Tea Horse Road

The Tea Horse Road or Chamadao (simplified Chinese: 茶马道; traditional Chinese: 茶馬道), now generally referred to as the Ancient Tea Horse Road or Chamagudao (simplified Chinese: 茶马古道; traditional Chinese: 茶馬古道) was a network of caravan paths winding through the mountains of Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet in Southwest China.[1] This was also a tea trade route. It is also sometimes referred to as the Southern Silk Road or Southwest Silk Road.

Map of the Tea-Horse route

There are numerous surviving archaeological and monumental elements, including trails, bridges, way stations, market towns, palaces, staging posts, shrines and temples along the route.[2]

"Ancient Tea Horse Road" is a historical concept with a specific meaning. It refers to a major traffic road formed by the exchange of tea and horses between Han and Tibet from the Tang and Song Dynasties to the Republic of China.

Road classification

Shaanxi-Gansu Tea Horse Road (陕甘茶马古道)

Shaanxi-Gansu Tea Horse Road is the main road for tea in mainland China to travel west and exchange for horses. It is one of the main routes of the ancient Silk Road.[3]

Tanggu Road (蹚古道)

Beginning in the Han dynasty, it was formed by Shaanxi merchants and the ancient tea-horse market in the southwest frontier. Since the government of the Ming and Qing dynasties imposed government control on tea sales, tea sales were divided into regions, and the most prosperous tea and horse trading market was in Kangding.[3]

Yunnan-Tibet Tea Horse Road (滇藏茶马古道)

It was formed in the late sixth century AD. It started from Yiwu and Pu'er in Xishuangbanna, the main tea producing area of Yunnan, and entered Tibet through today's Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Lijiang City and Shangri-La, and went directly to Lhasa. Some were also re-exported from Tibet to India and Nepal, which was an important trade route between ancient China and South Asia.[3]

Sichuan-Tibet Tea Horse Road (川藏茶马古道)

The Ancient Sichuan-Tibet Tea-Horse Road is a part of the Shaanxi-Kangding-Tibet Tea-Horse Road. It starts from Ya'an, the tea producing area of Yazhou in the east, passes through Dajian Furnace (now Kangding), reaches Lhasa, Tibet in the west, and finally leads to Bhutan, Nepal and India. More than a thousand kilometres, it is an indispensable bridge and link between ancient Tibet and the mainland.[3]

History
Men laden with tea, Sichuan Province, China, 1908, Ernest Henry Wilson

Sichuan and Yunnan are believed to be the first tea-producing regions in the world. The first records of tea cultivation suggest that tea was cultivated on Sichuan's Mount Mengding (蒙顶山) between Chengdu and Ya'an earlier than 65 BC. Ya'an has been an important hub of tea trading till the 20th century.

From around a thousand years ago, the Tea Horse Road become a trade link from Yunnan to Tibet; and to Central China via Sichuan Province.[3][4][5][6][7] It is believed that it was through this trading network that tea (typically tea bricks) first spread across China and Asia from its origins in Pu'er county in Yunnan.[8][9] The route earned the name because of the common trade of Tibetan ponies for Chinese tea, a practice dating back at least to the Song dynasty, when the sturdy horses were important for China to fight warring nomads in the north.[10]

Both people and horses carried heavy loads. Tea porters sometimes carried over 60–90 kg (132-198 lb.), which was often more than their own body weight in tea.[11][12][13] Porters were equipped with metal-tipped staffs, both for balance while walking and to help support the load while they rested, so they didn't need to lay the bales down (as illustrated in the photo).

In addition to tea, the mule caravans carried salt and silk products from Chengdu, notably Shujin (蜀锦)..

Historic Site

The Ancient Tea Horse Road is a complex network of roads, of which some of the ancient tea horse roads and related historical sites in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces were listed as the seventh batch of China National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units[14] on 5 March 2013. There are numerous cultural heritage sites listed as National Key Cultural Heritage Protection Units, including ancient road sites, post stations, shops, pagodas, bridges and piers, as well as related guild buildings, religious buildings, mining and metallurgical sites and kiln sites, cliff carvings and inscriptions in the ancient tea horse road network.

