Negativicutes

The Negativicutes are a class of bacteria in the phylum Bacillota, whose members have a peculiar cell wall with a lipopolysaccharide outer membrane which stains gram-negative, unlike most other members of the Bacillota.[1] Although several neighbouring Clostridia species (firmicute bacteria) also stain gram-negative, the proteins responsible for the unusual diderm structure of the Negativicutes may have actually been laterally acquired from Pseudomonadota (formerly Proteobacteria).[1][2][3][4] Additional research is required to confirm the origin of the diderm cell envelope in the Negativicutes.

Negativicutes
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacillota
Class: Negativicutes
Marchandin et al. 2010
Orders and families
  • Selenomonadales Marchandin et al. 2010
    • Selenomonadaceae Campbell et al. 2015
    • Sporomusaceae Campbell et al. 2015
  • Acidaminococcales Campbell et al. 2015
  • Veillonellales Campbell et al. 2015
Synonyms
  • "Selenomonadia" Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016
  • "Selenobacteria" Cavalier-Smith 1992 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2006

Most members of this class are obligate anaerobes, and occur in habitats such as rivers, lakes, and the intestines of vertebrates. They range from spherical forms, such as Megasphaera and Veillonella, to curved rods, as typified by the selenomonads. Selenomonas has a characteristic crescent shape, with flagella inserted on the concave side, while Sporomusa is similar, but nonmotile. Their names refer to this distinctive morphology: selene means moon, and musa means banana.[5]

Taxonomy

The class currently consists of 32 validly named genera across three orders and four families.[6][7] The orders Veillonellales and Acidaminococcales each contain a single family, Veillonellaceae and Acidaminococcaceae, respectively, while the order Selenomonadales contains two families, Selenomonadaceae and Sporomusaceae.[7]

Molecular signatures

Historically, the Negativicutes consisted of a single order, the Selenomonadales, and two families, Veillonellaceae and Acidaminococcaceae based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity.[8][5] However, these groupings did not include several members within the Negativicutes that branched outside of the two families. The current taxonomic view is inclusive of these members who have been validly assigned to the families Selenomonadaceae and Sporomusaceae within the emended Selenomonadales order.[7] Molecular markers in the form of conserved signature indels (CSIs) and proteins (CSPs) justify the present taxonomic divisions. These molecular markers are found at each taxonomic rank, and their distribution is in agreement with the observed phylogenetic branching.[9][10]

Many works have implicated that the Negativicutes should be reclassified as an order within the class Clostridia, based on close phylogenetic branching, and the observation that the spore-forming members of the Negativicutes share similar sporulation genes as the Clostridia, and that both stain gram-negative.[9][10] However, the heterogeneity of members within the Negativicutes, as well as the distribution of molecular signatures, supports the view that the Negativicutes are in fact an independent class within the Bacillota, with Clostridia as their closest phylogenetic neighbours.[5][10][11][12] Additionally, several CSIs and CSPs have been found to be uniquely shared among all Negativicutes, while no CSIs have been found to be shared by both Negativicutes and Clostridia.[7]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[13] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[14]

16S rRNA based LTP_01_2022[15][16][17] GTDB 07-RS207 by Genome Taxonomy Database[18][19][20]
Acidaminococcales
Acidaminococcaceae

Succinispira

Acidaminococcus

Phascolarctobacterium

Phascolarctobacterium wakonense Shigeno et al. 2019

Succiniclasticum

Selenomonadales

Anaeromusa

Anaeroarcus

Sporomusaceae

Anaerosporomusa

Acetonema

Pelosinus

Methylomusa

Sporomusa

Lucifera

Sporolituus

Thermosinus

Propionispora

Anaerospora

Dendrosporobacter

Anaerosinus Strömpl et al. 1999

Veillonellaceae

Veillonella

Megasphaera [incl. Anaeroglobus]

Negativicoccus

Dialister [incl. Allisonella]

Selenomonadaceae

Propionispira

Megamonas

Pectinatus

Selenomonas lacticifex Schleifer et al. 1990

Selenomastix

Selenomonas species-group 2

Mitsuokella

Anaerovibrio

Schwartzia

Selenomonas

Centipeda
Acidaminococcales
"Succinispiraceae"

