Santa Cruz Formation

Santa Cruz Formation
Santa Cruz Formation
Stratigraphic range: Burdigalian-Langhian; (Santacrucian-Friasian); ~
Type	Geological formation
Sub-units	Estancia La Costa Member, Estancia La Angelina Member (coastal section)
Underlies	Cerro Boleadoras Formation
Overlies	Monte Léon Formation
Thickness	Over 295 metres
Lithology
Primary	Tuff, claystone, mudstone (Estancia La Costa Member); Claystone, mudstone, sandstone (Estancia La Angelina Member);
Location
Country	Argentina, Chile
Extent	Austral Basin
Type section
Named by	Furque & Camacho
Location	near Lago Argentino
Year defined	1972
	; Santa Cruz Province in Argentina, where the majority of the formation of exposed

The Santa Cruz Formation is a geological formation in the Magallanes/Austral Basin in southern Patagonia in Argentina and in adjacent areas of Chile. It dates to the late Early Miocene epoch, and is contemporaneous with eponymous Santacrucian SALMA.[1][2] The formation extends from the Andes to the Atlantic coast. In its coastal section it is divided into two members, the lower, fossil rich Estancia La Costa Member, which has a lithology predominantly consisting of tuffaceous deposits and fine grained sedimentary claystone and mudstone, and the upper fossil-poor Estancia La Angelina Member, which consists of sedimentary rock, primarily claystone, mudstone, and sandstone. The environment of deposition is interpreted to have been mostly fluvial, with the lowermost part of the Estancia La Costa Member being transitional between fluvial and marine conditions. The environment of the Estancia La Costa Member is thought to have been relatively warm and humid, but likely became somewhat cooler and drier towards the end of the sequence.[1] The Santa Cruz Formation is known for its abundance of South American native ungulates (astrapotheres, litopterns, notoungulates),[3] as well as an abundance of rodents, xenarthrans (armadillos, sloths, anteaters), and metatherians.

Stratigraphy

The Santa Cruz Formation is exposed in isolated outcrops across the Magallanes/Austral Basin extending from the Atlantic coast to the Andes, especially along the Santa Cruz River, as well as along the southern coastline of Santa Cruz Province.[4] While primarily located in Argentina, small outcrops are also present in adjacent areas of Chile.[5] The base of the formation is defined by a marine regression event transitioning from the marine environment of the underlying Monte Léon Formation, during which time large large areas of Patagonia were submerged as a part of the Patagoniense Transgression. The main source of sediment input to the basin was from the Andean orogeny to the west. The formation reaches a maximum thickness at any one locality of over 295 metres, though the total thickness of the formation is strongly controlled by subsequent erosion and the 295 metres likely does not represent a complete sequence. The formation primarily consists of floodplain deposits. The lower parts of the formation have an abundance of tuffs and tuffaceous sediments. These likely originated from distant eruptions that were transported into the basin by aerial fallout, wind or river transport. The formation is suggested to span an approximately 3 million year interval in the late Early Miocene around 18 to 15.2 million years ago, during the Burdigalian and Langhian stages.[4]

Paleoenvironment

The environment of the Santa Cruz Formation is thought to have been relatively warm and humid, to have included a mix of open savannah, gallery forests and semi-deciduous forests. Permanent bodies of water such as lakes, ponds and streams are likely to have been present in some areas.[6]

Paleoflora

Name	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Nothofagus[7]	Indeterminate	Rincón del Buque, Punta Sur	Leaves, wood
Araucaria[7]	Indeterminate	Punta Sur	Twig	Morphologically similar to A. marensii from the Eocene of Antarctica
Lauraceae[7]	Indeterminate	Punta Sur	Wood	Assigned to form genus Laurinoxylon
Myrceugenia[7]	M. chubutense	Punta Sur	Wood	A member of the family Myrtaceae
Eucryphiaceoxylon[7]	E. eucryphioides	Punta Sur	Wood	Wood probably belonging to the genus Eucryphia
Faboideae[7]	Indeterminate	Punta Sur	Wood	Possible affinities to Sophora (Fabaceae)
Doroteoxylon[7]	D. vicenti-perezii	Punta Sur	Wood	Wood with affinities to the subfamily Caesalpinioideae
Akanioxylon[8]	A. santacrucensis	Punta Sur	Wood	A member of the family Akaniaceae
Chloridoideae[7]	Indeterminate		Phytoliths	Grass
Panicoideae[7]
Danthonioideae[7]
Pooideae[7]

Paleofauna

Invertebrates

Name	Species	Material	Notes
Crassostrea[9]	C. orbignyi	Numerous individuals in large beds at the base of the formation	A marine true oyster
Diplodon[10]	D. cf. colhuapiensis		A freshwater bivalve belonging to Hyriidae
Stephadiscus[11]	Indeterminate		A terrestrial gastropod belonging to Charopidae
Gastrocopta[12]	G.patagonica		A terrestrial gastropod belonging to Vertiginidae
?Scolodonta [12]	Indeterminate		A terrestrial gastropod belonging to Scolodontidae
Punctum[12]	P. patagonicum		A terrestrial gastropod belonging to Punctidae
Zilchogyra[12]	Z. miocenica		A terrestrial gastropod belonging to Charopidae
Patagocharopa[12]	P. enigmatica		A terrestrial gastropod of uncertain affinities, possibly a member of Charopidae
Porifera[7]	Unspecified	Spicules	Freshwater sponge
Bacillariophyceae[7]	Unspecified	Frustules	Freshwater diatoms
Chrysophyceae[7]	Unspecified		Freshwater algae

