River surfing

River surfing is the sport of surfing either standing waves, tidal bores or upstream waves in rivers. Claims for its origins include a 1955 ride of 2.4 km (1.5 mi) along the tidal bore of the River Severn.[1]

Not to be confused with Riverboarding.
Surfer on the Eisbach, Englischer Garten, Munich, Germany.

River surfing on standing waves has been documented as far back as the early-1970s in Munich, Germany, today offering the world's largest urban surfing spot.[2][3]

Standing waves

In this type of river surfing, the wave is stationary on the river, caused by a high volume of water constricted by flowing over a rock and creating a wave behind. A requirement for this is a flowing water with shallow depth in which the inertia of the water overcomes its gravity due to the supercritical flow speed (Froude number: 1.7 - 4.5, surpassing 4.5 results in direct standing wave[4]) and is therefore neither significantly slowed down by the obstacle nor pushed to the side. It is a form of hydraulic jump.[5] A river surfer can face up-stream and catch this wave and have the feeling of traveling fast over water while not actually moving.

River surfing conditions are created by a combination of underlying rock formations and specific water levels, i.e. not too much or too little water. Water flow is usually measured in the SI-unit cubic meters per second (m³/s) (alternatively in liters per second or cubic feet per second).

Europe
Surfing a standing wave on the Eisbach.

Germany

Despite being many hundreds of kilometres from the nearest ocean, Munich has a reputation as a surfing hotspot,[6] offering one of Europe's best waves.[2] The Bavarian capital is the birthplace of river surfing.[7] The city has been the center of surfboard riding on a stationary wave since the early 1970s.[2][3] Up to 100 surfers daily hit the waves in the city's Englischer Garten, the largest urban park in the world. There, in the river Eisbach, the world's best known river surf spot,[8] the Eisbach wave — literally “ice brook” — the flow velocity of the icy water is about 5 meters per second, at a flow rate of 20 m³/s (equivalent to a mass of 20 tons per second), and the temperature never gets above 15 degrees Celsius.[3] An annual surfing competition is held on the standing wave.[9] Additionally, there are further stationary waves that form on the river Isar just downstream of the Wittelsbacherbrücke bridge in Isarvorstadt, as well as on the canal that joins the Isar channel with the Floßlände.

Munich has produced the best river surfers and was the first location that created a true surfing community around an inland river wave. The scene has around 1,000 active surfers, while 10,000 in Munich will have tried it at some point.[10]

Austria

On Austria's river Mur in Graz (Styria), river surfing is a regular on two waves built for surfing in 2001 and rebuilt in 2004 by KanuClub Graz.[11][12] Near Salzburg in the Alm Canal there is a custom built surf wave, the Almwelle.[13]

Norway

Norway has several river waves, amongst the most famous are:

Several artificial river waves are either under planning or have been considered:

Switzerland

The Limmat in Zürich does not have any standing waves but is fast-flowing. Local surfers have developed a pulley system known as upstream surfing which allows surfers to surf the river.[19]

North America

Canada
For more, see Whitewater recreation in British Columbia.

The Habitat 67 standing wave in the Lachine Rapids in Montreal, named for its location adjacent to the Habitat 67 housing complex, has become a popular destination for river surfing.[20][21] Corran Addison, an Olympic kayaker and three-time world freestyle kayak champion, was the first to surf the Habitat wave in 2002. His river-surfing school, Imagine Surfboards, has taught 3,500 students since 2005. A second Montreal river-surfing school, KSF, has hosted 1,500 students a year since 2003. From fewer than 10 original surfers, it is estimated that the current of participants numbers around 500.[22]

The Ottawa River in Ottawa has long been a river surfing destination for both locals and travellers.[23] Local surf shops specialize in river surfing gear and boards. Average wave height varies between one and two meters.[24] The waves are most accessible in the spring with some remaining rideable year-round.

In the 2000s, transplanted ocean surfers began riding standing waves in a number of rivers in Alberta, Canada. Several shops in Calgary now stock boards specifically designed for river surfing. The standing wave under the 10th Street bridge in Calgary, has been a popular place for river surfing since its formation after the 2013 Alberta floods[25] Since the mid-2010s, the Alberta River Surfing Association is spearheading transformative river wave projects in Southern Alberta, including a river park in downtown Calgary and Cochrane. The most popular area to river surf around Southern Alberta is in Kananaskis district (45 min from Calgary) at a spot called Mountain Wave. As of the early 2020s, projects of building two additional adjustable man-made river waves are well under way.

United States

Jackson Hole, Wyoming, is known as the most famous river surfing community in the US. The first documented cases of surfing on the Snake River occurred in the late 1970s. The wave known as Lunch Counter is a standing wave that churns during times of snow runoff in the months between May and August each year. This wave is highly active during these months and the area continues to grow as a surf destination.[26]

Pueblo, Colorado, has also become a river surfing city. A kayak park was in built 2005 near downtown Pueblo and locals have been surfing features 3, 4, and 7 ever since.

