Rail trail

A rail trail is a shared-use path on railway right of way. Rail trails are typically constructed after a railway has been abandoned and the track has been removed but may also share the right of way with active railways, light rail, or streetcars (rails with trails), or with disused track. As shared-use paths, rail trails are primarily for non-motorized traffic including pedestrians, bicycles, horseback riders, skaters, and cross-country skiers, although snowmobiles and ATVs may be allowed. The characteristics of abandoned railways—gentle grades, well-engineered rights of way and structures (bridges and tunnels), and passage through historical areas—lend themselves to rail trails and account for their popularity. Many rail trails are long-distance trails, while some shorter rail trails are known as greenways or linear parks.

East Gippsland Rail Trail signage in Victoria, Australia, indicating the shared trail usage

Rail trails around the world

Bermuda
Main article: Bermuda Railway

The Bermuda Railway ceased to operate as such when the only carrier to exist in Bermuda folded in 1948. Some of the former right of way were converted for automobile traffic, and in 1984 18 miles were converted to a rail trail, reserved for pedestrian use and bicycles on paved portions.[1] The rail bed spans the length of the island, and connected Hamilton to St. George's and several villages, though several bridges are derelict, causing the trail to be fragmented.

Canada
Further information: List of trails in Canada

The Kettle Valley Rail Trail in British Columbia uses a rail corridor that was originally built for the now-abandoned Kettle Valley Railway. The trail was developed during the 1990s after the Canadian Pacific Railway abandoned train service.

The longest rail trail in Canada is the Newfoundland T'Railway that covers a distance of 883 km (549 mi). Protected as a linear park under the provincial park system, the T'Railway consists of the railbed of the historic Newfoundland Railway as transferred from its most recent owner, Canadian National Railway, to the provincial government after rail service was abandoned on the island of Newfoundland in 1988. The rail corridor stretches from Channel-Port aux Basques in the west to St. John's in the east with branches to Stephenville, Lewisporte, Bonavista, Placentia and Carbonear.

Following the abandonment of the Prince Edward Island Railway in 1989, the government of Prince Edward Island purchased the right-of-way to the entire railway system. The Confederation Trail was developed as a tip-to-tip walking/cycling gravel rail trail which doubles as a monitored and groomed snowmobile trail during the winter months, operated by the PEI Snowmobile Association.

Bill Thorpe Walking Bridge in Fredericton

In Quebec, Le P'tit Train du Nord runs 200 km (120 mi) from Saint-Jérôme to Mont-Laurier.

In Toronto, there are two rail trails, the Beltline Trail and the West Toronto Railpath.

In central Ontario, the former Victoria Railway line, which runs 89 kilometres (55 mi) from the town of Lindsay, Ontario, north to the village of Haliburton, in Haliburton County, serves as a public recreation trail. It can be used for cross country skiing, walking, and snowmobiling in the winter months, and walking, cycling, and horse riding from spring to autumn. The majority of the rail trail passes through sparsely populated areas of the Canadian Shield, with historic trestle bridges crossing several rivers.

The old Sarnia Bridge in St. Marys, Ontario, was re-purposed as part of the Grand Trunk Trail. The former Grand Trunk Railway viaduct was purchased from Canadian National Railway in 1995. The Grand Trunk Trail was opened in 1998 with over 3 km (1.9 mi) of paved, accessible trail. In 2012, The re-purposing of the Sarnia Bridge was inducted into the North America Railway Hall of Fame.[2]

A railroad between Gateway Road and Raleigh Street (i.e. streets immediately parallel to the railway on each side) in Winnipeg, Manitoba, was turned into a 7 km (4.3 mi) asphalt trail in 2007. It is called the Northeast Pioneers Greenway, and there are plans for expansion into East St. Paul, and eventually to Birds Hill Park.[3]

In Nova Scotia, almost every section of the Trans Canada Trail and other walking trails are abandoned railways. A small railway line from Musquodoboit Harbour (Musquodoboit Trailway) to Dartmouth are nearly fully used by community members and tourists. Another extremely large section is used from Halifax to New Germany to Yarmouth to Grand Pre.