In Sichuan

The Ancient Tea Horse Road in Sichuan.[15]

NameLocationpositioningDescriptionPictureSignpost
In Chengdu
Pingle Longshan ancient roadPingle Town, Qionglai City30°20′12″N 103°20′10″ELocated on the south side of Pingle Ancient Town, within the South Silk Road Ruins Scenic Area
Shuanmaling Ancient Road, LinjeLinji Town, Qionglai City
Tiantai Mountain eart stream, Zijing Village ancient roadTiantaishan Town, Qionglai City30°13′24″N 103°9′1″E
Jiaguan Gongdian Ancient RoadJiaguan Town, Qionglai City30°15′19″N 103°13′34″E
Site of ancient fire (salt) well of oil pressHuojing Town, Qionglai City30°22′54″N 103°13′28″E
Lining waist rock tea horse ancient road Chaoyanghu Town, Pujiang County30°9′17.9″N 103°24′14.4″EThe old stone pathway from the old pine tree on the top of the lined waist rock to the ancient pathway on the shore of Changtan Lake is 470 metres long.
Songmau Ancient Road (Lung Chi Section) Longchi Town, Dujiangyan City 31°3′46″N 103°32′4″E
In Zigong
Lok Shan SquareZiliujing District
Huicaikou ancient salt RoadZiliujing District
Mugye Beach PierGongjin district29°21′17″N 104°40′53″EIt consists of two piers, the upper and the lower, and the boat trough was dug in the 35th year of the Kangxi era (1696) and the Pingkang Weir Gate was built in the 30th year of the Guangxu era (1904).
Gong Jing Old Street salt RoadGongjin district
Salt Wharf in Xian TownYantan district
In Luzhou
Guangming Ancient RoadFuji Town, Lu county29°07′23″N 105°24′29″ELocated in Guangming Village, Fuzi Town, Lu County, it runs southeast–northwest, with an existing length of 1091m and a width of 1.7m~2.9m.[16]
Pauline Street Post RoadLongmatan districtIt is 810 meters in length.
Shawan Post RoadJiangyang district
Fengming Post RoadHejiang County28°42′48″N 105°52′50″E
Bailu Post RoadHejiang County
Xiantan ancient post RoadHejiang County
Dashichuanqian post roadXuyong county
Monkey Ridge Chuanqian post roadXuyong county
Guandou Village Chuanqian post roadXuyong county
Chishui River tea horse post RoadXuyong county
Erlang Post RoadGulin county
In Ya'an
Guanyin TowerYucheng district29°59′26.4″N 102°59′25.5″E
Jingju nunnery stone archwayMingshan district30°4′33.5″N 103°3′13.9″E
Yu PalaceMingshan district30°4′40.6″N 103°2′52.7″E
Ganlu Ling Quan courtyard stone archwayMingshan district30°4′55.7″N 103°2′46.5″E
Imperial Tea GardenMingshan district30°4′59.8″N 103°2′45.8″E
Tianti ancient pathMingshan district30°4′43.3″N 103°2′51.7″E
Ganxipo Tea horse ancient Road post siteTianquan county30°05′25.6″N 102°41′44.3″E
Bian tea official warehouseTianquan county30°01′14.8″N 102°49′47.9″E
Feixian Pass and South Boundary ArchwayLushan county30°01′35.4″N 102°53′46.1″E
Saddle waist cliff inscriptionLushan county
Rebuild the road monument of Daxiangling BridgeXingjing County
The site of Gongxing Tea from the Qing dynastyXingjing County29°47′39.4″N 102°50′28.8″EAlso known as the ginger family compound
Qingxi Pass Site of Tang dynastyHanyuan county
Ruins of Qingxi ancient city in the Qing dynastyQingxi town, Hanyuan County
Ruins of the 24 Daoguai Ancient RoadHanyuan county
Yangquanmen Ancient Road siteQingxi town, Hanyuan County29°36′5″N 102°37′48″E
In Aba
Baizhangfang ancient plank roadGanbao Township, Li CountyIt is found on the north bank of the Zaguzhi River near the Baodian Temple in Zaguzhi Township, Gambao Township, Li County
Stone carvings of Sui and Tang Dynasties in Putou MountainPutou Township, Li County
Kegu Plank RoadKegu Township, Wenchuan County31°30′9.1″N 103°34′17.1″ELocated on the north bank of the Miscellaneous Valley Brain River in Keku Township, Wenchuan County, the surviving site is 158 metres long and 0.4–2 metres wide, including two Qing dynasty inscriptions.克枯栈道
Poyong ancient RoadMaerkang City
In Ganzi
Hualinping Tea Horse Ancient RoadXinglong Town, Luding County29°42′55.9″N 102°18′14.6″E
Fo'er Cliff tea Horse ancient RoadLengqian Town,Luding county29°46′28.2″N 102°13′40.1″E
Yingge Mouth Tea Horse Ancient RoadBatang County29°59′11″N 99°7′30″E
In Liangshan
Ganluo Qingxi Gorge ancient roadPingba Township, Ganluo County29°08′07.0″N 102°34′37.5″E
Dingshan Bridge and Lingguan Inscriptions in YuexiDingshan Township, Yuexi County28°35′49.0″N 102°29′48.8″E
Dengxiangying Ancient PostXide County28°27′59.0″N 102°20′38.1″E
Xide Mianshan Camp siteXiande County Mianshan Town28°22′31.8″N 102°19′40.5″E
Yalong River in Mianning, including Mianning County
SongpingguanHuili County