Succinispira Janssen and O'Farrell 1999

Acidaminococcaceae

"Ca. Avacidaminococcus" Gilroy et al. 2021

Acidaminococcus Rogosa 1969

Phascolarctobacterium Del Dot et al. 1994

"Ca. Phascolarctobacterium stercoravium" Gilroy et al. 2021

Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens Watanabe et al. 2012

Succiniclasticum van Gylswyk 1995

Veillonellales
"Negativicoccaceae"

Negativicoccus Marchandin et al. 2010

"Dialisteraceae"

Dialister Bergey et al. 1923 ex Moore & Moore 1994 [incl. Allisonella]

"Megasphaeraceae"

Megasphaera paucivorans Juvonen & Suihko 2006

Anaeroglobus Carlier et al. 2002

"Caecibacter" Ricaboni et al. 2017

Megasphaera Rogosa 1971

Veillonellaceae

Veillonella Prévot 1933

Sporomusales_A
"Acetonemaceae"

Anaerosporomusa Choi et al. 2016

Acetonema Kane and Breznak 1992

"Sporomusales"
UPPP01

Lucifera Sanchez-Andrea et al. 2018

"Thermosinaceae"

Anaerospora Woo et al. 2005

Sporolituus Ogg and Patel 2009

Thermosinus Sokolova et al. 2004

Sporomusaceae

Methylomusa Amano et al. 2018

Sporomusa Möller et al. 1985

"Anaeromusales"
"Anaeromusaceae"

Anaeromusa Baena et al. 1999 (incl. Anaeroarcus Strömpl et al. 1999)

UMGS1260
UMGS1260

Pelorhabdus Grässle et al. 2022

"Propionisporales"
"Propionisporaceae"

Propionispora Biebl et al. 2001

Pelosinus Shelobolina et al. 2007

"Dendrosporobacterales"
"Dendrosporobacteraceae"

Dendrosporobacter Strömpl et al. 2000

Selenomonadales
"Massilibacillaceae"

"Massilibacillus" Tidjani Alou et al. 2017

Selenomonadaceae

Propionispira arboris Schink et al. 1983

Megamonas Shah and Collins 1983

Pectinatus Lee et al. 1978

Schwartzia Gylswyk et al. 1997

Selenomonas von Prowazek 1913

Anaerovibrio Hungate 1966

Quinella Krumholz et al. 1993

Centipeda Lai et al. 1983

Selenomonas species-group 2

Selenomastix Woodcock & Lapage 1913

Mitsuokella Shah & Collins 1983

See also

References
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  2. Gupta RS (2011). "Origin of diderm (Gram-negative) bacteria: antibiotic selection pressure rather than endosymbiosis likely led to the evolution of bacterial cells with two membranes". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 100 (2): 171–182. doi:10.1007/s10482-011-9616-8. PMC 3133647. PMID 21717204.
  3. Campbell C, Sutcliffe IC, Gupta RS (2014). "Comparative proteome analysis of Acidaminococcus intestini supports a relationship between outer membrane biogenesis in Negativicutes and Proteobacteria" (PDF). Arch Microbiol. 196 (4): 307–310. doi:10.1007/s00203-014-0964-4. PMID 24535491. S2CID 253722630.
  4. Tocheva EI, Matson EG, Morris DM, Moussavi F, Leadbetter JR, Jensen GJ (2011). "Peptidoglycan remodeling and conversion of an inner membrane into an outer membrane during sporulation". Cell. 146 (5): 799–812. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.029. PMC 3176627. PMID 21884938.
  5. Marchandin, H.; Teyssier, C.; Campos, J.; Jean-Pierre, H.; Roger, F.; Gay, B.; Carlier, J. -P.; Jumas-Bilak, E. (2009). "Negativicoccus succinicivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from human clinical samples, emended description of the family Veillonellaceae and description of Negativicutes classis nov., Selenomonadales ord. nov. and Acidaminococcaceae fam. nov. in the bacterial phylum Firmicutes". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 60 (6): 1271–1279. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.013102-0. PMID 19667386.
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  7. Campbell C, Adeolu M, Gupta RS (2015). "Genome-based taxonomic framework for the class Negativicutes: division of the class Negativicutes into the orders Selenomonadales emend., Acidaminococcales ord. nov. and Veillonellales ord. nov". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 65 (9): 3203–3215. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.000347. PMID 25999592.
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