Roman Catholic Diocese of Policastro

The Italian Catholic diocese of Policastro, in Campania, existed until 1986. In that year the diocese was suppressed, and its territory united to the diocese of Teggiano-Policastro. Throughout its existence, Policastro was a suffragan of the archdiocese of Salerno.[1][2]

co-cathedral at Policastro

History

In his Historia naturalis (Book III, ch. 17), the elder Pliny gives a list of the peoples of Lucania, in alphabetical order: "Mediterranei Lucanorum Atinates, Bantini, Grumentini, Potentini, Sontini, Sirini, Tergilani Ursentini, quibus Numestrani junguntur." The Atinates had their center at Atina, the Grumentini had their center at Grumentum, and the Tergilani at Teggiano.[3]

Policastro[4] is believed to be the ancient Pituntia,[5] though there is no source which explicitly so states.[6] It was the last city in Calabria that remained faithful to the empire of Constantinople, until it was captured by the Normans under Robert Guiscard in 1065. The city became part of the dukedom of his brother Roger. In 1290, it belonged to Pietro Ruffo, Count of Catanzaro, having been given to him by King Charles of Anjou.[7]

Foundation of the diocese

On 22 July 1051, Pope Leo IX issued the bull "Officium Sacerdotale", in which he confirmed the metropolitan status of the archbishops of Salerno, and the privilege of ordering and consecrating the bishops of Paestum, Nola, Conza, Cosenza, and Bisignano.[8] There is no mention of Policastro. On 24 March 1058, Pope Stephen IX issued the bull also called "Officium Sacerdotale", in which he confirmed for the archbishops of Salerno the right of consecrating bishops for (in addition to those named by Pope Leo) Malvito, Policastro, Marsico, Martirano, and Caciano.[9] The archbishops, therefore, had the right to consecrate bishops for Policastro by 1058, though there is no indication that they actually did so. The earliest bishop of Policastro of whom evidence survives is Bishop Petrus Pappacarbone (1079–1109).[10]

Pietro da Pappacarbone (1079), a Benedictine of Cava de' Tirreni,[11] resigned after governing the diocese for thirty years, and was succeeded by Arnaldus on 17 February 1110.[12]

The cathedral was dedicated to the Assumption of the Body of the Virgin Mary into Heaven. The cathedral was administered by a corporation called the Chapter, consisting of two dignities (the Archdeacon and the Cantor) and ten Canons.[13] The bishops of Policastro had two residences, one in the city next to the cathedral, and the other at Orsaia, where the seminary for clergy was also located.[14]

Frederick II vs. Innocent III

In 1211, a crisis arose in regard to the diocese of Policastro, with serious ecclesiastical and political implications. Upon the death of their bishop, the cathedral Chapter met and unanimously elected the archpriest of the collegiate church of Saponaria. Several canons carried the electoral announcement to Messana to the emperor, to obtain the assent of the Emperor Frederick II. The emperor (per regis familiares) rejected the bishop-elect, as well as all the other possible candidates named by the canons, and made it clear that he wished them to nominate his physician, Jacopo. The Chapter, fearing to incur the anger of the emperor, and also thoroughly unhappy, elected the physician. They then applied to the archbishop of Salerno, the metropolitan for confirmation and consecration, presenting him with letters from Frederick and from Cardinal Gregory of S. Teodoro, the papal legate. The archbishop, before proceeding, sought a papal response. Pope Innocent III suspended action on the cases of the bishops of Policastro and of Sarno, since he wanted to send nuncios to the king. In the meantime, Jacopo, sought help from the king. The Chapter of Policastro told the nuncios that they did not want Jacopo, and lodged an appeal at the papal court. Attempts were made to pressure the papal legate into acting on behalf of Jacopo, but he declined to end the matter and ordered the canons into his presence, bringing with them the papal documents in their possession. In the meantime, Jacopo obtained, with the legate's knowledge, permission for his consecration from the archbishops of Taranto and Santa Severina, and the bishop of Cerenza., and appeared in Policastro for his consecration; the canons refused to receive him, and appealed to the pope to reverse everything that had been done in the case of Jacopo.[15]