In Yunnan

There are 86 cultural heritage sites on the ancient tea horse route in Yunnan province, located in 21 counties and cities[17]。

Name Location Positioning Description Picture
In Xiangyun County
Yunnanyi Ancient Road Yunnanyi Town, Xiangyun County 25°25′29″N 100°41′26″E
Xiaoshao to Huangcaoshao Ancient Road Midian Town, Xiangyun County
Baisha Slope to Yongan Bridge ancient road Midian Town, Xiangyun County
Tiger Pass to Puchang River section of the ancient post road Midian Town, Xiangyun County
Xincun to Binchuan south boundary monument section of ancient post road Xiangyun Town, Xiangyun County
Zhenyang Gate Gulou East Street, Xiangcheng Town, Xiangyun County 25°28′45″N 100°33′34″E
Yangbi section[18]
Dahe River street section Dahejiang Village, Pingpo Village Committee, Pingpo town, Yangbi Total length 240 meters
Liziyuan to the dam field section Liziyuan Village, Pingpo Village Committee, Pingpo town, Yangbi The total length is about 550 meters, including the original site of Voucher Bridge
Jinniu Village mud pass section Jiexin Village of Jinniu Village Committee, Cangshan West Town, Yangbi Total length 100 meters
County Bonan section Jie Village in Cangshan Xicheng town, Yangbi County Total length 900 meters
Shuangmo Lane, Xiajie Village Xiajie Village, Cangshan West Town, Yangbi County Total length 400 meters
Yongpin section
Jiaogou Mount section Yongpin County
Wanma Guichao Section Bonan Town, Yongping County Total length 140 meters
Iron Works to Little Flower Bridge Yongpin County Total length 1600 meters
Dahuajiao Section Yongpin County
Bonan Mount Section Yongpin County
Shanyang Old Street Section Yongpin County
Midu Section Yonghe Village, Mizhi Town, Midu County 25°10′03″N 100°31′21″E
Heqing Xiangmian Mountain section Heqing County Songgui town, Jindun Township
Jianchuan section Shaxi Town, Jianchuan County 26°19′12″N 99°51′03″E
Simao Section
Site of Caiyang River section Yutang Village Committee, Yixiang Town, Simao District, Pu 'er City (Caiyang River Nature Reserve)[19]
Site of Jiejipo section Simao District, Pu 'er City
宁洱段[20]
Site of Cha 'an Tang Cha Ma Ancient Road In Ninger County, it starts at Minzhu Village, Ninger Town and ends at Old Fat Tian Group, Xingguang Village, Mohei Town 23°09′37″N 101°08′11″E 27 kilometres in length, 7 kilometres better preserved
The ancient site of the Korie Tea Horse Road Ninger County, starts from Nakoli Village, Tongxin Township, and ends at the foot of Sanjia village, Nanping Town, Simao District 22°54′48″N 101°02′18″E 4.38 km in length
Site of Peacock Screen Tea Horse Ancient Road Ninger County, starting from the Peacock Screen group in Starlight Village, Mohei Town, and ending in Bian village, Mohei Town 23°12′21.4″N 101°09′55.6″E Approximately 27 km in length, 12 km better preserved
Yulong County
Seventy-two lines Yulong County Taian Township, Longpan Township
Shangri-la City[21]
Twenty-four turn sections Tiger Leaping Gorge, Shangri-La, starts at Yunuo Village of Yongsheng Village Committee and ends at Yongkuk Village of Sanba Village of Jiangbian Village Committee 38 km in length
Twelve rail section Tiger Leaping Gorge Township, Shangri-La City, starting at Huajiao Slope, Hongqi Village Committee and ending at a village, Hongqi Village Committee 8 km in length
Twelve rail section Jinma Village, Yanhe Village, Guji Village, Rhinoceros Village, Lushi Town, Fengqing County
Gongshan Wengli section[22] East bank of Nujiang River, Wuli Village, Zhongluo Town, Gongshan County 1182m in length
Lamping Section Lamping County Also known as "old me well section"[23]
Longyang District, Baoshan City[24]
Shui Shi Kan Terraced Cloud Road Shuizhai Village, Pingpo Village, Shuizhai Township, Longyang District, Baoshan City
