Yuanyang County, Yunnan

Yuanyang County (simplified Chinese: 元阳县; traditional Chinese: 元陽縣; pinyin: Yuányáng Xiàn; Hani: Yeiqyaq) is located in Honghe Prefecture in southeastern Yunnan province, China, along the Red River. It is well known for its spectacular rice-paddy terracing.[1][2] In 2013, part of the county formed the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces World Heritage Site, the 45th World Heritage Site in China.

Yuanyang County
元阳县
Sunrise over Duoyishu
Sunrise over Duoyishu
Yuanyang is located in Yunnan
Yuanyang
Yuanyang
Location of the seat in Yunnan
Coordinates (Yuanyang County government): 23°13′12″N 102°50′07″E
CountryPeople's Republic of China
ProvinceYunnan
Autonomous prefectureHonghe
Area
  Total2,292 km2 (885 sq mi)
Population
  Total370,000
  Density160/km2 (420/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (CST)
Postal code
662400
Area code0873
Websitewww.hhyy.gov.cn
Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Terraced rice fields in Yuanyang County
CriteriaCultural: (iii)(v)
Reference1111
Inscription2013 (37th Session)
Area16,603.22 ha (64.1054 sq mi)
Buffer zone29,501.01 ha (113.9040 sq mi)
Coordinates23°5′35.8″N 102°46′47.93″E

Overview

It covers an area of 2,200 km2 (850 sq mi) and has a population of approximately 365,000 (2002), of which 88% belong to ethnic minorities and 95% is associated with agriculture. The majority of the inhabitants of the county are from the Hani ethnic group. The GDP of Yuanyang county in 2021 was 9,312 million Yuan.[3] The administrative seat of the county is the town of Nansha (a.k.a. New Yuanyang) down in the Red River valley at an elevation of 240 meters. It is situated 12 km (7.5 mi) towards the north-east of the former administrative seat Xinjie (a.k.a. Old Yuanyang or just Yuanyang) to which it is connected by a 27 km (17 mi) long twisting mountain road. To the south of Old Yuanyang, the town of Panzhihua is positioned near the top of another major valley of rice-terraces. There are a total of 928 settlements in Yuanyang county, 826 of them being inhabited by only one single ethnic group.[4]

The town of Old Yuanyang is a Hani minority settlement atop a ridge of the Ailao mountain range at an elevation of around 1570 metres. It is a popular destination with photographers due to the vast areas of nearby mountains which have been cultivated into terraced rice paddies for at least the past 1300 years by the Hani people. Despite the overwhelming scenic beauty of its landscape and colourful local minorities, mass tourism has not developed in this region, mainly due to its remote location, lack of a nearby airport, and until fairly recent, relative inaccessibility due to bad road conditions.

The terraced areas of interest to visitors are mainly found between 1000 and 2000 metres above sea level. The winter temperatures here, although never freezing, are such that they only support one rice crop a year. After the harvest, from mid-September till mid-November depending on the elevation, the terraces are filled with water until April, when planting begins.

The vast majority of the ethnic minority women in Yuanyang county still wear traditional clothes as their daily attire. The main ethnic group is the Hani who share the region with several other minorities such as the Yi and Miao. Market days in the villages tend to be very colourful when the different minority groups in the vicinity, each in their own traditional costume, come together to trade and socialise.

Administrative divisions

Yuanyang County currently has 3 towns and 11 townships.[5]

3 towns
  • Nansha (南沙镇)
  • Xinjie (新街镇)
  • Niujiaozhai (牛角寨镇)
11 townships
  • Shalatuo (沙拉托乡)
  • Ganiang (嘎娘乡)
  • Shangxin Cheng (上新城乡)
  • Xiaoxinjie (小新街乡)
  • Fengchunling (逢春岭乡)
  • Daping (大坪乡)
  • Panzhihua (攀枝花乡)
  • Huangmaoling (黄茅岭乡)
  • Huangcaoling (黄草岭乡)
  • Ezha (俄扎乡)
  • Majie (马街乡)

Geography

Yuanyang county lies at an altitude ranging from 140 along the Red River up to nearly 3000 metres above sea level in the Ailao mountains[4] and is situated about 50 km (31 mi) north of the border with Vietnam.

The climate of Yuanyang county is mainly central sub-tropical monsoon with wet summers and dry winters. Average temperatures range from 26 Celsius down in the Red river valley to 4 Celsius in the upper reaches of the mountains.

The closest large towns to the west of Yuanyang county are Shiping and Yuanjiang. Gejiu is the major town to the north-east and also the capital of Honghe prefecture. 70 km (43 mi) directly to the north of Yuanyang lies Jianshui, a small city with interesting monuments. A few hours to the south-east of Yuanyang is Luchun, another major Hani minority settlement turned modern city.

Due to recent highway construction, Old Yuanyang can now be reached in about seven hours by direct bus from Yunnan's capital Kunming, situated 300 km (190 mi) to the north of the county, a trip which only a few years ago, would take 10 hours or more. Buses also connect Yuanyang with the town of Hekou and the border crossing with Vietnam (6 hours).