Amphibians

Name	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Image
Calyptocephalella[13][14]	C. cf. canqueli	Estancia La Costa, Rinconada de los López	Skull and jaw fragments	A calyptocephalellid frog
Neobatrachia[13]	Indeterminate	Estancia La Costa	Skull fragments and presacral vertebrate	A frog originally assigned to "Leptodactylidae", but requires further investigation

Birds

Name	Species	Material	Notes
Anisolornis[15]	A. excavatus		A bird of uncertain affinities, authors have varyingly suggested affinities to trumpeters or limpkins
Ankonetta[15]	A. larriestrai	Partial tarsometatarsus	A basal member of Anatidae
Badiostes[15]	B. patagonicus		A member of the family Falconidae
Brontornis[15]	B. burmeisteri		Controversial taxonomic position, either considered a terror bird or an anserimorph
Dryornis[16][17]	D. pampeanusD. hatcheri	Two partial left humerus	A New World vulture.
Eutelornis[15]	E. patagonicus E. australis	Limb fragments	A member of Anseriformes, relationships of the species to each other or to other Ansiferiformes is uncertain
Liptornis[15]	L. hesternus		A member of Anhingidae
Macranhinga[15]	Indeterminate		A member of Anhingidae
Miocariama[15][18]	M. santacrucensis	Partial cranium and tibiotarsi fragments	A seriema
Nothurinae[15]	2 Indeterminate species		Tinamou
Opisthodactylus[15]	O. patagonicus	Limb, vertebra and skull fragments	A member of Rheidae
Patagornis [15]	P. marshi		A terror bird
Phorusrhacos[19]	P. longissimus	Partial skulls	A terror bird
Protibis[15]	P. cnemialis	distal end of tibiotarsus	Potentially a spoonbill
Psilopterus[15]	P. lemoinei P. bachmanni		A terror bird
Thegornis[15]	T. musculosus T. debilis		A member of the family Falconidae
Archaeopsophia[20]	A. aoni		A member of the family Psophiidae (trumpeters)
Chehuenia[20]	C. facongrandei		A roller
Kaikenia[20]	K. mourerchauvirea		An anatid belonging to the subfamily Tadorninae
Peioa[20]	P. australis		A member of Anseriformes.

Reptiles

Name	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Pristidactylus[21]	Indeterminate	La Cueva	Fragmentary jaw bones	Originally assigned to the dubious genus "Erichosaurus"
Pleurodonta[13][21]		La Cueva	Fragmentary jaw bones	Originally assigned to the dubious genus "Erichosaurus"
Tupinambis[13]		Monte León	Fragmentary dentaries and maxilla	A teiid lizard
Colubridae[13][21]		Cerro Observatorio	Partial trunk vertebrae	A snake

Astrapotheres

Name	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Image
Astrapotherium[22][23][24][25][26][2][27]	A. magnum A. nanum A. sp.			An astrapotheriid

Litopterns

Name	Species	Locality	Notes
Adianthus[28]	A. bucatus		An adianthid litoptern
Anisolophus[22][3][23][29][26][2]	A. australis A. floweri		A proterotheriid litoptern
Diadiaphorus[30][3][23][2][29][31][27]	D. majusculus D. sanctaecrucis D. sp.		A proterotheriid litoptern
Tetramerorhinus[32][30][3][23][2][26][24][25][29][31][27]	T. cingulatum T. fleaglei T. mixtum T. lucarius T. prosistens T. sp.	Estancia La Costa Member	A proterotheriid litoptern
Theosodon[33][30][3][23][34][2][26][24][25][29][31][27]	T. fontanae T. garretorum T. gracilis T. karaikensis T. lydekkeri T. patagonicum	Estancia La Costa Member	A macraucheniid litoptern
Thoatherium[30]	T. minisculum T. sp.	Estancia La Costa Member	A proterotheriid litoptern

Notoungulates

Name	Species	Notes
Adinotherium[3][23][35][26][24][27]	A. ovinum A. robustum A. sp.	A toxodontid notoungulate
Cochilius[36]	C. sp.	An interatheriid notoungulate
Hegetotherium[22][3][23][2][26][24][25][37]	H. mirabile H. sp.	A hegetotheriid notoungulate
Homalodotherium[22][3][23][2][26][24][25][27]	H. cunninghami	A homalodotheriid notoungulate
Interatherium[38][22][3][23][35][2][26][24][25][27]	I. anguliferum I. brevifrons I. dentatum I. interruptum I. robustum I. rodens I. supernum	An interatheriid notoungulate
Neoicochilus[36]	N. undulatus	An interatheriid notoungulate
Nesodon[22][3][23][35][2][26][24][25][27]	N. imbricatus	A toxodontid notoungulate
Notohippus[39]	N. toxodontoides	A notohippid notoungulate
Pachyrukhos[22][3][23][2][26][24][25][37]	P. moyani	A hegetotheriid notoungulate
Patriarchus[38][40]	P. palmidens	An interatheriid notoungulate
Protypotherium[33][38][22][3][23][2][26][24][25][40][27]	P. attenuatum P. australe P. praerutilum P. sp.	An interatheriid notoungulate