Shuizhaipu ancient street and horse shop Laojie, Shuizhai Village, Shuizhai Township, Longyang District, Baoshan City
Guanpo ancient Road flagstone road Beiniujiao Pass, Guanpo Village, Guanpo Village Committee, Banqiao Town, Longyang District, Baoshan City
Shek Ma Shan to Wu Tau Tong Ancient Road 3 km west of Qinggangba Village, Hanzhuang Town, Longyang District, Baoshan City
The Old Stone Path of the Seventy-Six Roads in Lingshui Turnip Shuijing Pass, Shuijing Village Committee, Pupiao Town, Longyang District, Baoshan City
The stone path of the ancient road in the Pan Serpent Valley Pansnake Valley, 1 km west of Dapangqing Village, Ma Street Village Committee, Puxiang Town, Longyang District, Baoshan City
Huiren Bridge Site 2 km west of Daojie Village, Daojie Village Committee, Luyang District, Baoshan City, on the Nujiang River
Gaoligong Mountain Beizhai public house Dongpo ancient road East slope of Gaoligongshan Beizai Gongfang, Mangkuan Township, Longyang District, Baoshan City
Gaoligong Mountain Nanzhai public house Dongpo ancient road Gao Li Gong Shan Nan Zhai Public House, Bai Hua Lin Village, Mang Kuan Township, Longyang District, Baoshan City
Ancient Eastern Slope Trail at Dafengkou, Gaoligong Mountain Gaoligong Mountain Fengkou Pass, 25 kilometers west of Xiangshu Village, Hemu Village Committee, Lujiang Town, Longyang District, Baoshan City
Gaoligong Mountain Chengmendong Dongpo ancient road Longyang District, Baoshan City Lujiang Town Ba Wan Village Committee Pumanshao Village 4 km west of the high east side of the Li Gong Mountain watershed highland
A bowl of water on the old stone path on the Western slope Longyang District Banqiao Town, Baoshan City
Mang-wide double rainbow cable bridge 2 km east of Scalding Xi Village, Mangkuan Township, Longyang District, Baoshan City on the Nu River
Tengchong section[25]
Beizhai public House west slope ancient road flagstone road Jietou town,Tengchong City 25°32′39.1″N 98°45′33.4″E
Chengmen Cave west slope ancient stone road Mangba Town, Tengchong City 24°56′00.8″N 98°44′41.5″E
Terracotta paved ancient flagstone road Mangba Town, Tengchong City 24°59′36.1″N 98°36′40.3″E
Fengfengkou west slope ancient road SLATE road Mangba Town, Tengchong City 24°58′07.9″N 98°45′13.7″E
Big break field slope ancient trough valley road Zhonghe Town, Tengchong City 25°01′24.1″N 98°14′10.9″E
Olive Slope ancient road flagstone road Mangba Town, Tengchong City 24°58′35.3″N 98°39′38.5″E
Nanzhai public House west slope ancient road flagstone road Qushi Town, Tengchong City 25°17′26.7″N 98°44′00.2″E
Huangzhuyuan paved ancient road flagstone road Mangba Town, Tengchong City 24°58′07.8″N 98°45′13.7″E
Yubi Slope ancient stone Road Tengchong Street,Tengchong City 25°00′30.5″N 98°33′28.5″E
Victory blockhouse Houqiao Town, Tengchong City 25°20′31.4″N 98°11′12.0″E
Longchuan County[26]
Shanmu Longshan north slope ancient road Longchuan County Huiguo Township Shanmulong Village 24°32′15″N 98°05′41″E 5 km in length, 3.2 km extant
Fir cage Shanxi slope ancient road Longchuan County Huiguo Township Shanmulong Village
Lianghe County
Maofu Ancient Road flagstone Road Maofu Ha Zhai, Maofu Village, Jiubao Township, Lianghe County 24°47′43″N 98°11′56″E
Deqin County
A Dunzi section Deqin County
Meili section Deqin County
Lijiang Ancient City District
Qiu Tang Guan Tea horse ancient road section Gucheng District, Lijiang City
Shuhe Tea horse ancient road section Gucheng District, Lijiang City
Horseshoe print stone path Gucheng District, Lijiang City
Yuan County, Puer Town
The Ruins of Guang'en Bridge Minjiang Village, Enle Town, Zhenyuan County
Stone carving of the Passing Gate at Xiaoshuijing Liangzi Yuan County
The ancient tea and horse route in the Wailing Mountains Yuan County

