Shillelagh

The name shillelagh is the Hiberno-English corruption of the Irish (Gaelic) form sail éille, where sail means "willow" or "cudgel" and éille is genitive for iall meaning "thong", "strap", "leash", and "string", among others.[2][3]

As an alternate etymology, Anna Maria Hall and Patrick Weston Joyce have written that the name may have derived from the wood being sourced from forest land in the village or barony of Shillelagh, County Wicklow. The geographic name Shillelagh derives from Síol Éalaigh, or "Descendants of Éalach" in English.[4][5][6][7]

Shillelaghs are traditionally made from blackthorn (sloe) wood (Prunus spinosa) or oak.[8] With the scarcity of oak in Ireland the term came increasingly to denote a blackthorn stick,[9] and indeed blackthorn stick is sometimes glossed as equivalent to shillelagh.[10][11]

Wood from the root was prized since this would be used for the knob,[8] and was less prone to crack or break during use.

Dimensions

Oaken shillelaghs in various stages of completion

They are commonly the length of a walking stick (distance from the floor to one's wrist with elbow slightly bent), or rather longer, about 4 or 5 feet (1.2 or 1.5 m), as opposed to the walking stick measuring about 3 feet (0.91 m).[16] In the broad sense, the Shillealagh bata or sticks could include short mallets only 1 to 2 feet (0.30 to 0.61 m) in length to long poles measuring 6 to 9 feet (1.8 to 2.7 m) in length.[8]

The shillelagh was originally used for settling disputes in a gentlemanly manner — like a duel with pistols or swords. Modern practitioners of bataireacht study the use of the shillelagh for self-defence and as a martial art. Of the practice, researcher J. W. Hurley writes:

Methods of shillelagh fighting have evolved over a period of thousands of years, from the spear, staff, axe and sword fighting of the Irish. There is some evidence which suggests that the use of Irish stick weapons may have evolved in a progression from a reliance on long spears and wattles, to shorter spears and wattles, to the shillelagh, alpeen,[lower-alpha 3] blackthorn (walking-stick) and short cudgel. By the 19th century Irish shillelagh-fighting had evolved into a practice which involved the use of three basic types of weapons, sticks which were long, medium or short in length.[22]

Shillelaghs are sometimes referred to in a similar context in folk songs. In the ballad "Finnegan's Wake" occurs the phrase "Shillelagh law did all engage", signifying that a brawl has broken out;[23] "shillelagh law" itself has been explained as meaning the accepted rule governing the usage of the weapon.[24]

The novelty song "It's the Same Old Shillelagh" was written by Pat White and recorded by him in 1927. Its subject is a young Irish-American who inherits his father's shillelagh.

The anti-recruiting folk song "Arthur McBride", where the recruiters are struck with a shillelagh,[25][26] and in the 19th-century song "Rocky Road to Dublin", in which references are made to fashioning a shillelagh ("I cut a stout blackthorn"), and using it ("shillalah")[27] to hold a tied bag over one's shoulder, and using it as a striking weapon.[28]

Charles Dibdin the younger wrote a song entitled "The Twig of Shelaly",[29] later reprinted as "The Twig of Shillelah".[30]

Bing Crosby recorded a song entitled "Two Shillelagh O'Sullivan" in the 1950s.[31]

The Jeweled Shillelagh

The shillelagh came to be regarded as a stereotypical symbol of Irishness in popular culture,[32] particularly in an Irish-American context.

Members of a number of Irish regiments in the British Armed Forces have traditionally carried Blackthorn sticks, including officers of the Irish Guards,[33] the Royal Irish Regiment and the Royal Dragoon Guards. Officers and senior non-commissioned officers of the 69th Infantry Regiment (The Fighting 69th) of the New York Army National Guard also carry shillelaghs whilst on parade.[34]

In sports, the Boston Celtics logo has a leprechaun leaning on his shillelagh, and it also features with the leprechaun on some logos of Brothers Rugby league teams in Australia. In San Diego, Padres broadcaster Mark Grant popularised the shillelagh as a rallying call, by using terms like "Shillelagh Power" to describe late-game heroics by the Padres. The success of the phrase led the San Diego Padres store to carry inflatable shillelaghs. Similarly, in American college football, a Jeweled Shillelagh is the trophy given to the winner of the annual rivalry game between the University of Southern California Trojans and the University of Notre Dame Fighting Irish.[35]

A number of items take their name from the shillelagh, including the MGM-51 Shillelagh anti-tank missile,[36] and several aircraft of the 357th Fighter Group which were named for the club, and had similar representative nose art. In the tabletop game Dungeons & Dragons, 'shillelagh' is a low-level spell used by casters to make simple clubs into powerful bludgeoning weapons.[37]

Irish stick-fighting popularity grows but not in Ireland.[38]

• Arnis : fighting sticks in the martial art of the Philippines
• Knobkerrie, a similar club associated with Southern Africa and World War I British troops
• Rungu (weapon), a similar club common in East Africa
• Sgian-dubh, a knife worn as part of Scottish Highland attire
• Veiled Prophet Parade and Ball#Notable VP Parade incidents and activities

• O'Donnell, Patrick Denis (1975). The Irish Factions Fighters of the 19th Century. Anvil Books. ISBN 9780900068362.