Pope Innocent appointed the archbishop of Cosenza and the abbot of Flore to investigate the claims of Jacopo, the Chapter of Policastro, and the archbishop of Salerno. After taking testimony, they sent a written report to the pope, along with procurators of the named parties, where they were dealt with by Cardinal Benedetto of Santa Susanna on the pope's behalf. Pope Innocent then declared the election of Jacopo as contrary to canon law, as well as to the concordat which he had negotiated with Constance, Queen of Sicily, and therefore void. He ordered the Chapter to proceed with the confirmation of the archpriest of Saponaria by the archbishop of Salerno. He informed the bishop of Capaccio and the abbot of Cava as to what had been taking place, and ordered them to observe his rulings, and authorized them to impose ecclesiastical censures on those who violated them.[16]

In 1239, the Emperor Frederick II was once again excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX. The bull cites, as a contributory reason, that he had left numerous dioceses without a bishop in his realms, including Policastro.[17]

Ottoman fleets

Policastro's position facing the Tyrrhenian Sea (or the Gulf of Policastro, as it is called locally) made it particularly vulnerable to invasion and raiding by pirates. In 1532 and 1544, the Ottoman admiral Ariadeno Barbarossa (Hayreddin)[18] attacked the city. In July 1552, the Ottoman fleet of 123 ships, led by Dragut Rais, ravaged the entire coast and besieged Policastro for three days. The city was destroyed, and the survivors either made galley slaves or sold in the slave markets.[19] Similar fates struck Vibonati, Santa Marina, San Giovanni a Piro, Torre Orsaia, and Roccagloriosa.[20]

In 1664, sufficiently grave charges as to the conduct of the bishop of Policastro, Filippo Jacobio, in the territory of Orsaia, that Pope Alexander VII, on 1 December 1664, issued a commission to his nuncio in Naples, Giulio Spinola, Archbishop of Laodicea, to launch an investigation and open legal proceedings against the bishop. The nuncio, however, was not to proceed to a verdict, but instead to submit his findings and conclusion immediately and directly to the pope for final disposition.[21] In 1667, Bishop Jacobio announced that his cathedral, with six chapels, and the sacristy were practically in ruins.[22] He therefore began to rebuild the episcopal palace at Orsaia, a town with a population of c. 1,500, where he preferred to live rather than in Policastro, which was nearly deserted and falling apart.[23] In this palace, Bishop Vincenzo de Sylva, O.P. (1672) was besieged by Count Fabrizio Carafa.[24]

In the mid-17th century, the entire diocese had a population estimated at 50,000.[25] In 1671, the city of Policastro had a population of 61 persons. In 1747, the population had risen to about 80 inhabitants.[26] In 1980, the total population of the diocese was said to be around 40,750.[27]

Diocesan synods

A diocesan synod was an irregularly held, but important, meeting of the bishop of a diocese and his clergy. Its purpose was (1) to proclaim generally the various decrees already issued by the bishop; (2) to discuss and ratify measures on which the bishop chose to consult with his clergy; (3) to publish statutes and decrees of the diocesan synod, of the provincial synod, and of the Holy See.[28]

A diocesan synod was held by Bishop Urbano Felicio (1629–1635) in 1631,[29] and another in 1632.[30] On 29 June 1638, Bishop Pietro Magri (1635–1651) presided over a diocesan synod.[31] Bishop Vincenzo Maria da Silva, O.P. (1671–1679) presided over a diocesan synod in 1674.[32] Bishop Giuseppe de Rosa (1775–1793) held a diocesan synod on 6–7 May 1784.[33] A diocesan synod was held by Bishop Ludovico Lodovico on 18 April 1816.[34] Bishop Nicola-Maria Laudisio (1824–1862) presided over a diocesan synod in 1830.[35]

Diocesan reorganization

The Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), in order to ensure that all Catholics received proper spiritual attention, decreed the reorganization of the diocesan structure of Italy and the consolidation of small and struggling dioceses. It also recommended the abolition of anomalous units such as exempt territorial prelatures.[36]