Pilosa

Name	Species	Locality	Notes
Analcimorphus[41][42]	A. giganteus A. inversus	Estancia La Costa Member	A basal megatherioid sloth
Analcitherium[43][41][42]	A. antarcticum	Estancia La Costa Member	A scelidotheriid sloth
Eucholoeops[44]	E. fronto E. ingens E. litoralis E. titans	Estancia La Costa Member	A megalonychid ground sloth
Hapalops[26]	H. longiceps H. elongatus H. indifferens H. angustipalatus H. platycephalus H. ponderosus H. rectangularis		A ground sloth belonging to Megatherioidea
Hyperleptus[45]	Indeterminate		A megatherioid ground sloth of uncertain affinities
Megalonychotherium	M. atavus		A megalonychid ground sloth
Mylodontidae[45]	Indeterminate
Nematherium[45]	N. angulatum		A ground sloth belonging to Mylodontoidea
Pelecyodon[45]	P. cristatus		A ground sloth
Planops[45]	P. magnus		A megatheriid ground sloth
Protamandua[45]	P. rothi		An anteater
Prepotherium[45]	P. potens P. filholi		A ground sloth
Megalonychidae	Indeterminate		A ground sloth
Schismotherium[46][47]	S. fractum		A ground sloth
Xyophorus[47]	X. atlanticus X. latirostris		A nothrotheriid ground sloth

Cingulata

Name	Species	Notes
Anantiosodon[48]	A. rarus	An armadillo
cf. Asterostemma[48]	cf. A. depressa	A glyptodont
Cochlops[48]	C. muricatus	A glyptodont
Eucinepeltus[48]	E. petesatus	A glyptodont
Metopotoxus[48]	M. laevatus	A glyptodont
Parutaetus[48]	P. sp.	An armadillo
Peltephilus[48]	P. ferox P. giganteus P. nanus P. pumilus P. strepens	A horned armadillo
Proeutatus[48][26]	P. carinatus P. deleo P. lagena P. oenophorus P. robustus	An armadillo
Propalaehoplophorus[48]	P. australis P. incisivus P. minus	A glyptodont
Prozaedyus [48][26]	P. exilis P. proximus	An armadillo
Stenotatus[26]	S. patagonicus	An armadillo
Stegotherium[48]	S. tauberi S. tessellatum	An armadillo
Vetelia[48][49]	V. puncta	An armadillo

Metatherians

Name	Species	Notes
Abderites[50]	A. meridionalis	A member of Abderitidae (Paucituberculata)
Acdestis[50]	A. owenii A. lemairei	A member of Palaeothentidae (Paucituberculata)
Acrocyon[51]	A. sectorius	A borhyaenid sparassodont
Acyon[51]	A. tricuspidatus	A hathliacynid sparassodont
Arctodictis[51]	A. munizi	A borhyaenid sparassodont
Borhyaena[51]	B. tuberata	A borhyaenid sparassodont
Cladosictis[51]	C. patagonia	A sparassodont
Lycopsis[51]	L. torresi	A sparassodont
Microbiotherium [50]	M. acicula M. patagonicum M. gallegosense M. tehuelchum	A member of Microbiotheriidae (Microbiotheria)
Palaeothentes[50]	P. aratae P. minutus P. intermedius P. lemoinei P. pascuali	A member of Palaeothentidae (Paucituberculata)
Perathereutes [51]	P. pungens	A hathliacynid sparassodont
Phonocdromus[50]	P. gracilis	A member of Pichipilidae (Paucituberculata)
Prothylacinus[51]	P. patagonicus	A sparassodont
Pseudonotictis[51]	P. pusillus	A hathliacynid sparassodont
Sipalocyon[51]	S. gracilis S. obusta	A hathliacynid sparassodont
Stilotherium[50]	S. dissimile	A member of Caenolestidae (Paucituberculata)