In Guizhou
NameLocationlocationDescriptionpicture
Guiyang Section[27]
Changpolin Old RoadBaiyun districtLocated in the Changpo Ling Forest Park, the masonry is about 3 km long and was built in the Ming dynasty.
Centipede Slope ancient Road, including Centipede Bridge Saparing town, Xiuwen CountyThe post road is now about 5 km long; the Centipede Bridge is a three-hole arch bridge, 41m long and 5m wide, spanning the Cat Cave River.
Old Black Mud Post RoadQingzhen City black mud sentinel villageBuilt during the Hongwu period of the Ming dynasty, it is now 5 km long and built of green stone.
Black Mud WharfQingzhen City black mud sentinel villageBuilt in the 16th year of the Daoguang era of the Qing dynasty (1836).
Qing Yan Ancient RoadHuaxi District Qingyan TownBuilt during the Wanli period of the Ming dynasty, it is now 8 km long.
Bijie Section[28]
Qixingguan Ancient Post RoadYangjiawan Township, Qixingguan DistrictThe surviving ancient post road is 2 km long and 1-2m wide.
Seven Star Pass CliffsYangjiawan Township, Qixingguan District
Bijie Shaanxi Association HouseChengguan Town, Qixingguan DistrictAlso known as the "Spring and Autumn Ancestral Hall", it is located at No. 41, South China Road, Chengguan Town. It was first built during the Qianlong period, sitting west to east, and consists of a street shop, a theatre building, a large hall, a bell tower, a drum tower and a north and south wing.
Sibao Old RoadWeining County[29] Yan chang townLocated in the southern part of the village of Sibao in the town of Yancang, it was built in the Ming dynasty during the Hongwu period and survives for about 10 km.
Ying Hong Ancient RoadJinduo Township, Weining CountyLocated in Ying Hong Village, Jindou Township, the masonry is about 3 km long, with the existing section from Guanyin Yan to the old town street along the Kedu River.
Six Hole Bridge Long BeachCaohai Town, Weining CountyIt was built in the Qing dynasty during the Xianfeng period and repaired during the Tongzhi period. North-west-south-east, 345m long, of which 328m is the length of the embankment and 3m wide. The dike and the bridge are united, the bridge spans the Dazhong River and is a three-hole stone arch bridge, 17m long and 4.5m wide, with a net span of 3.6m and a height of 2.2m; the dike and the bridge are built of material stone, and willows are planted all over the dike.
Kedu BridgeJinduo Township, Weining County
Kam Tong Ancient RoadHuangniatang Township, Dafang CountyThe existing 2 km long, built in the Ming dynasty, is paved with stone.
