Sifrei Kodesh

A library of sifrei kodesh

Numerous commentaries on the Tanakh have been written and published over the last thousand years. The most notable ones are Targum Onkelos, a translation of the Torah into Judeo-Aramaic, written by Onkelos;[2] and Rashi, a commentary on the entire Tanakh written by Rashi. Both are traditionally printed in the Chumash alongside the biblical text.[3] Other commentaries that are sometimes printed alongside the text in the Chumash are commentaries by Rabbi Jacob ben Asher and Rabbi Shabbethai Bass (the Siftei Chachamim). Commentaries traditionally printed alongside the Nakh are Rashi as well as Metzudat David and Metzudat Zion by Rabbi David Altschuler.[4]

In addition to the classic printings of Tanakh which don't include many more commentaries than Rashi and Targum Onkelos, there is the Mikraot Gedolot edition which was first published in the early sixteenth century. Commentaries in the Mikraot Gedolot on the Torah are generally those of Abraham ibn Ezra (Sefer ha-Yashar), Nachmanides, Rabbi Shlomo Ephraim Luntschitz (the Keli Yakar), Chaim ibn Attar, and the translation and commentary attributed to Rabbi Jonathan ben Uzziel, known as Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, all in addition to Rashi and Targum Onkelos; while commentaries on Nakh are those of Rashi, Rabbi David Altschuler, Rabbi David Kimhi, Rabbi Joseph Kara, and on some volumes, Rabbi Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno (the Sforno or Sepornu).

Among the numerous commentaries of Tanakh not published in the Mikraot Gedolot are the Meam Loez,[5] Malbim,[6] Ha'amek Davar,[7] Torah Temimah,[8] and The Hirsch Chumash.[9]

Aside from the Bible, there were several writings of Jewish religious significance in ancient times, known today as "the outer books". There are some other writings however that most agree were written more recently that have been claimed to be older. These include the Sefer Yetzirah, which some say was written by Abraham;[10] and the Book of Enoch, which some say was written by Enoch.[11]

For generations, the Oral Torah had been transmitted by word of mouth, largely with the help of the Sanhedrin, the leading Jewish authority. However, after the destruction of the Second Temple, the Sanhedrin had been uprooted and much of the Oral Torah was being forgotten. Therefore, c. 188 CE, Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi, head of the exiled Sanhedrin, compiled the Mishnah, i.e. the teachings of the Oral Torah.[12] Since the Maccabean Revolt however, much had already been lost, which led to many disagreements among the scholars, the Tannaim. Therefore, the Mishnah includes their differing opinions. As Maimonides wrote in the introduction to his Mishneh Torah:

[Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi] gathered together all the traditions, enactments, interpretations, and expositions of every position of the Torah, that either came down to Moses, our teacher, or had been deduced by the courts in successive generations.[13]

A similar project was carried out by Rabbi Hiyya bar Abba and his student Rabbi Hoshaiah, known as the Tosefta. A collection of statements not included in the Mishnah was compiled by Rabbi Oshiya and Bar Kappara, known as Baraitot.

A page of the Bomberg Talmud

Circa 349,[14] the Sanhedrin, exiled from Jerusalem and sitting in Tiberias, wrote the Jerusalem Talmud, a mammoth work compiling the teachings of the rabbis of the recent generations, known as Amoraim, as they expounded on the Mishnah.[15] It is largely attributed to Rabbi Yochanan. However, the Jerusalem Talmud is generally overshadowed by the Babylonian Talmud, a similar yet much larger work, compiling the teachings of the Amoraim, and completed in Babylonia circa 500.[14] The teachings were largely legalistic in nature, stating halakha. There were other teachings, known as aggadah, which incorporates narratives, parables, practical advice, remedies, and insights. The Babylonian Talmud, attributed to Rav Ashi and Ravina, was first printed in 1483 by Joshua Solomon Soncino.[16] Soncino's layout of the Talmud, with the original Talmud text in the center of the page, with the commentary of Rashi on the outer margins and the commentary of Tosafot on the inner ones, was later imitated by Christian printer Daniel Bomberg, who printed the entire Talmud between the years 1519 and 1523,[17] and by all subsequent major printings of the Talmud.[18] Rabbi Moshe Shapiro, rabbi of Slavuta, Ukraine and owner of a printing press, published the Slavita Shas[lower-alpha 1] in the early 1800s. In 1886, the Romm Publishing House in Vilnius published the Vilna Shas, which has since been reprinted and remains the classic print of the Talmud.