Climate

Climate data for Yuanyang (1997–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.0
(95.0)
37.8
(100.0)
41.3
(106.3)
42.7
(108.9)
43.2
(109.8)
40.5
(104.9)
42.0
(107.6)
40.9
(105.6)
42.2
(108.0)
38.3
(100.9)
37.0
(98.6)
35.6
(96.1)
43.2
(109.8)
Average high °C (°F) 23.1
(73.6)
26.2
(79.2)
29.5
(85.1)
33.3
(91.9)
34.8
(94.6)
35.2
(95.4)
34.3
(93.7)
34.5
(94.1)
33.7
(92.7)
30.9
(87.6)
28.2
(82.8)
24.0
(75.2)
30.6
(87.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 17.4
(63.3)
19.7
(67.5)
23.1
(73.6)
26.4
(79.5)
28.4
(83.1)
29.4
(84.9)
28.7
(83.7)
28.4
(83.1)
27.4
(81.3)
25.1
(77.2)
21.5
(70.7)
18.1
(64.6)
24.5
(76.0)
Average low °C (°F) 13.8
(56.8)
15.5
(59.9)
18.6
(65.5)
21.6
(70.9)
23.7
(74.7)
25.5
(77.9)
25.2
(77.4)
24.7
(76.5)
23.5
(74.3)
21.5
(70.7)
17.4
(63.3)
14.3
(57.7)
20.4
(68.8)
Record low °C (°F) 4.5
(40.1)
7.0
(44.6)
8.3
(46.9)
14.3
(57.7)
15.8
(60.4)
20.1
(68.2)
22.0
(71.6)
20.1
(68.2)
16.0
(60.8)
12.7
(54.9)
8.6
(47.5)
3.7
(38.7)
3.7
(38.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 34.5
(1.36)
15.8
(0.62)
33.0
(1.30)
80.1
(3.15)
106.7
(4.20)
133.2
(5.24)
142.6
(5.61)
115.1
(4.53)
62.8
(2.47)
64.6
(2.54)
37.5
(1.48)
23.0
(0.91)
848.9
(33.41)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 4.8 3.4 5.9 10.7 14.1 15.3 18.5 16.4 10.3 9.0 5.2 3.9 117.5
Average relative humidity (%) 70 65 63 64 67 72 77 77 74 74 73 71 71
Mean monthly sunshine hours 132.9 154.6 171.5 187.0 194.3 147.7 129.1 146.6 146.1 132.2 158.8 130.4 1,831.2
Percent possible sunshine 39 48 46 49 47 37 31 37 40 37 48 39 42
Source: China Meteorological Administration[6][7]

Ethnic groups

Vertical distribution of the various ethnic minority groups
The Hani and Yi, the creators of the monumental rice terraced mountains which have made Yuanyang famous, are the original inhabitants of these regions. Both their languages belong to the Tibeto-Burman group. Their villages can mainly be found between 1300 and 1600 metres above sea level.

The Dai moved here 700 years ago, and the Zhuang 400 years ago. Both their languages belong to the Tai–Kadai language group. Their villages are situated in the warmer areas below 700 metres elevation, near and along the rivers. Their main crop is rice grown in paddy fields.

The Miao and Yao (of the Hmong–Mien language group) are fairly recent arrivals to the region, only settling here 200 and 270 years ago. Their villages are in the cooler and drier upland areas, between 1600 and 1800 metres above sea level, where they grow maize.[4]

The Yuanyang County Gazetteer (1990:625, 633) lists the following ethnic groups and subgroups.

Hani ethnic subgroups are located in the following townships of Yuanyang County.[8]

  • Gouhouzhi 苟厚支: in Zhongjiaozhai 中角寨, Shalatuo 沙拉托, Ezha 俄扎, Majie 马街, Huangcaoling 黄草岭; Malizhai 麻栗寨; Guangpingzhai in Tuanjie Township 团结乡广平寨
  • Alou 阿楼: in Duoyishu 多衣树, Xinjie 新街
  • Loubi 楼比 and Loumei 楼美: in Ganiang 嘎娘, Xincheng 新城, Xinjie 新街, Fengshuling 逢树岭, Daping 大坪
  • Asu 阿苏: in Zha'e 扎俄, Huangcaoling 黄草岭, Huangmaoling 黄茅岭
  • Duoni 多尼: in Niujiaozhai 牛角寨; Zha'e 扎俄

Transportation

There is no train or plane available in Yuanyang. Taking a long-distance bus is the best way to get to Yuanyang. Normally there are three buses travelling from Kunming to Yuanyang every day. The buses depart from Kunming South Bus Station and arrive at Yuanyang Bus Station which take about 6 hours. There are also buses travelling to Yuanyang from Gejiu, Mengzi, Jianshui. For tourists who would like to transfer from Jianshui, they could take a train from Kunming to Jianshu and then take a long-distance bus from Jianshui to Yuanyang.[9]

See also

Notes

  1. Shimpei, Adachi (2007) "Agricultural Technologies of Terraced Rice Cultivation in the Ailao Mountains, Yunnan, China" Asian and African Area Studies 6(2): pp. 173-196 Archived 2012-09-05 at the Wayback Machine, a field survey conducted in Shalatuo Township of Yuanyang County (p. 176), accessed 22 January 2009
  2. Zhang Xiwen (2006) "Tourism - Yuanyang's Aesthetic and Bountiful Hani Terraces" China Today 55(2): pp. 64-68
  3. "GDP: Yunnan: Honghe: Yuanyang". Retrieved 2023-08-27.
  4. "Study on Ecological Relationships among Different Ethnic Groups in Yuanyang County, Yunnan Province, Southwest China" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-08-27.
  5. "国家统计局" (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
  6. 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  7. 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  8. 云南省编辑委员会 [Yunnan Editing Committee], ed. (2009). 元阳县哈尼族情况琐记. 哈尼族社会历史调查 [Hani Social and Historical Survey]. Publishing House of Minority Nationalities. p. 8083. ISBN 9787105087754.
  9. "Yuanyang Travel" ChinaTour.net Accessed 2014-4-14

Further reading

  • 云南省元阳县志编纂委员会编纂 [Compilation Committee of Yuanyang County, Yunnan], ed. (1990). 元阳县志 [Yuanyang County Annals]. Guiyang: 贵州民族出版社 [Guizhou Nationalities Press]. ISBN 7-5412-0059-X.; a history of Yuanyang County in Chinese
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