Missoula, Montana, has surfing on Brennan's Wave, a man-made wave on the Clark Fork River.[27]

Boise, Idaho, has surfing at the Boise Whitewater Park near downtown Boise. The Boise River Park features an adjustable man-made wave on the Boise River.[28] Because the waveshaper is adjustable, river surfing is available nearly year around. The Surfer's Journal[29] article "The Surf God's of Idaho" says surfing Boise's river is like "pausing the ocean with a remote control and pressing rewind, but then surfing that backward-flowing wave in forward motion".[30]'

Bend, Oregon, has an adjustable man-made river wave in Bend White Water Rapid Park for all season surfing.

Salida, Colorado has a whitewater park with six different features and a thriving river surfing scene. In fall of 2022, hydrologists from Recreation Engineering and Planning (REP) based in Salida engineered a wave specifically for surfing. The wave, called the Scout Wave 2.0, is meant to perform at even moderate water levels, opening up the season. River surfing is happening in Salida all year long on the Scout 2.0.

New Zealand

The world's first commercial river surfing operation was started by Jon Imhoof in 1989 . Trips are run on the Kawarau River near Queenstown. Bodyboards are used to run rapids and ride standing waves on the river.

Tidal bores

Tidal bores occur in relatively few locations worldwide, usually in areas with a large tidal range (typically more than 6 metres (20 ft) between high and low water), and where incoming tides are funnelled into a shallow, narrowing river via a broad bay.[31][32][33] Large bores can be particularly dangerous for shipping, but also present opportunities for river surfing.[31] The funnel-like shape not only increases the tidal range, but it can also decrease the duration of the flood tide, down to a point where the flood appears as a sudden increase in the water level. The tidal bore occurs only during the flood tide, never the ebb tide.

A tidal bore can create a powerful roar that combines the sounds caused by the turbulence in the bore front and whelps, entrained air bubbles in the bore roller, sediment erosion beneath the bore front and of the banks, scouring of shoals and bars, and impacts on obstacles.[34]

Tidal bores are being surfed along coastal rivers such as the pororoca on the Amazon River or England's River Severn.[35][36]

Severn bore
Surfers on the Severn bore
Main article: Severn bore

Surfing the Severn bore has become a competitive sport with dozens of surfers vying to record the longest ride. The tidal surge also attracts canoeists and windsurfers. The present champion surfer is Dave Lawson from Hempsted, Gloucestershire, who has covered 5.7 miles on a surfboard. His record-breaking surf took more than 35 minutes and was logged by an official adjudicator from the British Surfing Association.[37]

Pororoca bore
Main article: Pororoca

The pororoca is a tidal bore, with waves up to 4 metres high that travel as much as 13 km inland upstream the Amazon River.

Petitcodiac bore

Tidal bores are backwards-moving waves that travel upstream over forward-moving downstream waves. They occur twice a day on the Petitcodiac River in the Bay of Fundy, driven up the river by the world's highest tides. The North American record for surfing a single river wave was set by J.J. Wessels and Colin Whitbread of California, who rode the Petitcodiac River bore for 29 kilometres on 24 July 2013.

Upstream river waves

An upstream river wave is a phenomenon that looks similar to tidal bores, but is—just like a coastal wave—caused by ocean swells instead of tides. Similar to tidal bores, they form in the ocean and travel up the river.[38] The Urumea river is an example of a well-known upstream river wave.[39][40]

Building river surf waves

River surfing is gaining popularity around the world. Boise Whitewater Park's Wave Technician, Paul Primus, shares the dual benefit of installing recreational river features to replace dangerous low head dams everywhere. Building river surf waves can also help save lives.[41]

Safety

Dangers associated with river surfing is hypothermia, drowning and blunt trauma. If the water is cool, the surfer may dress in a wetsuit, neoprene boots and gloves. Even if the temperature is high, it is recommended to use footwear in order to avoid cuts from rocks in the river. Care should also be taken not to stand on the river floor where the water is moving. Some choose not to use a leg rope ("leash") since there is a potential for the rope to get hung up in rocks, which can cause drowning if the surfer is unable to reach the hook-and-loop fastener due to strong currents. Depending on the river, it may also be appropriate to use a personal flotation device and helmet. To reduce danger, the surfer should also train specifically on swimming technique for rivers. When falling, one should try to fall as "flat" as possible so as not to hit rocks lying on the bottom of the river. If the surfing is done with the help of water ski rope or other type of rope fixed to shore, there should be at least one person on shore with a knife, scissors or other cutting tools available in case the rope needs to be cut for safety reasons, for example if the surfer gets tangled in the rope. River surfing is not risk free, and there have been deaths.[42]

