comedy movie Mannequin (1987) is based on Pygmalion.
• My Fair Lady (film), a 1964 American musical film, starring Rex Harrison and Audrey Hepburn.
• Bicentennial Man (film), a 1999 American science fiction comedy-drama film starring Robin Williams and Sam Neill, is based on a story by Isaac Asimov, featuring a female android named Galatea.[37]
• She's All That, a 1999 film directed by Robert Iscove, is a variation on the Pygmalion theme, set in a high school.
• Life-Size (2000 film), a 2000 American fantasy-comedy television film directed by Mark Rosman and starring Lindsay Lohan and Tyra Banks. It originally premiered on March 5, 2000 on ABC as part of The Wonderful World of Disney block. The film follows a young girl whose Eve doll is transformed into a real person.
• Ruby Sparks, a 2012 American comedy-drama film where a writer writes his dream woman with a magic typewriter and she comes to life starring Paul Dano and Zoe Kazan
• Ex Machina, a 2012 British science fiction film, contains Pygmalion themes, although is ultimately a reversal of the 'perfect creation' trope.

• The text adventure Galatea, by Emily Short, is based on the myth of Galatea.
• In the interactive science fiction novel Choice of Robots, by Kevin Gold, it is possible to create a lifelike human robot with whom the protagonist can fall in love. One of the default name options for this robot is Galatea.

• One of the protagonists of science fiction/horror podcast Dining In The Void is a model named Galatea Ivory, known for her white skin and unparalleled beauty.[38] One of her main arcs in the show revolves around her physical beauty and how it gets compromised by the show's villain Jo. In episode six, "Aligning Their Goals," Galatea reveals that her manager is called Pygmalion and that he sometimes tells her to "be quiet" on set. However, she defends him when Aveline Lion asks if that's controlling by saying he's looking out for her career.[39]