On 8 September 1976, the diocese of Policastro lost territory when Diocese of Tursi-Lagonegro was established.[37]

On 18 February 1984, the Vatican and the Italian State signed a new and revised concordat. Based on the revisions, a set of Normae was issued on 15 November 1984, which was accompanied in the next year, on 3 June 1985, by enabling legislation. According to the agreement, the practice of having one bishop govern two separate dioceses at the same time, aeque personaliter, was abolished. Instead, the Vatican continued consultations which had begun under Pope John XXIII for the merging of small dioceses, especially those with personnel and financial problems, into one combined diocese. On 30 September 1986, Pope John Paul II ordered that the dioceses of Diano (Teggiano) and Policastro be merged into one diocese with one bishop, with the Latin title Dioecesis Dianensis-Policastrensis, or, in Italian Diocesi di Teggiano-Policastro. The seat of the diocese was to be in Teggiano, and the cathedral of Teggiano was to serve as the cathedral of the merged dioceses. The cathedral in Policastro was to become a co-cathedral, and the cathedral Chapters of Policastro was to be a Capitulum Concathedralis. There was to be only one diocesan Tribunal, in Teggiano, and likewise one seminary, one College of Consultors, and one Priests' Council. The territory of the new diocese was to include the territory of the former dioceses of Diano and Policastro.[38]

Bishops of Policastro

Erected: 11th Century
Latin Name: Policastrensis
Metropolitan: Archdiocese of Salerno

from 1079 to 1500
  • Pietro da Pappacarbone (1079–1109)[39]
  • Arnaldus (attested 1110)[40]
...
  • Petrus[41]
  • Otto
  • Goffridus (d. 1139)[42]
  • Johannes (d. 1172)[43]
...
  • [Gerardo] da Saponara (1211–1218?)[44]
  • Guilelmus de Licio, O.Min. (c. 1222)[45]
...
  • Johannes Castellomata (1254–1256?)[46]
  • Fabianus
  • Marcus
  • Bartholomaeus (attested 1278)
  • Paganus (attested 1290–1310)[47]
  • Thomasius
  • Francesco Capograsso (1353–1361)[48]
  • Nicolaus (1361–1386?) Avignon Obedience[49]
  • Lucas de Roccacontrata, 0.Min. (1392–1403) Roman Obedience[50]
  • Nicolaus (restored: 1403– ? )
  • Nicolas, O.S.Bas. (1418–1438)[51]
  • Jacobus Lancelotti (1438–1445)[52]
  • Carlo da Napoli, O.E.S.A. (1445– ? )
  • Enrico Languardo (1466–1470)[53]
  • Gabriele Guidano (1471–1484)[54]
  • Girolamo Almensa (1485–1493)[55]
  • Gabriele Altilio (1493–1501)[56]

from 1500 to 1986
Sede vacante (1862–1872)[79]
  • Giuseppe Maria Cione (23 Feb 1872 – 7 Sep 1898)
  • Giovanni Vescia (18 Apr 1899 – 27 Mar 1924 Resigned)
  • Francesco Cammarota (13 Aug 1927 – 15 Dec 1935)
  • Federico Pezzullo (23 Jan 1937 – 10 Sep 1979)
  • Umberto Luciano Altomare (16 Sep 1980 – 3 Feb 1986)

30 September 1986: The diocese of Policastro was suppressed, and its territory added to the Diocese of Diano-Teggiano, with the name Diocese of Teggiano-Policastro, preserving the name of the former diocese.