A considerable part of the Trans Canada Trail are repurposed defunct rail lines donated to provincial governments by CP and CN rail rebuilt as walking trails. The main section runs along the southern areas of Canada connecting most of Canada's major cities and most populous areas. There is also a long northern arm which runs through Alberta to Edmonton and then up through northern British Columbia to Yukon. The trail is multi-use and depending on the section may allow hikers, bicyclists, horseback riders, cross country skiers and snowmobilers.

United States
Further information: List of rail trails in the United States
See also: Great American Rail-Trail
A rail trail in southern Rhode Island

In North America, the decades-long consolidation of the rail industry led to the closure of a number of uneconomical branch lines and redundant mainlines. Some were maintained as short line railways, but many others were abandoned. The first abandoned rail corridor in the United States converted into a recreational trail was the Elroy-Sparta State Trail in Wisconsin, which opened in 1967. The following year the Illinois Prairie Path opened. The conversion of rails to trails hastened with the federal government passing legislation promoting the use of railbanking for abandoned railroad corridors in 1983 which was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1990.[4] This process preserves rail corridors for possible future rail use with interim use as a trail. By the 1970s, even main lines were being sold or abandoned. This was especially true when regional rail lines merged and streamlined their operations. As both the supply of potential trails increased and awareness of the possibilities rose, state governments, municipalities, conservation authorities, and private organizations bought the rail corridors to create, expand or link green spaces.

The longest developed rail trail is currently the 240 miles (390 km) Katy Trail in Missouri.[5] When complete, the Cowboy Trail in Nebraska will become the second-longest, extending for 321 miles (517 km),[4][6] the longest being the Ohio to Erie Trail in Ohio at 326 miles (525 km).[7]

The BeltLine, in Atlanta, Georgia, is currently under construction. In 2030, its anticipated year of completion, it will be one of the longest continuous trails. The Atlanta BeltLine is a sustainable redevelopment project that will provide a network of public parks, multi-use trails and transit along a historic 22-mile railroad corridor circling downtown and connecting many neighborhoods directly to each other.[8]

The Rails-to-Trails Conservancy is a nationwide nonprofit group that advocates for rail trails and has many documents and advice on building a rail trail. Per their records, the U.S. currently has 22,107 miles of rail trail complete. As of 2015, Michigan has the most total mileage (2,381) of any state.[9]

Germany
The "Nordbahntrasse" in Wuppertal, Germany
Further information: List of rail trails in Germany

Germany has the largest number of rail trails in Europe,[10] with 677 rail trails with a total length of 5,020 kilometres (3,120 mi) (as at February 2015).[11] 80 more projects are being planned or under construction. Some of the longest rail trails are in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. These are the Maare-Mosel-Radweg with 39 kilometres (24 mi) on the old rail track, the Ruwer-Hochwald-Radweg with 44 kilometres (27 mi) on the old rail track and the Schinderhannes-Radweg with 36 kilometres (22 mi) on the old track of the Hunsrück Railway. Up to date, the 23 km long Nordbahntrasse in Wuppertal is still the rail trail with the highest standard in Germany and is a prime example of conversion of an abandoned railway track into a multiuser cycling path.

United Kingdom
Tarka Trail Guide - Braunton to Meeth (North Devon), England
Further information: List of rail trails in the United Kingdom

With almost 150 tracks in use, the United Kingdom has the second-largest network of rail trails in Europe after Germany.[10] The development of rail trails in the United Kingdom grew after a major programme of railway line closures in the 1960s known as the Beeching cuts. The scheme, named after Dr. Richard Beeching, the then chairman of British Railways, decommissioned approximately 5,000 miles (8,000 km) of railway lines all over Great Britain. Many rural and suburban lines were closed along with selected main line trunk routes.[12] Since then, approximately 1,200–2,200 miles (1,900–3,500 km) of disused railway lines in Britain have been converted to public leisure purposes, and today the majority of rail trails are maintained by either the local authority or charitable organisations such as Sustrans, the Railway Ramblers or Railway Paths.[10] A 31-mile (50 km) section (between Braunton and Meeth) of the Tarka Trail in Devon is one of the longest of these.