Rodents

Name	Species	Notes
Acarechimys[47]	A. minutus A. minutissmus A. constans A. gracilis	A member of Octodontoidea
Acaremys[52][26]	A. murinus A. messor	A member of Acaremyidae (Octodontoidea)
Adelphomys[52]	A. candidus	A member of Octodontoidea
Dudumus[52]	Indeterminate, potentially new species	A member of Octodontoidea
Eocardia[52]	E. montana "E". excavata "E". fissa	A member of Cavioidea
Neoreomys[52]	N. australis	A member of Cavioidea
Perimys[52]	P. erutus P. onustus P. incavatus	A member of Chinchilloidea
Phanomys[52]	P. mixtus P. vetulus	A member of Cavioidea
Pliolagostomus[52]	P. notatus	A member of Chinchilloidea
Prolagostomus[52]	P. pusilllus	A member of Chinchilloidea
Prospaniomys[52]	Indeterminate, potentially new species	A member of Octodontoidea
Pseudoacaremys[52]	P. kramarzi	A member of the family Acaremyidae (Octodontoidea)
Schistomys[52]	S. erro	A member of Cavioidea
Sciamys[52]	S. principalis S. varians S. latidens	A member of the family Acaremyidae (Octodontoidea)
Scleromys[52]	S. angustus	A member of Chinchilloidea
Spaniomys[52]	S. riparius S. regularis	A member of Octodontoidea
Steiromys[52]	S. dentatus S. duplicatus	A member of Erethizontoidea

Primates

Name	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Image
Homunculus[53][54][55]	H. patagonicus, H. vizcainoi			A New World monkey
Killikaike[56]	K. blakei			A New World monkey, some authors regard the taxon as a synonym of Homunculus patagonicus, while others regard them as distinct.

Meridiolestida


Name	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Image
Necrolestes[57]	N. patagonicus		Skull and postcranial remains	A mole-like meridiolestidan, youngest known member of the group

