SS Irma (1905)

SS Irma was a 1,322-ton steamship built by the British shipyard Sir Raylton Dixon & Co. Ltd. in Middlesbrough in the north-east of England. She was delivered to the Norwegian passenger ship company Det Bergenske Dampskibsselskab of Bergen in 1905. Irma sailed for the company until she was attacked and sunk by two MTBs belonging to the Royal Norwegian Navy on 13 February 1944.

For other ships with the same name, see SS Irma.

History
Flag of NorwayNorway
NameIrma
OwnerDet Bergenske Dampskibsselskab
Port of registryBergen[1]
Route
Builder
Cost570,684 kr[1]
Yard number510[1]
Launched5 January 1905[2]
AcquiredApril 1905
Out of service13 February 1944
Identification
FateSunk by Royal Norwegian Navy MTBs
General characteristics
Type
  • Passenger/cargo ship (1905–1944)
  • Troop ship (1939)
Tonnage1,322 GRT
Length244 ft (74.37 m)
Beam32.8 ft (10.00 m)
Draught21.1 ft (6.43 m)
Propulsion1,500 hp triple expansion steam engine
Speed13.5 knots (25.0 km/h)
Capacity
  • 87 passengers (1940):[1]
    • 39 First Class
    • 48 Third Class
NotesAll the above listed information, unless otherwise noted, was acquired from [3]

Before the Second World War
Irma in pack ice off Svalbard sometime in the 1920s

After delivery, Irma served on the Bergen–Newcastle route[4] until she was transferred to Norway in the autumn of 1921 to carry out tourist voyages to the North Cape and Spitsbergen in the summer seasons.[5] In 1927, she was put on the Norway–Hamburg route, replacing SS Neptun and SS Mira.[5] A new heating system was installed in 1913 and wireless radio in 1914. Irma had a new streamlined rudder put in place in 1928.[1] In 1931, she joined the Hurtigruten route in Norway, replacing SS Hera after the latter's shipwreck in March that year.[5] Irma was rebuilt that year and once again the year after that.[3] In a series of upgrades she received a refrigeration system in 1933, improved navigational equipment in 1938 and an echo sounding device in 1939. Irma was a very popular ship amongst her passengers, with her smoking salon receiving particular praise.[1] She had only one serious accident in the pre-war years, which occurred when she hit a reef off Kabelvåg in the Lofoten islands in 1937. Although suffering leaks in her port side, Irma managed to make port in Kabelvåg and put ashore all of her 120 passengers. Repairs were carried out at a shipyard in Bergen.[5]

Second World War

Troopship duties

Following the outbreak of the Finnish-Soviet Winter War in late November 1939 Norway reinforced her northern border forces and Irma was dispatched from the Nordland port of Mosjøen on 11 December 1939, transporting a load of Norwegian troops to the border with the Soviet-occupied Finnish district of Petsamo.[6] The troops transported on Irma belonged to the first battalion of Infantry Regiment 14. Initially the orders from the military had been that the entire battalion was to board Irma for the journey to Finnmark, even though the ship was only certified to carry less than half the number of people involved. After vivid protests from both soldiers and officers over safety concerns and overcrowding, the original plan was abandoned and only half the battalion shipped off on Irma, the other half transported days later on the fellow Hurtigruten steamer Richard With.[7] The incident with Norwegian conscripts being subjected to attempts at forcing them to board an overcrowded ship led to a public outcry in Mosjøen. The Mosjøen-based newspaper Helgeland Arbeiderblad published an article shortly after the incident criticizing the Norwegian military leadership's handling of the troop transport.[7]

When the German invasion of Norway was initiated on 9 April 1940, Irma was at Bergen,[8] one of the Norwegian cities captured by German forces that day. She continued to sail along the Norwegian coast with passengers and freight during the German occupation of Norway.

