Samguk sagi
Samguk Sagi (Korean: 삼국사기; Hanja: 三國史記; lit. History of the Three Kingdoms) is a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla. Completed in 1145, it is well known in Korea as the oldest surviving chronicle of Korean history.
 | |
| Author | Kim Bu-sik |
|---|---|
| Original title | 삼국사기 (三國史記) |
| Country | Goryeo |
| Language | Classical Chinese |
| Subject | History of Korea |
| Genre | Ancient history |
Publication date | 1145 |
The Samguk Sagi is written in Classical Chinese, the written language of the literati of ancient Korea, and its compilation was ordered by King Injong of Goryeo (r. 1122–1146) and undertaken by the government official and historian Kim Bu-sik and a team of junior scholars. The document has been digitized by the National Institute of Korean History and is available online with Modern Korean translation in Hangul and original text in Classical Chinese.[1]
Description
Samguk sagi is critical to the study of Korean history during the Three Kingdoms and Unified Silla periods. Not only because this work, and its Buddhist counterpart Samguk yusa, are the only remaining Korean sources for the period, but also because the Samguk sagi contains a large amount of information and details. For example, the translation tables given in Books 35 and 36 have been used for a tentative reconstruction of the former Goguryeo language.[2]
Background
There were various motivating factors behind the compilation of the Samguk Sagi in the 12th century. These may roughly be categorized as ideological and political. The ideological factors are made manifest in the work's preface, written by Kim Busik, where the historian states,
- Of today’s scholars and high-ranking officials, there are those who are well-versed and can discuss in detail the Five Classics and the other philosophical treatises... as well as the histories of Qin and Han, but as to the events of our country, they are utterly ignorant from beginning to end. This is truly lamentable.[3]
Sources for the text
The Samguk Sagi was written on the basis of the Gu Samguksa (舊三國史, Old history of the Three Kingdoms), and other earlier historical records such as the Hwarang Segi (花郞世記, Annals of Hwarang), most of which are no longer extant.
Concerning external sources, no references are made to the Japanese Chronicles, like the Kojiki 古事記, "Records of Ancient Matters" or the Nihon Shoki 日本書紀, Chronicles of Japan that were respectively released in 712 and 720. It is possible Kim Busik was ignorant of them, or scorned to quote a Japanese source. In contrast, he lifts generously from the Chinese dynastic chronicles and even unofficial Chinese records, most prominently the Wei shu (魏書, Book of Wei), Sanguo Zhi (三國志), Jin Shu (晉書), Jiu Tangshu (舊唐書, Old history of Tang), Xin Tangshu (新唐書, New history of Tang), and the Zizhi Tongjian (資治通鑑, Comprehensive mirror for aid in government).[4]
Contents
The Samguk Sagi is divided into 50 Books. Originally, each of them was written on a scroll (권, 卷). They are reparted as follows:
Silla's Records
12 scrolls, Nagi/Silla bongi, 나기/신라 본기, 羅紀/新羅本紀.[5]
- Book 01. Geoseogan Hyeokgeose, Chachaung Namhae, Isageum Yuri, Talhae, Pasa, Jima, Ilseong
- Book 02. Isageum Adalla, Beolhyu, Naehae, Jobun, Cheomhae, Michu, Yurye, Girim, Heulhae
- Book 03. Isageum Naemul, Silseong, Maripgan Nulji, Jabi, Soji
- Book 04. Maripgan Jijeung, King Beopheung, Jinheung, Jinji, Jinpyeong