References

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Cuitiño, José I.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Bargo, M. Susana; Aramendía, Inés (2019-05-31). "Sedimentology and fossil vertebrates of the Santa Cruz Formation (early Miocene) in Lago Posadas, southwestern Patagonia, Argentina". Andean Geology. 46 (2): 383–420. doi:10.5027/andgeoV46n2-3128. ISSN 0718-7106.
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Kay, Richard F.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Bargo, M. Susana; Spradley, Jackson P.; Cuitiño, José I. (August 2021). "Paleoenvironments and paleoecology of the Santa Cruz Formation (early-middle Miocene) along the Río Santa Cruz, Patagonia (Argentina)". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 109: 103296. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103296. S2CID 233693434.
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Fernicola, Juan Carlos; Vizcaíno, Sergio Fabián; Bargo, M. Susana; Kay, Richard Frederick; Cuitiño, Jose Ignacio (2019-12-20). "Analysis of the Early–Middle Miocene mammal associations at the Río Santa Cruz (Patagonia, Argentina)". Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. 19 (2). doi:10.5710/PEAPA.01.11.2019.309. ISSN 2469-0228.
Zurita-Altamirano, Daniel; Buffetaut, Eric; Forasiepi, Analía M.; Kramarz, Alejandro; Carrillo, Juan D.; Aguirre-Fernández, Gabriel; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Scheyer, Torsten M.; Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R. (2019). "The Allemann collection from the Santa Cruz Formation (late early Miocene), Argentina, in Zurich, Switzerland". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 138 (2): 259–275. doi:10.1007/s13358-019-00185-5. ISSN 1664-2384.
MacPhee, R. D. E.; Pino, Santiago Hernández Del; Kramarz, Alejandro; Forasiepi, Analía M.; Bond, Mariano; Sulser, R. Benjamin (2021-04-19). "Cranial Morphology and Phylogenetic Relationships of Trigonostylops wortmani, an Eocene South American Native Ungulate". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 449 (1): 1–183. doi:10.1206/0003-0090.449.1.1. ISSN 0003-0090.
Cifelli, Richard; Soria, Miguel Fernando (1983). "Systematics of the Adianthidae (Litopterna, Mammalia)". American Museum Novitates (2771): 1–25. hdl:2246/5255.
Schmidt, Gabriela Ines; Pino, Santiago Hernández Del; Muñoz, Nahuel Antú; Fernández, Mercedes (2019-12-20). "Litopterna (Mammalia) From the Santa Cruz Formation (Early-Middle Miocene) At the Río Santa Cruz, Southern Argentina". Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. 19 (2). doi:10.5710/PEAPA.13.08.2019.290. ISSN 2469-0228.
Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Bond, Mariano (2005). "Los Litopterna (Mammalia) de la Formación Pinturas, Mioceno Temprano-Medio de Patagonia". Ameghiniana (in Spanish). 42 (3): 611–625. ISSN 1851-8044.
Chimento, Nicolás R.; Agnolin, Federico L. (2020). "Phylogenetic tree of Litopterna and Perissodactyla indicates a complex early history of hoofed mammals". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 13280. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70287-5. hdl:11336/135739. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7413542. PMID 32764723.
Ameghino, Florentino (1894). "Énumération synoptique des espèces de mammifères fossiles des formations éocènes de Patagonie". Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Cordoba (Republica Argentina). Buenos Aires: Imp. de P.E. Coni é hijos. 13: 259–452. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.77348.
Ameghino, Florentino (1891). "Nuevos restos de mamíferos fósiles descubiertos por Carlos Ameghino en el Eoceno inferior de la Patagonia austral. — Especies nuevas, adiciones y correcciones". Revista argentina de historia natural. 1: 289–328.
Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Ferrero, Brenda S. (September 2014). "Taxonomic Reinterpretation of Theosodon hystatus Cabrera and Kraglievich, 1931 (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Family". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (5): 1231–1238. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.837393. hdl:11336/18953. S2CID 86091386.
Cassini, Guillermo H.; Pino, Santiago Hernández Del; Muñoz, Nahuel A.; Acosta, M. V. Walter G.; Fernández, Mercedes; Bargo, M. Susana; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (2017). "Teeth complexity, hypsodonty and body mass in Santacrucian (Early Miocene) notoungulates (Mammalia)". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 106 (4): 303–313. doi:10.1017/S1755691016000153. ISSN 1755-6910.
Fernández, Mercedes; Fernicola, Juan C.; Cerdeño, Esperanza (2021-07-04). "A new genus of Interatheriinae (Interatheriidae, Notoungulata) from the Santa Cruz Formation (early–middle Miocene), Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, and the revision of the genus Cochilius Ameghino, 1902". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (4): e1956940. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1956940. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 239647102.
Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Bargo, M. Susana; Kay, Richard F.; Raigemborn, M. Sol (2021-07-07). "The record of the typothere Pachyrukhos (Mammalia, Notoungulata) and the Chinchillid Prolagostomus (Mammalia, Rodentia) in the Santa Cruz Formation (early–middle Miocene) south to the Río Coyle, Patagonia, Argentina". Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. 21 (2): 1–15. doi:10.5710/PEAPA.26.05.2021.385. ISSN 2469-0228.
Sinclair, William John (1909). "Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899.". Mammalia of the Santa Cruz Beds, part 1: Typotheria of the Santa Cruz Beds. Vol. 7. Princeton: The University. pp. 1–110. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.12486.
Hernández Del Pino, Santiago; Fernández, Mercedes; Cerdeño, Esperanza; Fernicola, Juan C. (2019-01-02). "Anatomy and systematics of Notohippus toxodontoides Ameghino, 1891 (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Miocene of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1577870. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1577870. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 164241447.
Fernández, Mercedes; Fernicola, Juan C.; Cerdeño, Esperanza (2019-03-04). "The genus Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Mammalia, Notoungulata, Typotheria), from the Santa Cruz Formation, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (2): e1613416. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1613416. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 198262303.
Toledo, Néstor; Cassini, Guillermo Hernán; Vizcaíno, Sergio Fabián; Bargo, M. Susana (2014). "Mass Estimation of Santacrucian Sloths from the Early Miocene Santa Cruz Formation of Patagonia, Argentina". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 59 (2): 267–280. doi:10.4202/app.2012.0009. ISSN 0567-7920.
Bargo, M. Susana; Iuliis, Gerardo De; Toledo, Néstor (2019-12-20). "Early Miocene Sloths (Xenarthra, Folivora) From the Río Santa Cruz Valley (Southern Patagonia, Argentina), Ameghino, 1887 Revisited". Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. 19 (2). doi:10.5710/PEAPA.06.08.2019.297. ISSN 2469-0228.
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Iuliis, Gerardo De; Pujos, François; Toledo, Nestor; Bargo, M. Susana; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (2014). "Eucholoeops Ameghino, 1887 (Xenarthra, Tardigrada, Megalonychidae) from the Santa Cruz Formation, Argentine Patagonia: implications for the systematics of Santacrucian sloths". Geodiversitas. 36 (2): 209–255. doi:10.5252/g2014n2a2. ISSN 1280-9659.
Bargo, M. Susana; Toledo, Néstor; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (2012-10-11). Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, M. Susana (eds.). Paleobiology of the Santacrucian sloths and anteaters (Xenarthra, Pilosa). pp. 216–242. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667381.014. ISBN 978-0-511-66738-1. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
Racco, Augusto; Fernicola, Juan C.; Bargo, M. Susana; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Iuliis, Gerardo De (2017). "On the Type of Schismotherium fractum Ameghino, 1887 (Xenarthra, Folivora, Megatherioidea) from the Early Miocene Santa Cruz Formation (Santa Cruz Province, Argentina)". Ameghiniana. 55 (1): 117–125. doi:10.5710/AMGH.18.07.2017.3109. ISSN 0002-7014. S2CID 135431226.
Fernicola, J.C; Bargo, M.S.; Vizcaíno, S.F.; Kay, R.F (2019). "Early–Middle Miocene Paleontology in the Río Santa Cruz, Southern Patagonia, Argentina. 130 years since Ameghino, 1887". Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina: 257–259.
Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Fernicola, Juan C.; Bargo, M. Susana (2012). "Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation". In Bargo, M. Susana; Kay, Richard F.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (eds.). Paleobiology of Santacrucian glyptodonts and armadillos (Xenarthra, Cingulata). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 194–215. ISBN 978-0-521-19461-7.
Barasoain, Daniel; González Ruiz, Laureano; Tomassini, Rodrigo; Zurita, Alfredo; Contreras, Víctor; Montalvo, Claudia (2021). "First phylogenetic analysis of the Miocene armadillo Vetelia reveals novel affinities with Tolypeutinae". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 66 (3). doi:10.4202/app.00829.2020.
Alejandra Abello, María; Ortiz-Jaureguizar, Edgardo; Candela, Adriana M. (2012-10-11). Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, M. Susana (eds.). Paleoecology of the Paucituberculata and Microbiotheria (Mammalia, Marsupialia) from the late Early Miocene of Patagonia. pp. 156–172. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667381.011. ISBN 978-0-511-66738-1. Retrieved 2022-11-22. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
Prevosti, Francisco J.; Forasiepi, Analía M.; Ercoli, Marcos D.; Turazzini, Guillermo F. (2012-10-11). Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, M. Susana (eds.). Paleoecology of the mammalian carnivores (Metatheria, Sparassodonta) of the Santa Cruz Formation (late Early Miocene). pp. 173–193. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667381.012. ISBN 978-0-511-66738-1. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
Arnal, Michelle; Pérez, María Encarnación; Deschamps, Cecilia (2019-12-20). "Revision of the Miocene caviomorph rodents from the Río Santa Cruz (Argentinean Patagonia)". Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. 19 (2). doi:10.5710/PEAPA.25.09.2019.299. ISSN 2469-0228.
Kay, Richard F.; Perry, Jonathan M. G.; Malinzak, Michael; Allen, Kari L.; Kirk, E. Christopher; Plavcan, J. Michael; Fleagle, John G. (2012-10-11). Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, M. Susana (eds.). Paleobiology of Santacrucian primates. pp. 306–330. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667381.017. ISBN 978-0-511-66738-1. Retrieved 2022-11-22. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
Fleagle, John G.; Gladman, Justin T.; Kay, Richard F. (2022). "A New Humerus of Homunculus patagonicus, a Stem Platyrrhine from the Santa Cruz Formation (Late Early Miocene), Santa Cruz Province, Argentina". Ameghiniana. 59 (1): 78–96. doi:10.5710/AMGH.29.09.2021.3447. ISSN 0002-7014. S2CID 244330777.
Kay, Richard Frederick; Perry, Jonathan Marcus G. (2019-12-20). "New primates from the Río Santa Cruz and Río Bote (Early-Mid Miocene), Santa Cruz Province, Argentina". Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. 19 (2). doi:10.5710/PEAPA.24.08.2019.289. ISSN 2469-0228.
Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Adán A. Tauber; Alfred L. Rosenberger; Carl C. Swisher III; María E. Palacios (2006-03-27). "New primate genus from the Miocene of Argentina". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (14): 5437–41. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.5437T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0506126103. PMC 1459373. PMID 16567649.
"Fossilworks: Necrolestes patagonensis". www.fossilworks.org. Retrieved 2022-11-25.