In the past years, there have been numerous commentaries written on the Talmud. While the most commonly referenced commentaries are those of Rashi and Tosafot, and as mentioned, are printed in the margins of the Talmud, other famous commentaries (which often are recognized as Halakhic works as well) include the Piskei HaRosh, Shitah Mekubetzet,[19] Maharsha (the Piskei Halachot and Piskei Aggadot), the Pnei Yehoshua,[4] the Mordechai, the Chiddushia HaRitva,[20] the Meiri, the Maharshal's Chochmas Shlomo and Yam Shel Shlomo,[21] the Meir Einei Chachmamim, the Kehillos Yaakov,[22] the Shaarei Yosher,[23] and the Birkat Shmuel,[24] as well as many published shiurim (classes) given on the Talmud, including those of Rabbi Nochum Partzovitz (Chiddushei Reb Nochum and Shiurei Reb Nochum), Rabbi Shmuel Rozovsky (Shiurei Reb Shmuel and Chiddushei Reb Shmuel),[25] Rabbi Reuven Grozovsky (Chiddushei Rev Reuven), Rabbi Elchonon Wasserman (Kovetz Shiurim and Kovetz He'aros),[23] Rabbi Chaim Soloveitchik (Chiddushei HaGrach al HaShas),[26] Rabbi Naftoli Trop (Chiddushei HaGranat), and Rabbi Aryeh Leib Malin (Chiddushei Reb Aryeh Leib).

Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon, known as Maimonides or as the Rambam, was a Rishon who lived in Spain, Morocco, and Egypt in the second half of the twelfth century. The author of several books, his most famous is a halakhic work, Mishneh Torah, also known as the Yad HaChazakah or simply as the Rambam, which is fourteen volumes long. Although when it was first written, Mishne Torah received much backlash from contemporary Jewish leaders, it soon became recognized by world Jewry as authentic Torah literature,[33] with many commentaries written on it, including the Ohr Somayach, Tzofnath Paneach and the writings of the Soloveitchik dynasty, including Chiddushei Rabbeinu Chaim by Rabbi Chaim Soloveitchik;[34] works by his sons, Chiddushei HaGram HaLevi of Rabbi Moshe Soloveitchik and Chiddushei Maran Ryz HaLevi of Rabbi Yitzchak Zev Soloveitchik;[35] and by his grandson Rabbi Meshulam Dovid Soloveitchik, titled Chiddushei Rabbeinu Meshulam Dovid Halevi.[36] A student of Rabbi Chaim Soloveitchik, Rabbi Isser Zalman Meltzer wrote his own commentary on the Rambam, titled Even HaEzel.[37]

Early edition Mishnah Berurah

Likely the most monumental Halakhic work ever written, Rabbi Yoseph Karo completed the Shulchan Aruch (or Code of Jewish Law, sometimes shortened to Codes) in 1565 in Safed. It was a condensation of his previous Halakhic work, Beit Yosef, which was written as commentary on the Arba'ah Turim.[32] Like the Tur, it was divided into four sections: Orach Chayim, Yoreh De'ah, Even Ha'ezer, and Choshen Mishpat. The Mapah, a commentary on Shulchan Aruch by Rabbi Moshe Isserles (the Rema) is generally printed together with the Shulchan Aruch in the center of the page,[38] albeit in a different font, with the commentaries of Turei Zahav of Rabbi David HaLevi Segal and Magen Avraham of Rabbi Avraham Gombiner or Siftei Kohen of Rabbi Shabbatai HaKohen printed in the margins.[39] Major commentaries written on the Shulchan Aruch include the Ketzos Hachoshen, Avnei Milu'im, and the Nesivos Hamishpat.

Many later Halakhic works were based on Shulchan Aruch. These include Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi's Shulchan Aruch HaRav,[40] Rabbi Yechiel Michel Epstein's Aruch HaShulchan, Rabbi Shlomo Ganzfried's Kitzur Shulchan Aruch,[7] and Rabbi Avraham Danzig's Chayei Adam and Chochmas Adam (only on Orach Chayim and Yoreh De'ah).[41] Mishnah Berurah, a six-volume work expounding on Orach Chayim, was published between 1884 and 1907 and is followed by most Litvishe Jews almost exclusively. Comparative Sephardic works are Kaf HaChaim and Yalkut Yosef. The Ben Ish Hai, by Rabbi Yosef Hayyim, is based on the sermons he delivered, and therefore includes halakha as well as Kabbalah and explanations on the Torah.[7]

Many Halakhic works of the Acharonim are responsa. These include the Igros Moshe of Rabbi Moshe Feinstein,[42] the Noda B'Yehudah of Rabbi Yechezkel Landau,[41] She'eilot U'teshuvot Rabbi Akiva Eiger of Rabbi Akiva Eiger,[43] Beis HaLevi by Rabbi Yosef Dov Soloveitchik,[44] Shevet HaLevi of Rabbi Shmuel Wosner, and Tzitz Eliezer of Rabbi Eliezer Waldenberg. Another notable Halakhic work is the Chofetz Chaim, dealing with the laws of proper speech, and written by Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan.[45]

• Bamberger, Rabbi Moshe (2017). Great Jewish Classics (First ed.). Brooklyn, NY: Mesorah Publications, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4226-1950-6.
• Spiro, Ken (2011). Crash Course in Jewish History. Southfield, MI: Targum Press. ISBN 978-1-56871-532-2.
• Zakon, Rabbi Nachman (June 2003). The Jewish Experience: 2,000 Years (Second ed.). Brooklyn, NY: Mesorah Publications, Ltd. ISBN 1-57819-496-2.