Many of these former railway lines form part of the British National Cycle Network, connecting with long-distance paths and towpaths along Britain's extensive network of canals. For example, the Milton Keynes redway system runs throughout Milton Keynes in Buckinghamshire, England, in parts using the former trackbed of the defunct Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line (closed 1962) and the Grand Union Canal towpath. Together, these paths form part of the long-distance National Cycle Network Route 6 and Route 51. Other urban and suburban rail trails include the Fallowfield Loop Line in Manchester, the Middlewood Way in Cheshire and the Ebury Way in Watford. Notable rural rail trails include the Dava Way, running along the route of the former Highland Railway between Grantown and Forres in the Scottish Highlands, and the High Peak Trail in the English Peak District. In London, a more unusual scheme has been proposed to convert some disused London Underground tunnels into subterranean rail trails under the city, but this scheme has not been officially approved.[13]

Spain
A bridge along a rail trail in Spain, the Vía Verde de las Vegas del Guadiana y las Villuercas
Further information: List of rail trails in Spain

With more than 2,500 kilometers of rail trails (Via Verde)[14] in a network of 117 cycling and walking itineraries, Spain ranks high in the European greenways scene. The trails are managed or coordinated by the Spanish Railways Foundation, an institution created in 1985. Many of the converted tracks were originally built for the mining industry, connecting remote mountain sites with port locations on the coast, now offering picturesque rides from wild interior landscapes to the seaside, following near-flat routes with long-spanning viaducts and bridges, plus a number of tunnels.[15]

Ireland
The Great Western Greenway
Further information: List of rail trails in Ireland

Cuts to Ireland's once expansive rail network in the mid 20th century left Ireland with a vast network of disused railways. While many lines were ripped up and the sections of the land acquired by private owners, a number of former railways do exist intact, thus providing the option for the development of many rail trails in the future.

The rail-trail on the former Westport to Achill Island line, known as the Great Western Greenway, was completed in 2011. Much progress has been made on the development of a rail-trail on the former Limerick to Tralee/Fenit line, in the form of the Great Southern Trail. As of 2013, a 36-kilometre (22 mi) section from Rathkeale to Abbeyfeale has been completed.[16]

Planning permission has been granted to redevelop the former Galway to Clifden railway into a greenway,[17] but negotiations are still underway with landowners regarding its routing.[18] A section of the Waterford, Limerick and Western Railway railway line, from Claremorris to Collooney has been touted for redevelopment as a greenway, but has met with some recent opposition from groups wishing for reestablishment of the railway itself.[19]

Belgium
A former railway tunnel, near Houyet, Belgium, now converted to pedestrian and bicycle use
Further information: List of rail trails in Belgium

The RAVeL network in Belgium combines converted tracks, byways and towpaths, adding up to a total of 1,200 km (750 mi) , a significant figure considering the size of the country. The gradient is never more than six per cent, and the tracks are open to all forms of non-motorised travellers, including cyclists, horse-riders, hikers and even roller-bladers.[20]

There is also the Vennbahn, which runs along an unusual border between Belgium and Germany.

Finland

Baana is an old cargo rail track in Helsinki converted into a pedestrian and bicycle trail.


Australia
Further information: List of rail trails in Australia
The Great Victorian Rail Trail bridge at Bonnie Doon, Victoria.