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[:0-1] Matheos, Sergio D.; Raigemborn, M. Sol (2012-10-11). Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, M. Susana (eds.). Sedimentology and paleoenvironment of the Santa Cruz Formation. pp. 59–82. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667381.005. ISBN 978-0-511-66738-1. Retrieved 2022-11-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[Cuitiño_et_al._2019-2] Cuitiño, José I.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Bargo, M. Susana; Aramendía, Inés (2019-05-31). "Sedimentology and fossil vertebrates of the Santa Cruz Formation (early Miocene) in Lago Posadas, southwestern Patagonia, Argentina". Andean Geology. 46 (2): 383–420. doi:10.5027/andgeoV46n2-3128. ISSN 0718-7106.

[Cassini_et_al._2012-3] Cassini, Guillermo H.; Cerdeño, Esperanza; Villafañe, Amalia L.; Muñoz, Nahuel A. (2012). "Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation". In Bargo, M. Susana; Kay, Richard F.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (eds.). Paleobiology of Santacrucian native ungulates (Meridiungulata: Astrapotheria, Litopterna and Notoungulata). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 243–286. ISBN 978-0-521-19461-7.

[Cuitiño_et_al._2021-4] Cuitiño, José I.; Sol Raigemborn, M.; Susana Bargo, M.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Muñoz, Nahuel A.; Kohn, Matthew J.; Kay, Richard F. (2021-04-07). "Insights on the controls on floodplain-dominated fluvial successions: a perspective from the Early–Middle Miocene Santa Cruz Formation in Río Chalía (Patagonia, Argentina)". Journal of the Geological Society. 178 (4). doi:10.1144/jgs2020-188. ISSN 0016-7649. S2CID 233779691.

[5] Raúl Ugalde , Enrique Bostelmann , Karina E. Buldrini , and José Luis Oyarzún Lithofacies, architecture, and depositional environments of the Santa Cruz Formation in Chilean Patagonia (2015) XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno

[6] Kay, Richard F.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Bargo, M. Susana; Spradley, Jackson P.; Cuitiño, José I. (August 2021). "Paleoenvironments and paleoecology of the Santa Cruz Formation (early-middle Miocene) along the Río Santa Cruz, Patagonia (Argentina)". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 109: 103296. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103296. S2CID 233693434.