- Book 05. Queen Seondeok, Jindeok, King Taejong Muyeol
- Book 06. King Munmu - Part One
- Book 07. King Munmu - Part Two
- Book 08. King Sinmun, Hyoso, Seongdeok
- Book 09. King Hyoseong, Gyeongdeok, Hyegong, Seondeok
- Book 10. King Wonseong, Soseong, Aejang, Heondeok, Heungdeok, Huigang, Minae, Sinmu
- Book 11. King Munseong, Heonan, Gyeongmun, Heongang, Jeonggang, Queen Jinseong
- Book 12. King Hyogong, Sindeok, Gyeongmyeong, Gyeongae, Gyeongsun
Goguryeo's Records
10 scrolls, Yeogi/Goguryeo bongi, 여기/고구려 본기, 麗紀/高句麗本紀.[6]
- Book 13. Sage King Dongmyeong, Bright King Yuri,
- Book 14. King Daemusin, Minjung, Mobon,
- Book 15. Great King Taejo, King Chadae
- Book 16. King Sindae, Gogukcheon, Sansang
- Book 17. King Dongcheon, Jungcheon, Seocheon, Bongsang, Micheon
- Book 18. King Gogukwon, Sosurim, Gogugyang, Gwanggaeto, Jangsu,
- Book 19. Illustrious King Munja, King Anjang, Anwon, Yangwon, Pyeongwon,
- Book 20. King Yeongyang, Yeongnyu
- Book 21. King Bojang - Part One
- Book 22. King Bojang - Part Two
Baekje's Records
6 scrolls, Jegi/Baekje bongi, 제기/백제 본기, 濟紀/百濟本紀.[7]
- Book 23. King Onjo (Dynastic Founder), Daru, Giru, Gaeru, Chogo
- Book 24. King Gusu, Saban, Goi, Chaekgye, Bunseo, Biryu, Gye, Geunchogo, Geungusu, Chimnyu
- Book 25. King Jinsa, Asin, Jeonji, Guisin, Biyu, Gaero
- Book 26. King Munju, Samgeun, Dongseong, Muryeong, Seong
- Book 27. King Wideok, Hye, Beop, Mu
- Book 28. King Uija
Monographs
9 scrolls, Ji, 지, 志.[8]
- Book 32. Rites and music
- Book 33. Vehicles, clothing, and dwellings
- Book 34. Geography of Silla (1)
- Book 35. Geography of Silla (2): Former territory of Goguryeo
- Book 36. Geography of Silla (3): Former territory of Baekje
- Book 37. Geography of Goguryeo and Baekje
- Book 38. Silla government offices.
- Book 39. Silla government offices.
- Book 40. Silla government offices.
Biographies
10 scrolls, Yeoljeon, 열전, 列傳.[9]
- Book 44. Eulji Mundeok 을지문덕, Geochilbu 김거칠부 , Geodo 거도, Yi Sabu 이사부, Kim Immun 김인문, Kim Yang 김양, Heukchi Sangji 흑치상지, Jang Bogo 장보고, Jeong Nyeon 정년, Prince Sadaham 사다함공
- Book 45. Eulpaso 을파소, Kim Hujik 김후직, [nog zhēn] 祿真, Milu 밀우, Nyuyu 유유 纽由, Myeongnim Dap-bu 명림답부, Seok Uro 석우로, Park Jesang 박제상, Gwisan 귀산, Ondal 온달
- Book 46. Scholars. Kangsu 강수, Choe Chiwon, Seol Chong
- Book 47. Hwarangs. Haenon 해론, Sona 소나, Chwido 취도(驟徒), Nulchoi 눌최, Seol Gyedu 설계두, Kim Ryeong-yun 김영윤(金令胤), Gwanchang 관창, Kim Heum-un 김흠운, Yeolgi 열기(裂起), Binyeongja 비령자(丕寧子), Jukjuk 죽죽, Pilbu 필부(匹夫), Gyebaek 계백
- Book 48. Meritorious. Hyangdeok (son), Seonggak (son), Silhye 실혜 (實兮) (poet), Mulgyeja 물계자 (soldier), Teacher Baekgyeol 백결 선생 (music), Prince Kim 검군, Kim Saeng 김생 (calligrapher) and Yo Gukil, Solgeo 솔거 (painter), Chiun (daughter), Seolssi (daughter), Domi (wife).[10]
- Book 49. Overthrows. Chang Jori 창조리, Yeon Gaesomun 연개소문
- Book 50. Later Kings. Gung Ye 궁예, Gyeon Hwon 견훤
Translations in Western languages
Portions of the work have appeared in various English language books and articles, notably:
Translation of the whole Silla bongi
- Shultz, Edward J.; Kang, Hugh H.W.; Kane, Daniel C. (2012). 'The Silla Annals of the Samguk Sagi. Seongnam-si: The Academy of Korean Studies Press. p. 468. ISBN 978-8971058602.
Translation of the whole Goguryeo bongi
- Shultz, Edward J.; Kang, Hugh H.W.; Kane, Daniel C.; Gardiner, Kenneth H.J. (2011). 'The Koguryo Annals of the Samguk Sagi. Seongnam-si: The Academy of Korean Studies Press. p. 300. ISBN 9788971057919.