See also

Notes and references
  1. "Diocese of Policastro". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  2. "Diocese of Policastro" GCatholic.org. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved February 29, 2016
  3. Stefano Macchiaroli (1868), Diano e l'omonima sua valle: Ricerche storico-archeologiche, (Napoli: G. Rondinella 1868), pp. 75-86.
  4. Porfirio, in: D'Avino, p. 537, note 4, points out that some believe that "Policastro" is really "Paleocastro": "Pare incontrastabile l'opinione di quelli, che riportano a quest'epoca il mutamento del nome di Busento in quello di Policastro, quasi Paleocastro, che in greco non suona altro che vecchio castello, come Neocastro significa nuovo."
  5. Ughelli VII, p. 542. "Strabo lib. 6 innuere videtur Policastrum antiquam Pituntiam esse, dum eam juxta Polinurum reponit." Strabo, however, wrote "Petelia", not "Pituntia": Strabonis Geographica Libri III-VI (ed. Francesco Sbordone) (Rome 1970), p. 282. Ughelli also derives the name "Policastro" from the Greek: nomen retinens a Graeco vocabulo, quasi magnum castrum, seu Urbis Castrum."
  6. Cf. Francesco Orlandi (1737), Orbis sacer et profanus illustratus,... Opus ecclesiasticae et profanae historiae nec non geographiae studiosis apprime utile, (in Latin) Pars II, Vol. III (Florence: typis Bernardi Paperini 1737), pp. 1733-1734. Orlandi points out that Ughelli was manipulating the data, "Ex voce Pyxantis Ughellus alteram Pituntiae formavit: nec dubium quin Buxentum indicare voluerit, quamquam non omnino certum sit, an Polycastrum eo loci situm sit, ubi vetus Buxentum fuit."
  7. Strafforelli, p. 140.
  8. Ughelli VII, pp. 379-380. Kehr VIII, p. 349, no. 19: "dat licentiam et potestatem ordinandi et consecrandi episcopos in subiectis locis, hoc est episcopatus Paestanen. et Nolanum et Consanum et Cusentinum simulque Visunianen. atque Acerentinum
  9. J. von Pflugk-Harttung, Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita Vol. II (Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer 1884), p. 82, no. 116. Kehr VIII, p. 349, no. 21: "eligendi et ordinandi episcopos in subiectis locis secundum Rom. pontificum privilegia, hoc est in Paestanen. civ. et Consana et Acherontina et Nolana quoque et Cusentina necnon et in Visinianen. et in Malvito et in Policastro et in Marsico et in Martirano et in Caciano...."
  10. Petrus was also abbot of S. Trinità de Cava from 1079 to 1118. Jean Bolland, S.J., Daniel van Papenbroeck. S.J., Godefroy Henschen, S.J., (edd.), Acta Sanctorum Martii Tomus I (Antwerp: apud Jacobum Meursium 1668), pp. 328-337. Ughelli VII, pp. 543-560 (citing the hagiographies). Gams, p. 912, column 1.
  11. Paolo Guillaume, Vita di s. Pietro salernitano, primo vescovo di Policastro (Roma: E. Loescher 1876), pp. 10-12.
  12. Ughelli VII, p. 560.Kehr VIII, p. 371.
  13. Ughelli VII, pp. 542-543.
  14. Ughelli VII, p. 543.
  15. Letter of Pope Innocent III, dated 17 June 1211, in: J.P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus Tomus CCXVI (Paris: Garnier 1891), pp. 440-441.
  16. Letter of Pope Innocent III, p. 442: "electionem ipsam irritam declaravimus et irritam, interdicentes eidem exsecutionem pontificalis officii non rite suscepti...." A. Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum Vol. 1 (Berlin: De Decker 1874), p. 378 no. 4275. Cf. Donald Matthew, The Norman Kingdom of Sicily (1992), p. 307.