Goya Old RoadShuangshan Township and Zhuyuan Township, Dafang CountyBuilt in the 17th year of the reign of Hongwu (1384), it is now about 5 km long.
Guli Old RoadGuli Township, Qianxi CountyBuilt in the 17th year of the reign of Hongwu (1384), it is now about 2 km long.
Parrot's Beak Old RoadShuitang Township, Hezhang CountyLocated in the village of Shuitang in the township of Shuitang, it was built in the Ming dynasty during the Hongwu period and is about 3–4 km long.
Yishenglong Trading CompanyDrumfield Street, Jinsha CountyAlso known as "Rome Street Salt House", it is located at 133 Rome Road, Chengguan Town, and was built in the Qing dynasty. The building is laid out in the "Dragon Gate" style, consisting of a stable, a main room, a north and south wing, a salt storehouse, and a fire-fighting wall.
Ancient Road of the Yutang RiverJinsha County
Yidu Rock CarvingQingchi Township, Jinsha County
Qing Chi Jiangxi Association HouseQingchi Township, Jinsha County
Luo Qi's Mei's Festival of Filial PietyJinsha CountyBuilt in the fifth year of the Daoguang era (1825), it is approximately 9 metres high.
Anshun section
Jigongbei Old Post StationGuanglin County
Guangsoling Ancient Post Road, including the ruins of the Ba Ling Bridge Guanglin County
Goshulou SekidaiGuanglin County
Beikou Ancient Post RoadGuanglin County
Anlong Ancient Post RoadGuanglin County
Panjiang Bridge Stone Carving GroupGuanling County, Anshun City and Qinglong County, Qianxinan Prefecture
Liupanshui Section
The ancient road from Daitieguan to Canziyao (Liuzhi section)Liuzhi District
Old Soft Bridge Post Road with Welcome Bridge Panzhou City
Xiaojiezi Ancient RoadPanzhou City
Huopu Ancient RoadPanzhou City
Chating Ancient RoadPanzhou City
Mothballed Old RoadPanzhou CityAlso known as the Golden Land Ancient Road.
Plumtree Old RoadPanzhou CityAlso known as the Great Water Well Ancient Road.
Pingguan to Shengjingguan Ancient RoadPanzhou City
Shaoshang Ancient RoadPanzhou CityAlso known as the Two Rivers Water Gully Ancient Road.
Shiguan Old RoadPanzhou City
Qianxinan section
Panjiang Bridge Stone Carving GroupQinglong County, Qianxinan Prefecture, Guanling County, Anshun City
Pan River Bridge Old RoadQinglong County
The Ancient Road of HalfpondQinglong County
Angul PahangAngu Township, Qinglong CountyBuilt in 1826, it is a brick and porcelain structure with four columns and three single doors.[30]
Pinehill TemplePu'an County[31]
Daitieguan to Canziyao Ancient Road (Pu'an section)Pu'an County
Ma Ling Old Road (with wooden bridge)Yilong New District

