Smutsia

African ground pangolin (Smutsia - "Smuts's animal") is a genus of pangolins from subfamily Smutsiinae within family Manidae. It was formerly considered a subgenus of genus Manis.[4] Its members are the more terrestrial of the African pangolins.[5] In past, this genus was also present in Europe.[6]

African ground pangolin
Temporal range: Late Miocene - present[1]
Pangolins from genus Smutsia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Pholidota
Suborder: Eupholidota
Superfamily: Manoidea
Family: Manidae
Subfamily: Smutsiinae
Gray, 1873[2]
Genus: Smutsia
Gray, 1865[3]
Type species
Smutsia gigantea
Illiger, 1815
Species
  Smutsia gigantea
  Smutsia temminckii
Synonyms
synonyms of subfamily:
  • Smutsiana (Gray, 1873)
  • Smutsiini (Gray, 1873)

Description

The Smutsia species can be easily distinguished due to the layer of protective horny scales. They have a long streamlined body, its small coned shaped head, and thick tails that are covered with overlapping scales that resemble artichoke leaves. The color of these scales are between a yellow and brown color and are composed of fused hairs. These scales are often important to this species, when it feels threatened, they will roll itself into an impenetrable ball and the sharp scales are left exposed to the predator.

Diet and Nutrition

The Ground pangolins are carnivorous animals that only eat termites and ants and often times will also eat larvae and other soft-bodied insects.

Mating Life

Ground pangolins are described as polygynous animals which means when one male mates with multiple females but females can only mate with a single male. During the mating process, gestation may occur for 139 days until one young is born. The setting in which this occurs is an underground shelter until the babies reach 2 to 4 weeks then they are carried outside. The baby will stay with its mother until it reaches 3 months of birth. Pups are able to start the breeding process until they are 5-7 years old.


Etymology

British naturalist John Edward Gray named Smutsia for South African naturalist Johannes Smuts (1808–1869),[7][8] the first South African to write a treatise on mammals in 1832 (in which he described the species Manis temminckii).

Taxonomy

Phylogeny

Phylogenetic position of genus Smutsia within family Manidae[10][11][12][1]

 Pholidotamorpha 

†Palaeanodonta

 Pholidota 

†Euromanis

 ? 

†Pholidota sp. (BC 16’08)

†Eurotamanduidae

 Eupholidota 

†Eomanoidea

 Manoidea 

†Patriomanidae

 ? 

†Necromanis

 Manidae 

Maninae

 ? 

†Manidae sp. (DPC 3972 & DPC 4364)

 Smutsiinae 

Phatagininae

 Smutsiinae 
 Smutsia 

Smutsia gigantea

†Smutsia olteniensis

Smutsia temminckii

 sensu stricto 
  african clade 
 sensu lato 
 sensu stricto 
 (Pholidota sensu lato) 

See also

References
  1. Sean P. Heighton, Rémi Allio, Jérôme Murienne, Jordi Salmona, Hao Meng, Céline Scornavacca, Armanda D. S. Bastos, Flobert Njiokou, Darren W. Pietersen, Marie-Ka Tilak, Shu-Jin Luo, Frédéric Delsuc, Philippe Gaubert (2023.) "Pangolin genomes offer key insights and resources for the world’s most trafficked wild mammals"
  2. Gray, J. E. (1873). "Hand-list of the edentate, thick-skinned and ruminant mammals in the British Museum". London, Printed by order of the Trustees: 1–176. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. Gray, J. E. (1865). "Revision of the genera and species of entomophagous edentata, founded on the examination of the specimens in the British Museum". Proceedings of the Zoological Society: 359–386.
  4. Schlitter, D.A. (2005). "Order Pholidota". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 530–531. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  5. du Toit, Z.; du Plessis, M.; Dalton, D. L.; Jansen, R.; Paul Grobler, J.; Kotzé, A. (2017). "Mitochondrial genomes of African pangolins and insights into evolutionary patterns and phylogeny of the family Manidae". BMC Genomics. 18 (1): 746. doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4140-5. PMC 5609056. PMID 28934931.
  6. "Two-Million-Year-Old Pangolin Fossil Found in Romania | Sci.News". 12 January 2022.
  7. "S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science [Johannes Smuts]". Retrieved May 28, 2018.
  8. Palmer, T.S. (1904). "Index Generum Mammalium: a List of the Genera and Families of Mammals". North American Fauna. 23: 635. doi:10.3996/nafa.23.0001.
  9. Terhune, C. E.; Gaudin, T.; Curran, S.; Petculescu, A. (2021). "The youngest pangolin (Mammalia, Pholidota) from Europe". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (4): e1990075. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1990075. S2CID 245394367.
  10. Gaudin, Timothy (2009). "The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media. 16 (4): 235–305. doi:10.1007/s10914-009-9119-9. S2CID 1773698.
  11. Kondrashov, Peter; Agadjanian, Alexandre K. (2012). "A nearly complete skeleton of Ernanodon (Mammalia, Palaeanodonta) from Mongolia: morphofunctional analysis". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (5): 983–1001. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.694319. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86059673.
  12. Philippe Gaubert, Agostinho Antunes, Hao Meng, Lin Miao, Stéphane Peigné, Fabienne Justy, Flobert Njiokou, Sylvain Dufour, Emmanuel Danquah, Jayanthi Alahakoon, Erik Verheyen, William T Stanley, Stephen J O’Brien, Warren E Johnson, Shu-Jin Luo (2018) "The Complete Phylogeny of Pangolins: Scaling Up Resources for the Molecular Tracing of the Most Trafficked Mammals on Earth" Journal of Heredity, Volume 109, Issue 4, Pages 347–359

[1]

  1. "Smutsia temminckii Ground Pangolin (Temminck's Ground Pangolin, Cape Pangolin) : Fr. Pangolin terrestre du Cap; Ger. Steppenschuppentier", Mammals of Africa : Carnivores, Pangolins, Equids and Rhinoceroses, Bloomsbury Publishing, retrieved 2023-10-28
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