  17. Shailer Mathews (1900), Select Mediaeval Documents and Other Material: Illustrating the History of Church and Empire, 754 A.D.-1254 A.D. Boston: Silver, Burdett, 1900, p. 142: "Et sunt nomina dictarum ecclesiarum vacantium : Cathaniensis, Reginensis, Acheruntiensis, Squillacensis, Rubensis, Potentinensis, Hydrontinensis, Policastrensis, Sarnensis, Aversanensis, Valvensis, Monopolitensis, Polinanetensis, Melfiensis, Rapellensis, Cariatensis, Alifanensis, Mazarensis, Vigiliarensis et Fricentinensis episcopatus : monasteria vero sunt ista Venusinum et Sancti Salvatoris Messanensis."
  18. Muhsin Kadıoğlu, Glorious Muslim Admirals: Aruj (Oruç Reis) (Istanbul 2020), pp. 11-12. La Vita e la Storia di Ariadeno Barbarossa, Ed. Giuseppe Bonaffini. (Palermo: Sellerio 1993).
  19. Silvia Pallecchi (2017), "Policastro Bussentino. Storia e archeologia di un abitato sulle coste della Campania tra XV e XVI secolo," in: S. Pallecchi (ed.), Raccontare l’archeologia. Strategie e tecniche per la comunicazione dei risultati delle ricerche archeologiche (Firenze: All’Insegna del Giglio), pp. 35-36.
  20. Federico Lambiti (2017), Porta di mare (Firenze: Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio), pp. 12-13. Bishop Laudisio discounted the size of the disaster, based on documents he read in his archives.
  21. Bullarum diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum Romanorum pontificum Volume 17, pp. 316-317, no. 496.
  22. Gérard Labrot (1999), Sisyphes chrétiens: la longue patience des évêques bâtisseurs du Royaume de Naples (1590–1760) (Seyssel: Champ Vallon 1999), p. 185: "...désolation encore à Policastro en 1667 où Filippo de Jacobio observe que sa cathédrale « est pratiquement en ruines, avec six chapelles en ruines et la sacristie en ruines."
  23. Ebner, p. 343.
  24. Catholic Encyclopedia article
  25. Ebner, p. 343.
  26. Ritzler and Sefrin, V, p. 318, note 1; VI, p. 343, note 1.
  27. Annuario pontificio 1981 (Citta del Vaticano 1981).
  28. Benedictus XIV (1842). "Lib. I. caput secundum. De Synodi Dioecesanae utilitate". Benedicti XIV ... De Synodo dioecesana libri tredecim (in Latin). Vol. Tomus primus. Mechlin: Hanicq. pp. 42–49. John Paul II, Constitutio Apostolica de Synodis Dioecesanis Agendis (March 19, 1997): Acta Apostolicae Sedis 89 (1997), pp. 706-727.
  29. Synodus Diocaesis Policastrensis celebrata ann. 1631. (in Latin). Romae: Typografia Vaticana 1633.
  30. Synodus dioecesana Polycastrensis ab Vrbano Feliceo eiusdem ecclesiae episcopo celebrata anno 1632. Romae: typis Vaticanis, 1632.
  31. Decreta et constitutiones dioecesanae synodi Polycastrensis per reuer.um Petrum Magri Rossanensem episcopum Polycastrensem dominum in temporalibus Terræ Turris Vrsaiæ, & Castri Rogerij in archipresbyterali ecclesia receptiua Sancti Nicolai Terræ Lauriæ, celebratae in fæsto sanctorum principum apostolorum tertio kalendas iulij anno salutis 1638 Policastro: typis Francisci Zannetti 1638.
  32. Synodus dioecesana Policastrensis a Fr. Vincentio Maria de Silva Ord. Praed., ejusdem Ecclesiae episcopo, celebrata anno M.DC.LXXIV. (in Latin). Romae: Typis Nicolai Angeli Tinassii 1675.
  33. Synodus dioecesana policastrensis habita sub praesulatu illustrissimi et reverendissimi Domini D. Josephi De Rosa diebus 6. et 7. maii anno ab Incarnatione Domini 1784. (in Latin). Neapoli: Typis Januarii Migliacci 1785.
  34. Synodus dioecesana policastrensis in tria capita partita et nono kal. majas 1816. In S. Cathedrali Ecclesia habita sub praesulatu fr. Ludovici Lodovici Seraphici ordinis S. Francisci minorum observantium in Sacra Theologia lectoris jubilati. (in Latin). Napoli: B. Cons 1816.
  35. Synodus Diocesana Policastrensis. (in Latin). Neapoli 1831.