The development of rail trails in southeastern Australia can be traced to the gold rushes of the second half of the 19th century. Dozens of rail lines sprang up, aided by the overly enthusiastic "Octopus Act", but soon became unprofitable as the gold ran out, leading to a decreased demand for timber in turn. Decades later, these easements found a new use as tourist drawcards, once converted to rail trails. Dozens exist in some form, like the 37-kilometre (23 mi) Port Fairy to Warrnambool Rail Trail,[21] but only a few – such as the 95-kilometre (59 mi) Murray to the Mountains Rail Trail — have been fully developed. Progress is frequently hampered by trestle bridges in unsafe condition, easements that have been sold off to farmers, and lack of funds. Funding is typically contributed in roughly equal parts from federal, state, and local governments, with voluntary labour and in kind donations contributed by local groups.[22] The latest addition to the Rail Trail scene in Victoria is The Great Victorian Rail Trail which is the longest rail trail in Victoria covering 134 km (83 mi). It has become popular with tourists as it meanders through steep valleys and open farm country. The Rail Trails Australia website is a good source of local information. about trails in Australia.[23]

New Zealand
Further information: List of rail trails in New Zealand

A number of rail trails have been established through New Zealand; the best known are the Hauraki Rail Trail (linking Thames, Paeroa, Te Aroha and Waikino/Waihi), Otago Central Rail Trail and the Little River Rail Trail. The New Zealand Cycle Trail project, a Government-led initiative, will greatly accelerate the establishment of new trails. The first seven projects (not all of them rail trails, though) were announced in July 2009 and will receive NZ$9 million in funding of the total project budget of NZ$50 million.[24]

Asia
Further information: List of rail trails in Asia

Singapore

On 24 May 2010, the Singapore and Malaysia governments agreed[25] to move the Singapore terminus of the Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) from the Tanjong Pagar railway station in southern Singapore to Woodlands Train Checkpoint in northern Singapore. This resulted in the railway lines in Singapore becoming surplus as the Woodlands terminus is just over the border from Malaysia. Government agencies such as the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) and the Singapore Land Authority (SLA) have taken responsibility for developing and implementing ideas and activities for the former rail lands. The URA has a dedicated web site on Rail Corridor.[26] An example of activities permitted include street art on a section of the disused railway, supported by the SLA, URA, Land Transport Authority and the National Arts Council.[27]

The disused railway consists of the main line from the Tanjong Pagar railway station to Woodlands, extending either 24 km (15 mi)[28] or 26 km (16 mi),[29] depending on the source. There is also the Jurong spur line, 14 km (8.7 mi) in length.[30] The area occupied by the railways is at least 80 ha (200 acres), and up to 173.7 ha (429 acres) when the land around the Tanjong Pagar Railway Station and other nodes are included.[30] Given the location of the railway lands in land scarce Singapore, there was concern that the lands would be developed. Organisations such as the Nature Society Singapore developed comprehensive plans to maintain the rail lands for nature-related pursuits.[30] The Green Corridor web site is a campaign website dedicated to preserving its natural form.

Urban rail trail parks

In a number of cities disused rail tracks have been converted into linear parks. One example is the High Line (also known as "High Line Park"), a 1.45-mile-long (2.33 km) elevated linear park created on an elevated section of a disused New York Central Railroad.[31] Inspired by the 3-mile-long (4.8 km) Promenade plantée (tree-lined walkway), a similar project in Paris completed in 1993, the High Line has been redesigned and planted as an aerial greenway and rails-to-trails park.[32][33]

Conversion issues
Cyclists and joggers on the Arkansas River Trail in Little Rock, Arkansas

Railroads in North America were often built with a mix of purchased land, government land grants, and easements. The land deeds can be over a hundred years old, land grants might be conditional upon continuous operation of the line, and easements may have expired, all expensive and difficult issues to determine at law.

