Sceptrulophora

Sceptrulophora (from Ancient Greek, σκῆπτρον, skêptron - "sceptre" and -φόρος, -phóros - "bearing") is an order of hexactinellid sponges (glass sponges). They are characterized by sceptrules, a type of microsclere (microscopic spicule) with a single straight rod terminating at a bundle of spines or knobs. An anchor- or nail-shaped sceptrule is called a clavule. A fork-shaped sceptrule, ending at a few large tines, is called a scopule. A broom-shaped sceptrule, ending at many small bristles, is called a sarule.[2]

Sceptrulophora
Temporal range:
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Hexactinellida
Subclass: Hexasterophora
Order: Sceptrulophora
Mehl, 1992 [1]
Families

See text.

Unlike members of the order Lyssacinosida, sceptrulophorans have dictyonal strands, meaning that their macroscleres (larger spicules) are fully fused together into a 3D framework. They can likewise be differentiated from the order Lychniscosida by the absence of octahedral frames (lychniscs) at the nodes of their macroscleres.[3] Glass sponges with these two traits (dictyonal strands and a lack of lychniscs) have historically been placed in the order Hexactinosida (sometimes spelled Hexactinosa).[4][5]

Many species in "Hexactinosida" also qualify as members of Sceptrulophora, though these two proposed orders are not identical. Sponges in the family Dactylocalycidae have dictyonal strands and lack lychniscs, but also lack sceptrules. Genetic testing has argued that dactylocalycids are more closely related to Lyssacinosida, rather than sceptrule-bearing sponges. This renders Hexactinosida polyphyletic while maintaining the monophyly of Sceptrulophora.[3][6]

Species of the order Sceptrulophora have existed since the Jurassic period, and still flourish today.

Families

References
  1. Mehl, D. (1992). Die Entwicklung der Hexactinellida seit dem Mesozoikum. Paläobiologie, Phylogenie und Evolutionsökologie. Berliner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen Reihe E (Paläobiologie). 2: 1-164.
  2. Łukowiak, Magdalena; Van Soest, Rob; Klautau, Michelle; Pérez, Thierry; Pisera, Andrzej; Tabachnick, Konstantin (2022). "The terminology of sponge spicules". Journal of Morphology. 283 (12): 1517–1545. doi:10.1002/jmor.21520. ISSN 0362-2525.
  3. Dohrmann, Martin; Janussen, Dorte; Reitner, Joachim; Collins, Allen G.; Wörheide, Gert (2008). Anderson, Frank (ed.). "Phylogeny and Evolution of Glass Sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida)". Systematic Biology. 57 (3): 388–405. doi:10.1080/10635150802161088. ISSN 1076-836X.
  4. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part E, Revised. Porifera, Volume 3: Classes Demospongea, Hexactinellida, Heteractinida & Calcarea, xxxi + 872 p., 506 fig., 1 table, 2004, available here. ISBN 0-8137-3131-3.
  5. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part E, Revised. Porifera, Volume 2: Introduction to the Porifera, xxvii + 349 p., 135 fig., 10 tables, 2003, available here. ISBN 0-8137-3130-5.
  6. MARTIN DOHRMANN, CHRISTIAN GÖCKE, DORTE JANUSSEN, JOACHIM REITNER, CARSTEN LÜTER, GERT WÖRHEIDE, Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 163, Issue 4, December 2011, Pages 1003–1025, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00753.x
  7. Gray, J.E. (1867). Notes on the Arrangement of Sponges, with the Descriptions of some New Genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1867(2): 492-558, pls XXVII-XXVIII.
  8. Schrammen, A. 1912. Die Kieselspongien der oberen Kreide von Nordwestdeutschland. II. Teil. Triaxonia (Hexactinellida). Palaeontographica 5 (supplement): 177-385, pls XXV-XLV.
  9. Rauff, H. (1893-1894). Palaeospongiologie. Palaeontographica. 40: i-vi, 1-346, pls I-XVII.
  10. Roemer, F.A. 1864. Die Spongitarien des norddeutschen Kreidegebirges. Palaeontographica 8: i-iv, 1-64, pls I-XIX.
  11. Zittel, K.A. (1877). Studien über fossile Spongien. I: Hexactinellidae. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlich-Bayerischen Akademie der Wisseneschaften. München 13(1): 1-63.
  12. Gray, J.E. (1872). Notes on the Classification of the Sponges. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. (4) 9(54): 442-461
  13. Tabachnick, K.R.; Janussen, D. (2004). Description of a new species and subspecies of Fieldingia, erection of a new family Fieldingidae and a new order Fieldingida (Porifera; Hexactinellida; Hexasterophora). In: Pansini M, Pronzato R, Bavestrello G, Manconi R, Sarà M (eds) Sponge Science in the New Millennium. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universitá di Genova. 68: 623-637.
  14. Schulze, F.E. (1886). Über den Bau und das System der Hexactinelliden. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Physikalisch-Mathematisch Classe). 1-97.
  15. Reiswig, H.M. (2002). Family Uncinateridae fam. nov. pp. 1372-1376. In Hooper, J. .A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (ed.) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 2 (Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers: New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow).


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