  36. In its decree Christus Dominus, section 22, it stated: "Concerning diocesan boundaries, therefore, this sacred synod decrees that, to the extent required by the good of souls, a fitting revision of diocesan boundaries be undertaken prudently and as soon as possible. This can be done by dividing dismembering or uniting them, or by changing their boundaries, or by determining a better place for the episcopal see or, finally, especially in the case of dioceses having larger cities, by providing them with a new internal organization.... At the same time the natural population units of people, together with the civil jurisdictions and social institutions that compose their organic structure, should be preserved as far as possible as units. For this reason, obviously, the territory of each diocese should be continuous."
  37. Acta Apostolicae Sedis 68 (1976), p. 676: "a dioecesi Policastrensi, Ecclesiae Anglonensi-Tursiensi adsignanda, municipia vulgo Lagonegro, Latronico, Lauria, Maratea, Nemoli, Rivello et Trecchina."
  38. Acta Apostolicae Sedis 79 (Città del Vaticano 1987), pp. 696-698.
  39. Gams, p. 912, col. 1.
  40. Ughelli VII, p. 560.Kehr VIII, p. 371.
  41. Carlo A. Garufi (ed.) (1922), "Necrologio del “Liber Confratrum” di S. Matteo di Salerno," in: Fonti per la storia d'Italia vol. LVI (Rome 1922), p. 231.
  42. Kehr VIII, p. 371: "in Necrologio eiusdem ecclesiae [S. Matthaeus, Salerno] sub die iul. 25 a. 1139 depositio Goffridi Palecastrensis ep."
  43. Garufi (1922), pp. 100, 104. Kehr VIII, p. 371.
  44. Gerardus: Archivio storico per le province napoletane, Volume 122 (Napoli: Detken & Rocholl e F. Giannini 2004), p. 28. Saponara was the largest town in the diocese of Marsico Novo, and its parish church was a collegiate church with an archpriest and twenty canons. Ughelli VII, pp. 560-562. A. Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum Vol. I (Berlin: De Decker 1874), p. 368, no. 4275. J.-P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus, "Innocentius III: Regesta," Tomus CCXVI (Paris: Garnier 1891), pp. 440-443, no. LXXXI.
  45. Guilelmus: Gams, p. 912. Eubel I, p. 404.
  46. On 23 October 1254, Pope Innocent IV wrote from Capua to Magister Johannes de Castellomata, elect of Policastro, that he had ordered Cardinal Guglielmo Fieschi, his legate, to investigate the process of choosing Johannes as bishop (postulatio), and if it was canonical, to install him as bishop. Élie Berger, Les registres d'Innocent IV Vol. III (in Latin), (Paris: Fontemoing 1897), p. 534, no. 8172. Eubel I, p. 404.
  47. Bishop Paganus was in exile in 1290, presumably because of the wars between the Angevins and the Aragonese. His two brothers had been taken prisoner, and one had died in prison. He was destitute, and appealed to Pope Nicholas IV for assistance. The pope wrote to his legate, the bishop of Palestrina, Ber(n)ardus Calliensis, on 13 June 1290, to find Paganus some church or benefice sufficient to supply the bishop and his family with sustinence until he could return to Policastro. Ernest Langlois, Les Registres de Nicolas IV (1288-1292) Tome I (Paris: Fontemoing 1905), p. 456, no. 2734. On 8 August 1310, Bishop Paganus of Policastro is found at Barletta, where he is acting as Procurator and Recollector of Cardinal Landolfo Brancaccio, the papal legate. Salvatore Santeramo (ed.), Codice diplomatico Barlettano, Volume 2 (Barletta 1931), p. 43, no. 30.
  48. Francesco had been Dean of the Cathedral Chapter of Capual Eubel I, p. 404.
  49. Nicolaus was ordered deposed by Urban VI by 19 January 1386. Eubel I, p. 404, with note 4.
  50. Lucas was appointed by Pope Boniface IX on 26 June 1392. He was transferred to the diocese of Belcastro on 7 February 1403. Eubel I, pp. 131, 404.
  51. Eubel I, p. 404; II, p. 217.
  52. Bishop Giacomo had been Dean of the cathedral Chapter of Tropea. Eubel II, p. 217.