Railroad property rights have often been poorly defined and sporadically enforced, with neighboring property owners intentionally or accidentally using land they do not own. Such encroachers often later oppose a rail to trail conversion. Even residents who are not encroaching on railway lands may oppose conversion on the grounds of increased traffic in the area and the possibility of a decline in personal security. Because linear corridors of land are only valuable if they are intact, special laws regulate the abandonment of a railroad corridor. In the United States, the Surface Transportation Board (STB) regulates railroads, and can allow a corridor to be "Rail Banked" or placed on hold for possible conversion back to active status when or if future need demands.

While many rail trails have been built, other proposals have been cancelled by community opposition. The stature of the conversion organization, community involvement, and government willingness are key factors.

On the other hand, there are a growing number of cases where existing rails and infrastructure, in service or not, are being called to be torn up for trails. Two cases of this are in New York State, against the Catskill Mountain Railroad in Kingston, New York,[34] and the Adirondack Scenic Railroad in Old Forge, New York.[35] In Connecticut, the not-in-service section of track on the Valley Railroad has been proposed by locals to be converted to trail.[36] Though perceived by residents to be, as it has not carried a train since the 1960s, the railroad has never been formally abandoned. The Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection acquired the line from Penn Central in 1969, and subsequently signed a long-term lease with the railroad. The railroad has been continually working to bring this section of the line back into service. Both Departments strongly support the preservation of the line, and have provided support to the railroad with property encroachment from abutters and the provision of railroad ties.[37] All three of these examples are heritage railroads, which serve to protect the history of the railroad. Their primary revenue is tourist operations, so rail traffic is seasonal; though all three have been granted rights to carry freight, should customers show interest.

Trails to rails

Though rare, there are several cases in which trails convert back to active railroads. One example occurred in 2012 in Clarence, Pennsylvania, where the R.J. Corman Railroad Company received permission to rebuild 20 miles (32 km) of railbanked line to serve new industries.[38] Conrail had ceased operating over the line in 1990, and 10 miles (16 km) was converted to the Snow Shoe Rails to Trails.[39]

Typical features
Bicyclist on the Conotton Creek Trail in Ohio

Most original rail lines were surveyed for ease of transport and gentle (often less than 2%) grades. Therefore, the rail trails that succeeded them are often fairly straight and ideally suited to overcome steep or awkward terrain such as hills, escarpments, rivers, swamps, etc. Rail trails often share space with linear utilities such as pipelines, electrical transmission wires, and telephone lines.

Hiker on the Pine Creek Rail Trail in Pennsylvania
The Katy Trail crosses a creek on a preserved rail bridge in Missouri.

Most purchase of railway land is dictated by the free market value of the land, so that land in urban and industrial cores is often impractical to purchase and convert. Therefore, rail trails may end on the fringes of urban areas or near industrial areas and resume later, as discontinuous portions of the same rail line, separated by unaffordable or inappropriate land.

A railroad right-of-way (easement) width varies based on the terrain, with a 100 feet (30 m) width being ample enough where little surface grading is required.[40] The initial 705 miles (1,135 km) stretch of the Illinois Central Railroad is the most liberal in the world with a width of 200 feet (61 m) along the whole length of the line.[41] Rail trails are often graded and covered in gravel or crushed stone, although some are paved with asphalt and others are left as dirt. Where rail bridges are incorporated into the trail, the only alterations (if any) tend to be adding solid walking areas on top of ties or trestles, though bridges in poorer condition do receive new guardrails, paint, and reinforcement. If paved, they are especially suitable for people who use wheelchairs.

Where applicable, the same trails used in the summer for walking, jogging, and inline skating can be used in the winter for Nordic skiing, snowshoeing, and sometimes snowmobiling.