Translation of the whole Baekje bongji
- Best, Jonathan (2007). A History of the Early Korean Kingdom of Paekche [Baekje], together with an annotated translation of The Paekche Annals of the Samguk Sagi. Harvard East Asian Monographs. Vol. 256. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 555. ISBN 978-0674019577.
Isolated translations
- Byington, Mark E. (1992). "Samguk Sagi Volume 48 Biographies Book 8" (PDF). Transactions of the Korea Branch, Royal Asiatic Society. 67: 71–81.
- Gardiner, Kenneth H.J. 1982. "Legends of Koguryǒ (I-II): Samguk Sagi, Annals of Koguryǒ." Korea Journal, 22(1): 60-69 and 22(2): 31-48. [translation of book one of the Goguryeo bongi].
- Jamieson, John Charles. 1969. "The Samguk Sagi and the Unification Wars." Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. [Translation of books 6 and 7 of the Silla bongi and eleven of the biographies, mostly of men of Silla].
- Lee, Soyun, and Shin Jeongsoo. 2018. "Chapters 44 and 45 of the 'Samguk Sagi': An Annotated Translation of Biography [sic] of Eulji Mundeok and Others." The Review of Korean Studies, 21(2): 165-145. [translations of books 44 and 45 of the biographies section].
- Na, Sanghoon, You Jinsook, and Shin Jeongsoo. 2018. "Chapter 41, 42 and 43 of the Samguk Sagi: An Annotated Translation of [sic] Biography of Kim Yusin." The Review of Korean Studies, 21(1): 191-262.
See also
References
- "삼국사기". 한국사 데이터베이스. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
- Beckwith 2007
- Lee 1992, p. 464
- Busik, Kim (1145). Samguk Sagi.
- Societas Koreana. "TOC of Silla's Records".
- Societas Koreana. "TOC of Goguryeo's Records".
- HARVARD. "TOC of Baekje's Records".
- Shultz 2004, p. 3
- Lowensteinova 2012, p. 4
- Byington 1992, pp. 71–81
Books
- Beckwith, Christopher (2007). Koguryo: The Language of Japan's Continental Relatives. Brill's Japanese Studies Library. Brill. p. 296. ISBN 9789047420286.
- Kim, Kichung (1996). "Chap 4. Notes on the Samguk Sagi and Samguk yusa". An Introduction to Classical Korean Literature. Routledge. p. 256. ISBN 978-1563247866.
- Lee, Peter H. (1992). Sourcebook of Korean Civilization. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 750. ISBN 978-0231079129.
- Lee, Ki-baik; Wagner, Eward W. (1984). A new History of Korea. Harvard University Press. p. 518. ISBN 978-0674615762.
- Sin, Chaeho (1931). "조선상고사" [History of Ancient Korea, 2 vols]. Reprinted in 단재 신 채호 전집 [Collected works of Danjae Sin Chaeho] (in Korean). ed: 단재 신 채호 전집 편찬 위원회 (Compilation Committee), Seoul, Munjangsa, 1982.
Papers
- Hong, Wontak, Pr.Em. Seoul National University (2009). "Ancient Korea-Japan Relations: Dating the Formative Years of the Yamato Kingdom (366-405 CE) by the Samguk-Sagi Records and Reinterpreting the Related Historic facts" (PDF). Open Area Studies Journal. 2: 12–29. doi:10.2174/1874914300902010012.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Lee, Hai-soon (1997). "Kim Pu-sik's View of Women and Confucianism: An Analytic Study of the Lives of Women in the Samguk Sagi" (PDF). Seoul Journal of Korean Studies. 10: 45–64..
- McBride, Richard D. II. (August 1998). "Hidden Agendas in the Life Writings of Kim Yusin". Acta Koreana. 1: 101–142.
- Shultz, Edward J. (2004). "An Introduction to the Samguk Sagi". Korean Studies. 28: 1–13. doi:10.1353/ks.2005.0026. S2CID 144403549. Archived from the original on November 18, 2007.
- Lowensteinova, Myriam (2012). "Biographies of the underprivileged in Samguk Sagi chronicle" (PDF). 6th World Congress of Korean Studies, 25-26 Sep. 2012. p. 11.
External links
- The official website showing the original text as well as the translation in Korean Hangul (National Institute of Korean History)(in Korean)
- "삼국 사기 (Samguk Sagi)" (in Korean). KHAAN. 1145. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
- "삼국사기 (Samguk Sagi)". National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
- "Full text on Wikisource". Retrieved 2018-07-18.