Historical value

The ruins of Guangen Bridge

The site of Guangen Bridge is located in Minjiang Village, Zhen Yuan County and Enle Old Street river bank, built in the early Qing dynasty, the bridge is 188 meters long, with stone piers and wooden frames, and more than 50 tiled houses on both sides. Qing Yongzheng five years (1727) flooding washed away, the Qing dynasty Yongzheng eight years (1730) and the Qing dynasty Daoguang three years (1823), the county Tan on the restoration of the wide grace bridge.

Qing dynasty Daoguang six years (1826), the county Zhang Zhao additional repaired the Guangen Bridge. Qing dynasty Tongzhi's first year (1862), this bridge was burned again.

In the middle of the Republic of China, repaired into a stone pier wooden surface bridge. Early liberation of China, the bridge was washed away by the river, now only four stone piers, the rest were covered by the river bank sediment, stone pier part in 1973 to build the Enable Bridge with stone was demolished. Now the west bank pier is 4.2 meters high, 12.6 meters wide, and 9.7 meters long, complete preservation.[14]

Bunakuo

"Bunakuo" is the translation of the Naxi language, Chinese means "artemisia plain", because of the wild artemisia growing everywhere and the name, as known as "Guangle village". The administrative area belongs to Jinan Town of Gucheng District, which was the largest market town on the eastern route of the ancient tea horse road in ancient times, and is rich in cultural relics, natural landscapes, ethnic culture and other tourism resources. The natural scenery of Leidashan Mountain, the culture of Guzong created by the Tibetan descendants of the Guzong people who migrated from Yanjing in Tibet, and the local Naxi Dongba culture are intertwined here.[32]

Safeguard procedures

On March 5, 2013, the Tea Horse Ancient Road was announced by The State Council of the People's Republic of China as the seventh batch of national key cultural relic protection units.[14]

Future

In the 21st century, the legacy of the Tea-Horse Road has been used to promote a railway that will connect Chengdu to Lhasa. This planned railroad, part of the PRC's 13th 5-Year Plan, is called the Sichuan-Tibet railway (川藏铁路); it will connect cities across the route including Kangding. Authorities claim it will bring great benefit to the people's welfare.[33]

  • Feixiange Grottoes (689 AD), Buddhist art on the route from Chengdu to Ya'an.
    Feixiange Grottoes (689 AD), Buddhist art on the route from Chengdu to Ya'an.
  • The Royal Tea Garden, named by Emperor Xiaozong of Song (1186 AD) on Mount Mengding. Mount Mengding is the place where tea was first cultivated with written records (65 BC).
    The Royal Tea Garden, named by Emperor Xiaozong of Song (1186 AD) on Mount Mengding. Mount Mengding is the place where tea was first cultivated with written records (65 BC).
  • The surviving ancient route in Pujiang between Chengdu and Ya'an.
    The surviving ancient route in Pujiang between Chengdu and Ya'an.
  • The historical site of Ganxipo Posthouse on the route in Tianquan, Sichuan.
    The historical site of Ganxipo Posthouse on the route in Tianquan, Sichuan.
  • The official tea warehouse of Tea Horse Bureau (Qing dynasty) on the route in Tianquan, Sichuan.
    The official tea warehouse of Tea Horse Bureau (Qing dynasty) on the route in Tianquan, Sichuan.
  • The stone pagoda of Shita Temple (1169 AD) on the route from Chengdu to Ya'an.
    The stone pagoda of Shita Temple (1169 AD) on the route from Chengdu to Ya'an.
  • Markham County in the very east of Tibet. In this region, near upper Mekong, there was the junction of the Sichuan and Yunnan branches of the route.
    Markham County in the very east of Tibet. In this region, near upper Mekong, there was the junction of the Sichuan and Yunnan branches of the route.
  • Mekong valley near Chamdo, where the river is crossed by the Tea-Horse-Route
    Mekong valley near Chamdo, where the river is crossed by the Tea-Horse-Route

See also

References
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  2. Williams, Tim, Lin, Roland Chih-Hung and Gai, Jorayev. Final Technical Report on the results of the UNESCO/Korean Funds-in-Trust Project: Support for the Preparation for the World Heritage Serial Nomination of the Silk Roads in South Asia, 2013–2016.
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  4. "Tea-Horse Route". Chinatrekking.com. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
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  9. Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, 'Pu'er Tea Traditions' in: China's Ancient Tea Horse Road. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2011.
  10. Jenkins, Mark (May 2010). "The Tea Horse Road". National Geographic.
  11. "Between Winds and Clouds: Chapter 2". Gutenberg-e.org. 2007-12-04. Retrieved 2014-08-22.
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