Rails with trails
Main article: Rails with trails
A "rail with trail" in the United States; train at right

Rails with trails are a small subset of rail trails in which a railway right-of-way remains in use by trains yet also has a parallel recreational trail. Hundreds of kilometers of rails with trails exist in Canada, Europe, the United States, Australia, and the United Arab Emirates.[42][43]

See also

References
  1. "Bermuda Railway Trail". Bermuda Dept. of Tourism. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010. Retrieved December 14, 2008.
  2. "North America Railway Hall of Fame". narhf.org. Archived from the original on 2013-09-29. Retrieved 2015-05-15.
  3. "Northeast Pioneers Greenway | Winnipeg Trails Association". Winnipegtrails.ca. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
  4. "Rails-to-Trails Conservancy:: May 2009 Trail of the Month :: Cowboy Trail, Nebraska". Archived from the original on 2013-10-21. Retrieved 2013-06-05.
  5. "Katy Trail mileage is 237.5 mile per railroad mileage markers". Mostateparks.com. 21 February 2011. Retrieved 2016-08-18. However, per correspondence with Dawn Frederickson of Missouri State Parks (8/8/2014), the total trail mileage is 240 miles, taking into consideration trail deviations from the original railbed.
  6. "Home". bikecowboytrail.com.
  7. Withrow, Brandon (22 June 2019). "The Best Cross-Country Road Trip Is on a Bike". The Daily Beast. Daily Beast. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  8. "ABOUT // Atlanta BeltLine". Beltline.org. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
  9. "United States | Rails-to-Trails Conservancy". Railstotrails.org. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
  10. Bird, Geoffrey R. (2014). "A Brief History of Rail Trail Development". In Conlin, Michael V. (ed.). Railway heritage and tourism : global perspectives. Bristol: Channel View Multi Matter. pp. 92–93. ISBN 9781845414382.
  11. Achim Bartoschek. "Bahntrassenradeln - Deutschland [Achim Bartoschek]". Bahntrassenradeln.de. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
  12. "Britain's most hated civil servant". BBC News. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  13. O'Sullivan, Feargus. "Bike paths in abandoned tube tunnels: is the London Underline serious?". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  14. "Map of the Spanish rail trails". Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  15. "Vias Verdes". Official website of the Rail Trails of Spain. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  16. "Trail Information". SouthernTrail.net. Archived from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  17. "RTE News". rte.ie. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  18. "Connemara greenway negotiations". connachttribune.ie. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  19. "Proposed Sligo-Mayo Greenway stalled over dispute and funding". Sligo Today News. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  20. "RAVeL Network". Official website in English. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  21. Port Fairy to Warrnambool Rail Trail, About us, accessed 5 June 2013
  22. "Rail Trails" (PDF). Rail Trails. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-08-21. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
  23. "Home".
  24. "PM turns first sod on cycleway project". The New Zealand Herald. Newstalk ZB. 10 November 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
  25. "JOINT STATEMENT BY PRIME MINISTER LEE HSIEN LOONG AND PRIME MINISTER DATO' SRI MOHD NAJIB TUN ABDUL RAZAK AT THE SINGAPORE-MALAYSIA LEADERS' RETREAT ON 24 MAY 2010" (PDF). Habitatnews.nus.edu.sg. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
  26. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-05-12. Retrieved 2015-05-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  27. "LAND : MARCH 2014 Issue : brought to you by SLA". www.sla.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 2015-04-22. Retrieved 2015-05-15.
  28. "About the Project". Ura.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
  29. "50 ways to the Singapore Rail Corridor — City Form Lab". Cityform.mit.edu. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
  30. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-11-23. Retrieved 2015-02-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  31. F. Green and C. Letsch (September 21, 2014). "New High Line section opens, extending the park to 34th St". Daily News. Archived from the original on September 21, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  32. "Paris Elevated Rail Park Featured in Movie 'Before Sunset'". Friends of the High Line. August 12, 2004. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2014.
  33. "An elevated park à la française". Friends of the High Line. February 1, 2012. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved July 27, 2014.
  34. "Please support our Legal Defense Fund". Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-09-30.
  35. "Rail trail for Adirondack Park a better idea for Old Forge to Saranac Lake corridor | Editorial". Poststar.com. 2013-08-07. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
  36. Hesselberg, Erik. "New Study Proposes Rail-Trail Along Haddam's Valley Railroad Line". Hartford Courant. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  37. "Connecticut State Rail Plan 2012-2016" (PDF). ct.gov. Connecticut Department of Transportation. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  38. White, Cliff (22 May 2012). "Railroad company gets OK to reclaim tracks; decision will eliminate half of Rails to Trails". Centre Daily Times. State College, Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on 28 February 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  39. "R. J. Corman Railroad Company/Pennsylvania Lines Inc.-Construction and Operation Exemption-in Clearfield County, PA". STB Decision Document 42047. Surface Transportation board. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  40. Raymond, William Galt (1917). The Elements of Railroad Engineering. Chapman & Hall, Ltd. p. 310. railroad width of Right of way -wikipedia.
  41. Ackerman, William K. (1890). Historical Sketch of the Illinois-Central Railroad: Together with a Brief Biographical Record of. Fergus Printing Company. p. 96. railroad width of Right of way -wikipedia.
  42. FRA 2021, p. 14.
  43. "Rails-with-Trails: Lessons Learned: Literature Review, Current Practices, Conclusions". US Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration. August 2002. FTA-MA-26-0052-04-1. 155 pages.