  53. A native of Palermo, Bishop Enrico was transferred to the diocese of Acerenza in 1470. He died in 1482. Gams, p. 843. Eubel II, pp. 79, 217.
  54. Guidano (or Gabriele Altilio): Ughelli VII, pp. 564-565. Eubel II, p. 217-218.
  55. Almensa (or Armesa) died on 4 January 1493. Eubel II, p. 218.
  56. Altilio was a humanist and the tutor of King Alfonso's son, Ferrando (Ferdinando II), and a Neapolitan diplomat. He was appointed by Pope Alexander VI on 7 (or 8) January 1493. Altilio was the author, in 1488, of an epithalium in 260 hexameters, on the marriage of Isabella d'Aragona and Gian Galeazzo Sforza. Bishop Gabriele died in 1501. Francesco Saverio Quadrio, Della Storia E Della Ragione D'Ogni Poesia Volume 2 (Milano: F. Agnelli 1741), p. 587. Ughelli VII, pp. 564-565. Eubel II, p. 218 (who calls him Gabriele Guidano, following Ughelli). B. Maioli, "Una gloria di Caggiano rinverdita: l'umanista Gabriele ALtilio (1436–1501)," (in Italian), Humanistica Lovaniensia 32 (1983), pp. 358-366. Federica Ciccolella, Luigi Silvano (2017), Teachers, Students, and Schools of Greek in the Renaissance (Leiden: Brill), pp. 214-215.
  57. Cardinal Luigi participated in the first papal Sede vacante of 18 August 1503—22 September 1503; and in the second Sede vacante of 18 October 1503—1 November 1503. He resigned his administratorship upon the appointment of a bishop, on 22 April 1504. Eubel II, p. 25 with note 2; III, pp. 6, no. 21; 9 with note 1.
  58. A native of Spoleto, Lauri (Loreo) was the conclavist of Cardinal Luigi d'Aragona in the second conclave of 1503. He was appointed bishop of Policastro on 22 April 1504, by Pope Julius II. On 20 May 1513, he was named Governor of Fano. He died on 12 March 1516. Johannes Burckhard, Liber notarum, ab anno MCCCCLXXXIII usque ad annum MDVI, Volume 2 (ed. Enrico Celani), (Città di Castello: Lapi, 1911), p. 408. Eubel III, p. 277 with note 3. "Bishop Bernardo Lauri". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  59. Pirro was the Vicar General of the Cardinal d'Aragona when he was Administrator of Policastro: Archivio storico per la provincia di Salerno (1935), p. 32. Pirrus Johannis de Siorno, clericus neapolitanus, was a conclavist of Cardinal d'Aragona in the second conclave of 1503. He was appointed bishop of Policastro on 19 August 1516 by Pope Leo X. He resigned the diocese on 6 February 1530. Johannes Burckhard, Liber notarum, ab anno MCCCCLXXXIII usque ad annum MDVI, Volume 2 (ed. Enrico Celani), (Città di Castello: Lapi, 1911), p. 408. Eubel III, p. 277. "Bishop Giovanni Pirro Scorna". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  60. Cardinal Accolti, the archbishop of Ravenna, was Apostolic Administrator of the diocese of Policastro from 6 February 1531 to 5 July 1535. Eubel III, pp. 19 no. 1; 277.
  61. Cardinal Palmieri, Archbishop of Acerenza e Matera, was Apostolic Administrator of Policastro from 5 July 1535 until his death on 20 January 1537. Eubel III, pp. 20 no. 8; 94 with note 4; 277.
  62. Fabrizio (Fabio) had been a nuncio and papal tax collector in Sicily. He was then named bishop of Bisignano. From 1535 to 1537, he was papal nuncio in Naples. From 5 March 1537, he held the dioceses of Bisignano and Policastro simultaneously, aeque personaliter. On 4 February 1538, he was appointed Rector of Bologna; he resigned, to become "lector et taxator bullarum" in the papal chancery. On 18 January 1549, he was transferred to the diocese of Capua. The family prefers the spelling "Arcelli". Federico Arcelli (2008), Genealogie della famiglia Arcelli (Soverio Mannelli: Rubbettino 2008), p. 18. Eubel III, pp. 134 with note 3; 151; 277.