Last voyage

On 13 February 1944 Irma was sailing northwards from Bergen to Trondheim[4] under the command of Captain Sofus Strømberg.[9] That day she had a 43 strong crew and was carrying 40 Norwegian passengers as well as probably seven Germans.[10] Her cargo consisted of freight, mail and 1,800 tons of herring.[4]

Sinking

At 1837hrs Irma, sailing in Hustadvika Bay[4] by Hestskjær Lighthouse[11] off the port of Kristiansund in Møre og Romsdal,[3] was attacked by HNoMS MTB 627 and HNoMS MTB 653.[12] She suffered a large explosion in the bow area. The initial explosion, which caused massive damage, was followed by another amidships shortly thereafter, the ship immediately starting to sink. During the incident Irma was in the same area as the 1907 Norwegian cargo ship SS Henry. Henry was sunk shortly after Irma. In addition to what turned out to be torpedo strikes the two ships were subjected to in total 2,034 rounds of heavy machine gun fire.[4] Sixty-one civilian Norwegians died on Irma, another two on Henry.[10] Only 25 people survived the sinking of Irma and for days afterwards dead bodies washed ashore on the Norwegian coast as far north as Namsos.[11] Before Henry was sunk she had been able to launch two of her lifeboats and these first saved several of their own crewmen before moving to the location where Irma had gone down and rescuing some survivors from floating rafts. About an hour into the incident the tugboat Hopplafjord passed the scene and rescued further survivors from rafts.[10] The fishing boat Sveggøy also rescued 12 survivors from a raft after the sinking.[11]

Irma's sinking constituted the last major loss for the Hurtigruten service during the Second World War, with numerous coastal passenger ships having up to that point been lost to mines, air and submarine attacks since the April 1940 German invasion of Norway.[13]

The wreck of Irma was discovered by a geological survey vessel on 3 November 1999 north of Averøy at a depth of 200 metres (660 ft).[11]

Reactions to the sinking of Irma and Henry
1942 Nazi propaganda poster attempting to link the exiled Norwegian King Haakon VII to the sinking of civilian Norwegian ships.

The first official word to come out about the sinking of Irma and Henry in Norway was from the Norwegian national socialist party Nasjonal Samling's official publication Fritt Folk on 15 February 1944. The national socialist newspaper used the word Skjendselsdåd (English: Disgraceful deed) in the headline. The next day, 16 February 1944, Fritt Folk stated that British Motor Torpedo Boats had been responsible for the attack.[4] Only after the end of the Second World War did it become known that the ships responsible belonged to the Royal Norwegian Navy,[10] MTB 627 sinking Irma and MTB 653 sending Henry to the bottom.[14] The two warships had been towed from Shetland to Hustadvika by the converted whaler HNoMS Molde, departing Shetland on 11 February 1944,[15] and were on a mission to intercept German and German-controlled shipping.[10][11]

The loss of Norwegian lives in the incident was exploited by the Nasjonal Samling propaganda machine, Thorleif Fjeldstad of the party's naval arm calling for Norwegians to join the ranks of the Kriegsmarine.[15][16]

As was also the case with the Hurtigruten ship SS Sanct Svithun sunk the previous year, and SS Barøy sunk in 1941, Irma was depicted on one of the three postage stamps commemorating war-related shipwrecks released on 20 May 1944 by the Norwegian Postal Service. Irma was portrayed on the 20 øre stamp.[4] The shipwreck stamps were designed by German-born Norwegian pro-Nazi propaganda artist and war reporter Harald Damsleth.[17]

Controversy

The sinking of Irma and Henry has been controversial ever since the Second World War, with disagreements over the exact nature of the events. The Royal Norwegian Navy remains adamant that Irma and Henry sailed without lights or national markings and were sailing as a convoy escorted by a German naval trawler.[10][14][15][16] This has largely been disputed by the survivors of Irma and Henry.[10] All Allied forces were under strict orders not to attack Norwegian coastal liners travelling alone on the Norwegian coast.[13]

The MTB crews also claimed that Henry took evasive action after Irma was hit,[14] while the survivors claimed that she had stopped to launch two of her lifeboats to assist the survivors from Irma when she herself was hit and sunk.[10]