Further reading
  • FRA, USDOT (2021). Rails-with-Trails - Best Practices and Lessons Learned. Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, FHWA-HEP-21-017.
  • Spencer, D. M. (2010). "Segmenting special interest visitors to a destination region based on the volume of their expenditures: an application to rail-trail users". Journal of Vacation Marketing. 16 (2): 83–95. doi:10.1177/1356766709357486. S2CID 154870845.
  • Moore, Roger L.; Graefe, Alan R. (1994). "Attachments to recreation settings: The case of rail‐trail users". Leisure Sciences. 16 (1): 17–31. doi:10.1080/01490409409513214.
  • Troped, Philip J.; Saunders, Ruth P.; Pate, Russell R.; Reininger, Belinda; Ureda, John R.; Thompson, Shirley J. (2001). "Associations between Self-Reported and Objective Physical Environmental Factors and Use of a Community Rail-Trail". Preventive Medicine. 32 (2): 191–200. doi:10.1006/pmed.2000.0788. PMID 11162346.
  • Merom, Dafna; Bauman, Adrian; Vita, Philip; Close, Glenn (2003). "An environmental intervention to promote walking and cycling—the impact of a newly constructed Rail Trail in Western Sydney". Preventive Medicine. 36 (2): 235–42. doi:10.1016/S0091-7435(02)00025-7. PMID 12590999.
  • Betz, Carter J.; Bergstrom, John C.; Bowker, J. M. (2003). "A Contingent Trip Model for Estimating Rail-trail Demand". Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 46 (1): 79–96. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.199.3385. doi:10.1080/713676704. S2CID 58949.
  • Bowker, J.M.; Bergstrom, John C.; Gill, Joshua (2007). "Estimating the economic value and impacts of recreational trails: a case study of the Virginia Creeper Rail Trail". Tourism Economics. 13 (2): 241–60. doi:10.5367/000000007780823203. S2CID 7014196.
  • Bichis-Lupas, Mihaela; Moisey, R Neil (Fall 2001). "A Benefit Segmentation of Rail-Trail Users: Implications for Marketing by Local Communities". Journal of Park & Recreation Administration. 19 (3): 78–92.
  • Siderelis, C.; Moore, R. L. (1995). "Outdoor recreation net benefits of rail-trails". Journal of Leisure Research. 27 (4): 344–59. doi:10.1080/00222216.1995.11949754.
  • Wright, Danaya C. (2008). "The Shifting Sands of Property Rights, Federal Railroad Grants, and Economic History: Hash v. United States and the Threat to Rail-Trail Conversions". Environmental Law. 38: 711. SSRN 1317385.
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