[:1-7] Brea, Mariana; Zucol, Alejandro F.; Iglesias, Ari (2012). Bargo, M. Susana; Kay, Richard F.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (eds.). Fossil plant studies from late Early Miocene of the Santa Cruz Formation: paleoecology and paleoclimatology at the passive margin of Patagonia, Argentina. pp. 104–128. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667381.008. ISBN 978-0-521-19461-7. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[8] Brea, Mariana; Zucol, Alejandro F.; Bargo, M. Susana; Fernicola, Juan Carlos; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (2017-03-01). "First Miocene record of Akaniaceae in Patagonia (Argentina): a fossil wood from the early Miocene Santa Cruz formation and its palaeobiogeographical implications". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 183 (3): 334–347. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/bow014. ISSN 0024-4074.

[9] Griffin, Miguel; Parras, Ana (2012-10-11). Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, M. Susana (eds.). Oysters from the base of the Santa Cruz Formation (late Early Miocene) of Patagonia. pp. 83–90. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667381.006. ISBN 978-0-511-66738-1. Retrieved 2022-11-22. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[10] Pérez, Leandro; Cuitiño, José; Varela, Augusto; Muñoz, Nahuel (2020). "DIPLODON CF. COLHUAPIENSIS (BIVALVIA - HYRIIDAE) IN THE SANTA CRUZ FORMATION (EARLY-MIDDLE MIOCENE), AT THE RÍO SANTA CRUZ, PATAGONIA, ARGENTINA. STRATIGRAPHIC AND PALEOENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS". Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. 19 (2). doi:10.5710/PEAPA.16.07.2019.283. S2CID 214344627.

[11] Rodriguez, Pablo E.; Miquel, Sergio E.; Tauber, Adán A.; Krapovickas, Jerónimo M. (2012-06-01). "First record of land gastropods of the family Charopidae in the Early to Middle Miocene from Santa Cruz Province, Southern Patagonia, Argentina (Gastropoda Pulmonata: Stylommatophora: Charopidae)". Archiv für Molluskenkunde International Journal of Malacology. 141 (1): 57–66. doi:10.1127/arch.moll/1869-0963/141/057-066. ISSN 1869-0963.

[:9-12] Miquel, Sergio E.; Rodriguez, Pablo E. (September 2015). "A novel late Early Miocene assemblage of terrestrial gastropods from Santa Cruz (Patagonia, Argentina)". Journal of Paleontology. 89 (5): 748–761. doi:10.1017/jpa.2015.66. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 130147042.

[:2-13] Fernicola, Juan C.; Albino, Adriana (2012-10-11), Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, M. Susana (eds.), "Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the Santa Cruz Formation (late Early Miocene), Santa Cruz Province, Argentina: paleoenvironmental and paleobiological considerations", Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 129–137, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667381.009, ISBN 978-0-511-66738-1, retrieved 2022-11-22

[14] Muzzopappa, Paula (2020). "CALYPTOCEPHALELLA (ANURA, AUSTRALOBATRACHIA) REMAINS FROM THE RíO SANTA CRUZ (EARLY-MIDDLE MIOCENE, SANTA CRUZ FORMATION), SANTA CRUZ PROVINCE, ARGENTINA". Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. 19 (2). doi:10.5710/PEAPA.27.06.2019.282. S2CID 213249710.

[:4-15] Degrange, Federico J.; Noriega, Jorge I.; Areta, Juan I. (2012-10-11), Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, M. Susana (eds.), "Diversity and paleobiology of the Santacrucian birds", Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 138–155, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667381.010, ISBN 978-0-511-66738-1, retrieved 2022-11-22

[16] Degrange, Federico J. (2022-03-30). "A new species of Dryornis (Aves, Cathartiformes) from the Santa Cruz Formation (lower Miocene), Patagonia, Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (5): e2008411. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.2008411. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 246833070.

[17] Degrange FJ (2022). "A new species of Dryornis (Aves, Cathartiformes) from the Santa Cruz Formation (lower Miocene), Patagonia, Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (5): e2008411. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.2008411. S2CID 246833070.

[18] Jorge I. Noriega; Gerald Mayr (2017). "The systematic affinities of the putative seriema Noriegavis santacrucensis (Noriega et al., 2009) from the Miocene of Argentina". Contribuciones del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia". 7: 133–139.

[19] Degrange, Federico J.; Eddy, Drew; Puerta, Pablo; Clarke, Julia (2019). "New skull remains of Phorusrhacos longissimus (Aves, Cariamiformes) from the Miocene of Argentina: implications for the morphology of Phorusrhacidae". Journal of Paleontology. 93 (6): 1221–1233. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.53. ISSN 0022-3360.

[Agnolín2022_birds-20] Agnolín, Federico L. (2022). "New fossil birds from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina". Poeyana. 513: 1–43. ISSN 2410-7492.

[:3-21] Albino, Adriana; Brizuela, Santiago; Vizcaíno, Sergio (2017). "The southernmost fossil record of Squamates". Amphibia-Reptilia. 38 (1): 15–30. doi:10.1163/15685381-00003078. ISSN 0173-5373.