  63. Cardinal Gambara was appointed administrator in the papal consistory of 9 January 1542. He resigned on the appointment of a new bishop, in the consistory of 7 June 1543. Cappelletti XX, p. 372. Eubel III, pp. 26 no. 31; 277.
  64. A cleric of Naples, Missanelli was appointed bishop of Policastro by Pope Paul III in the consistory of 7 June 1543. He died in 1577. Eubel III, p. 277. "Bishop Niccolò Francesco Missanelli". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  65. Bentivoglio, a native of Bologna, held the office of Referendary of the Two Signatures in the papal curia. He was named bishop of Policastro on 14 June 1577, by Pope Gregory XIII. On 26 November 1581 Bentivoglio was appointed Bishop of Città di Castello. He died in 1602. Eubel III, pp. 169, 277.
  66. Spinelli belonged to the family of the Dukes of Seminaria and Counts of Cariati. He had been a cleric of the Apostolic Camera, a legate to the Emperor, and pro-Legate of Ferrara. On 22 April 1592 Spinelli was appointed Archbishop of Rhodes (Colossae), and named coadjutor with the right of succession of Bishop Ferdinando Spinelli. He succeeded to the bishopric of Policastro in 1603, on the death of Bishop Ferdinando. On 9 June 1604, he was named a cardinal by Pope Clement VIII. On 6 June 1605, Cardinal Spinelli was appointed Bishop of Aversa, by Pope Paul V (Borghese). He died on 25 May 1616. Ughelli VII, p. 566. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, pp. 7 no. 39; 106; 283 with note 2.
  67. Ughelli VII, p. 566. Gauchat IV, p. 283 with note 3. "Bishop Ilario Cortesi, C.R." Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  68. "Bishop Giovanni Antonio Santorio". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  69. "Bishop Urbano Felicio". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  70. "Bishop Pietro Magri". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  71. "Bishop Filippo Jacobio (Giacomo)". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  72. On 10 April 1679, Da Silva was appointed Bishop of Calvi Risorta.
  73. "Bishop Tommaso de Rosa" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved July 11, 2016
  74. "Bishop Giacinto Camillo Maradei". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  75. Minucci was born at Civita Reale (diocese of Rieti) in 1680. He lectured in philosophy and theology for seventeen years in various high schools and houses of his Order. He was a Consultor of the Holy Inquisition in Spoleto. He had been secretary of the Order for two years, then Procurator General at the papal court for seven years, and finally Minister General of the Conventual Franciscans for six years. He was named bishop of Policastro on 15 May 1747, and consecrated by Pope Benedict XIV. He resigned the diocese on 20 November 1761 (or 1762), and retired to Spoleto, where he died in 1767. Analecta ordinis minorum Capuccinorum Vol. XI (Romae 1895), p. 283. Ritzler and Sefrin VI, p. 343 with note 2.
  76. Pantuliano: Ritzler and Sefrin VI, p. 343 with note 3.
  77. De Rosa: Ritzler and Sefrin VI, p. 343 with note 4.
  78. Ludovici was born at Eboli (diocese of Salerno) in 1747. He was "Guardian" of several houses of his Order. He had been Bishop of Cotrone (1792–1797). He was nominated for Policastro by King Ferdinand IV of Naples on 24 October 1797, and transferred to the diocese of Policastro by Pope Pius VI on 18 December 1797. He died in Policastro on 17 January 1819. Ritzler and Sefrin VI, pp. 185 with note 6; 343 with note 5.
  79. Annuario pontificio (Roma 1866), p. 195; (Roma 1870), p. 202.

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