See also

References
  1. ""The place, the River Severn - the birth place of bore surfing."". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2007-02-20.
  2. Noah Lederman. "SURFING IN MUNICH". The Economist Intelligent Life. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  3. Anja Seiler (5 September 2009). "Surfers hit the waves in Munich's first summer of legal river surfing". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  4. Dietsche, Daniela (2014-12-31). "Surfbare Wechselsprünge | Espazium". www.espazium.ch (in German). Retrieved 2022-01-12.
  5. Chanson, H. (2009). "Current Knowledge In Hydraulic Jumps And Related Phenomena. A Survey of Experimental Results". European Journal of Mechanics B. 28 (2): 191–210. Bibcode:2009EJMF...28..191C. doi:10.1016/j.euromechflu.2008.06.004.
  6. "River surfing on the Eisbach - Munich". www.toytowngermany.com. Archived from the original on 2007-10-27.
  7. David Whitley (23 May 2013). "Riding the wave of change on Munich's Eisbach". BBC. Archived from the original on 23 January 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  8. RB team (27 March 2013). "Eisbach". riverbreak - The International River Surf Magazine. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  9. "Munich Surf Open 2005". 30 June 2005.
  10. David Whitley (23 May 2013). "Riding the wave of change on Munich's Eisbach". BBC. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  11. "murbreak - surfen auf der mur, riversurfing graz". Murbreak.at. Retrieved 2022-06-10.
  12. "KCG – Kanu Club Graz – Homepage des Grazer Kajakvereins". Kajakgraz.com. 2022-05-22. Retrieved 2022-06-10.
  13. "Home". almwelle.com.
  14. "Oslo River Wave? The infamous Akerselva's redemption?". 23 March 2013. Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
  15. Tar bølgen i Figgjoelva - Stavanger Aftenblad
  16. Ingen bølge for surfebølge - Stavanger Aftenblad
  17. [https://www.aftenbladet.no/lokalt/i/v8b4X/--Harreisende-a-lage-surfebolge - Hårreisende å lage surfebølge - Stavanger Aftenblad
  18. Evje River Waves and Mountain Beach (NO) – Surf Anywhere
  19. "TeleZüri: ZüriInfo - Upstream Surfing in Zürich". Tele Zuri. Archived from the original on 2016-08-20. Retrieved 2016-07-15.
  20. Woodley, Matthew (Jun 9–15, 2005). "Surf's up St. Lawrence". Montreal Mirror. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
  21. Lamey, Mary. "Everybody's gone surfin' on the St. Lawrence River". Montreal Gazette. Canwest. Archived from the original on 2010-02-27. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
  22. Hufman, Jesse (July 10, 2009). "Surfing a River When the Wave Doesn't Move". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
  23. Cotnam, Hallie (April 27, 2015). "Ottawa River surfers catch waves off Bate Island". CBC News. Retrieved 2017-09-22.
  24. "Bates Island, Ottawa river". Wanna Surf. Jun 9–22, 2017. Retrieved 2017-09-22.
  25. "Waves".
  26. Rich Addicks (2010-08-09). "Catch a wave in Wyoming". CNN. Retrieved 2022-06-10.
  27. "Company brings 'surfing' experience to Brennan's Wave | KPAX.com | Missoula, Montana". www.kpax.com. Archived from the original on 2014-02-25.
  28. "Boise River Park Community Website". Archived from the original on 2014-12-09. Retrieved 2014-12-09.
  29. Surfer's Journal
  30. "Volume 29 No. 3". The Surfers Journal. 2020-06-01. Retrieved 2020-07-09.
  31. Chanson, H. (2009). Environmental, Ecological and Cultural Impacts of Tidal Bores, Benaks, Bonos and Burros. Proc. International Workshop on Environmental Hydraulics IWEH09, Theoretical, Experimental and Computational Solutions, Valencia, Spain, 29-30 Oct., Editor P.A. Lopez-Jimenez et al., Invited keynote lecture, 20 pages (CD-ROM).
  32. Koch, C. and Chanson, H. (2008). "Turbulent Mixing beneath an Undular Bore Front". Journal of Coastal Research. 24 (4): 999–1007. doi:10.2112/06-0688.1. S2CID 130530635.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. Koch, C. and Chanson, H. (2009). "Turbulence Measurements in Positive Surges and Bores". Journal of Hydraulic Research. Journal of Hydraulic Research, IAHR, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 29-40. 47: 29–40. doi:10.3826/jhr.2009.2954. S2CID 124743367.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. Chanson, H. (2009). "The Rumble Sound Generated by a Tidal Bore Event in the Baie du Mont Saint Michel". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 125 (6): 3561–3568. Bibcode:2009ASAJ..125.3561C. doi:10.1121/1.3124781. PMID 19507938.
  35. "The Severn Bore Page". www.severn-bore.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2001-12-14.
  36. http://www.thelongwave.com/buzz/boreriderscom.html Archived 2017-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
  37. "Severn Bore surfer breaks record". BBC News. 2006-04-11. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
  38. The rare phenomenon of upstream river waves
  39. https://www.surfertoday.com/surfing/surfing-the-river-waves-of-rio-urumea Surfing the river waves of Río Urumea]
  40. Freshwater Froth: The World's Best River Surfing Waves - Surfline
  41. Paul Primus' TEDx Talk
  42. Stand-up paddler dies Saturday on Arkansas River, marking Colorado’s eighth water death of the season – The Colorado Sun
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