[Vizcaíno_et_al._2010-22] Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Bargo, M. Susana; Kay, Richard F.; Fariña, Richard A.; Di Giacomo, Mariana; Perry, Jonathan M. G.; Prevosti, Francisco J.; Toledo, Néstor; Cassini, Guillermo H.; Fernicola, Juan C. (2010-06-15). "A baseline paleoecological study for the Santa Cruz Formation (late–early Miocene) at the Atlantic coast of Patagonia, Argentina". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 292 (3): 507–519. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.04.022. ISSN 0031-0182.

[Cassini_et_al._2013-23] Cassini, Guillermo H. (2013). "Skull Geometric Morphometrics and Paleoecology of Santacrucian (Late Early Miocene; Patagonia) Native Ungulates (Astrapotheria, Litopterna, and Notoungulata)". Ameghiniana. 50 (2): 193–216. doi:10.5710/AMGH.7.04.2013.606. hdl:11336/26393. ISSN 0002-7014. S2CID 128999112.

[Fernández_et_al._2019-24] Fernández, Mercedes; Muñoz, Nahuel Antu (2019-12-20). "Notoungulata and Astrapotheria (Mammalia, Meridiungulata) of the Santa Cruz Formation (Early-Middle Miocene) along the Río Santa Cruz, Argentine Patagonia". Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. 19 (2). doi:10.5710/PEAPA.19.09.2019.288. ISSN 2469-0228.

[Fernicola_et_al._2019-25] Fernicola, Juan Carlos; Vizcaíno, Sergio Fabián; Bargo, M. Susana; Kay, Richard Frederick; Cuitiño, Jose Ignacio (2019-12-20). "Analysis of the Early–Middle Miocene mammal associations at the Río Santa Cruz (Patagonia, Argentina)". Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. 19 (2). doi:10.5710/PEAPA.01.11.2019.309. ISSN 2469-0228.

[Zurita-Altamirano_et_al._2019-26] Zurita-Altamirano, Daniel; Buffetaut, Eric; Forasiepi, Analía M.; Kramarz, Alejandro; Carrillo, Juan D.; Aguirre-Fernández, Gabriel; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Scheyer, Torsten M.; Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R. (2019). "The Allemann collection from the Santa Cruz Formation (late early Miocene), Argentina, in Zurich, Switzerland". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 138 (2): 259–275. doi:10.1007/s13358-019-00185-5. ISSN 1664-2384.

[MacPheeetal2021-27] MacPhee, R. D. E.; Pino, Santiago Hernández Del; Kramarz, Alejandro; Forasiepi, Analía M.; Bond, Mariano; Sulser, R. Benjamin (2021-04-19). "Cranial Morphology and Phylogenetic Relationships of Trigonostylops wortmani, an Eocene South American Native Ungulate". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 449 (1): 1–183. doi:10.1206/0003-0090.449.1.1. ISSN 0003-0090.

[Adianthidaesystematics-28] Cifelli, Richard; Soria, Miguel Fernando (1983). "Systematics of the Adianthidae (Litopterna, Mammalia)". American Museum Novitates (2771): 1–25. hdl:2246/5255.

[Schmidt_et_al._2019-29] Schmidt, Gabriela Ines; Pino, Santiago Hernández Del; Muñoz, Nahuel Antú; Fernández, Mercedes (2019-12-20). "Litopterna (Mammalia) From the Santa Cruz Formation (Early-Middle Miocene) At the Río Santa Cruz, Southern Argentina". Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. 19 (2). doi:10.5710/PEAPA.13.08.2019.290. ISSN 2469-0228.

[Picturotherium-30] Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Bond, Mariano (2005). "Los Litopterna (Mammalia) de la Formación Pinturas, Mioceno Temprano-Medio de Patagonia". Ameghiniana (in Spanish). 42 (3): 611–625. ISSN 1851-8044.

[Chimento_and_Agnolin_2020-31] Chimento, Nicolás R.; Agnolin, Federico L. (2020). "Phylogenetic tree of Litopterna and Perissodactyla indicates a complex early history of hoofed mammals". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 13280. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70287-5. hdl:11336/135739. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7413542. PMID 32764723.

[Florentino_Ameghino_1894-32] Ameghino, Florentino (1894). "Énumération synoptique des espèces de mammifères fossiles des formations éocènes de Patagonie". Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Cordoba (Republica Argentina). Buenos Aires: Imp. de P.E. Coni é hijos. 13: 259–452. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.77348.

[Ameghino_1891-33] Ameghino, Florentino (1891). "Nuevos restos de mamíferos fósiles descubiertos por Carlos Ameghino en el Eoceno inferior de la Patagonia austral. — Especies nuevas, adiciones y correcciones". Revista argentina de historia natural. 1: 289–328.

[schmidt-34] Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Ferrero, Brenda S. (September 2014). "Taxonomic Reinterpretation of Theosodon hystatus Cabrera and Kraglievich, 1931 (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Family". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (5): 1231–1238. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.837393. hdl:11336/18953. S2CID 86091386.

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[:7-45] Bargo, M. Susana; Toledo, Néstor; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (2012-10-11). Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, M. Susana (eds.). Paleobiology of the Santacrucian sloths and anteaters (Xenarthra, Pilosa). pp. 216–242. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667381.014. ISBN 978-0-511-66738-1. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

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