One explanation for the presence of the naval trawler reported by the crews of MTB 627 and MTB 653 has been fronted by several researchers. In the Hustadvika area was a small tugboat, the Hopplafjord, which rescued survivors after the sinking of the two ships. Hopplafjord, being similar to a naval trawler in size and profile, may have been misinterpreted as an escort vessel by the MTB commander.[9]

Post-war memorials

The sinking of Irma and Henry received an official memorial on 16 September 2002 when King Harald V of Norway first attended a church service in Bremnes Church together with bishop Odd Bondevik,[18] and then unveiled a memorial monument at Røeggen on the island Sveggen in Averøy listing the names of the 65 Norwegians who lost their lives in the incident.[18][19] The day's events concluded with the King leading a ceremony with around 180 invited guests on board the Hurtigruten ship MS Midnatsol at the site of the shipwrecks. Two Royal Norwegian Navy Motor Torpedo Boats participated in the ceremony by lowering a flower wreath into the water.[18]

References
  1. "D/S Irma". Lillesand Sjømannsforening (in Norwegian). Retrieved 24 January 2009.
  2. "5602457". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2 February 2009.
  3. Lawson, Siri Holm. "D/S Irma". Warsailors.com. Retrieved 24 January 2009.
  4. Kleppa, Hermund (2000). "Minnestein over lege Einar Djuvstein omkom ved Irma-forliset 1944". Sogn og Fjordane County Municipality (in Norwegian). Retrieved 24 January 2009.
  5. Bakka 1993: 57
  6. Aslaksen, Nils Martin. "2vk: Norge – 1939" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 16 April 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  7. Skogheim&Westrheim 1984: 106-108
  8. Bakka 1993: 65
  9. Hegland 1989: 154
  10. Voksø 1994: 402
  11. Krogstad, Peter (21 December 2007). "På havets bunn står skutene…" (PDF). Bladet Vesterålen (in Norwegian): 58–59.
  12. Rohwer, Jürgen; Gerhard Hümmelchen. "Seekrieg 1943, Februar". Württembergische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart (in German). Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  13. Thowsen, Atle (1995). "Hurtigruten". In Dahl, Hans Fredrik (ed.). Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Cappelen. p. 184. Retrieved 15 January 2009.
  14. Hegland 1989: 153
  15. Hegland&Lilleheim 1998: 97
  16. Sivertsen 2001: 48
  17. Engdal 2006: 200
  18. Schramm, Barbara (November 2002). "Kongens besøk på M/S Midnatsol" (PDF). ØHRV-nytt (in Norwegian). 3 (4): 11.
  19. "Tragedia den 13. februar 1944". Sæbø skole (in Norwegian). Retrieved 22 January 2009.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Irma (ship, 1905).

Literature
  • Bakka, Dag Jr. (1993). Skipene som bandt kysten sammen – Hurtigruten gjennom 100 år (in Norwegian). Bergen: Rhema Forlag.
  • Engdal, Odd G. (2006). Norsk marinehistorisk atlas 900–2005 (in Norwegian). Bergen: Vigmostad & Bjørke AS. ISBN 82-419-0454-1.
  • Hegland, Jon Rustung (1989). Angrep i skjærgården – Norske motortorpedobåters operasjoner fra Shetland 1941–1945 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Dreyers Forlag A/S. ISBN 82-09-10533-7.
  • Hegland, Jon Rustung; Lilleheim, Johan Henrik (1998). Norske torpedobåter gjennom 125 år – MTB våpenets 125 års jubileumsbok 1873–1998 (in Norwegian). Hundvåg: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sjøvesen. ISBN 82-994738-1-0.
  • Sivertsen, Svein Carl (2001). Sjøforsvaret dag for dag 1814–2000. Hundvåg: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sjøvesen. ISBN 82-92217-03-7.
  • Skogheim, Dag; Westrheim, Harry (1984). Alarm – Krigen i Nordland 1940 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Tiden Norsk Forlag. ISBN 82-10-02582-1.
  • Voksø, Per (1994). Krigens Dagbok – Norge 1940–1945 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Forlaget Det Beste. ISBN 82-7010-245-8.

49°29′N 5°42′W

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