Spurn

Spurn Point Lighthouse in the distance

Spurn Head was known to classical authors, such as Ptolemy as Ocelum Promontorium (Ancient Greek: Ὀκέλον ἄκρον).[4][5] In the Middle Ages, Spurn Head was home to the port of Ravenspurn (a.k.a. Ravenspur or Ravensburgh), where Henry of Bolingbroke landed in 1399 on his return to dethrone Richard II. It was also where Sir Martin de la See led the local resistance against Edward IV's landing on 14 March 1471, as he was returning from his six months' exile in the Netherlands.[6] An earlier village, closer to the point of Spurn Head, was Ravenser Odd. Along with many other villages on the Holderness coast, Ravenspurn and Ravenser Odd were lost to the encroachments of the sea, as Spurn Head, due to erosion and deposition of its sand, migrated westward.[7]

Settlement on Spurn Head in 2009

The lifeboat station at Spurn Head was built in 1810. Owing to the remote location, houses for the lifeboat crew and their families were added a few years later. By the 1870s a room in the high lighthouse was being used as a chapel for the small residential community on Spurn Head, serving 'the keepers, coast-guardsmen and fishermen who live at the Point'.[8]

Lighthouse at Spurn Point

During the First World War two coastal artillery 9.2-inch (230 mm) batteries were added at either end of Spurn Head, with 4-and-4.7-inch (100 and 120 mm) quick-firing guns in between. The emplacements can be clearly seen, and the northern ones are particularly interesting as coastal erosion has partly toppled them onto the beach, revealing the size of the concrete foundations very well.

As well as a road, the peninsula also used to have a railway, parts of which can still be seen. Unusual 'sail bogies' were used as well as more conventional light railway equipment.[9]

Following a tidal surge in December 2013 the roadway became unsafe, and access to Spurn Point is on foot only, with a warning not to attempt this when exceptionally high tides are due.[10][11] Spurn has now become a tidal island, as the narrowest part of the sandbank connection to the mainland is flooded with each high tide.[12]

Plans to build a new visitor centre for the reserve were unveiled in September 2014 by Yorkshire Wildlife Trust (YWT).[13][14] Planning consent for the initial plans was refused by East Riding of Yorkshire Council in July 2016[15] but revised plans were approved in January 2017.[16] These plans face local opposition because of the perceived feeling of commercialisation of the reserve by YWT, with plans to build extensive car park facilities, no longer free.[17] The new visitor centre was officially opened by Simon King on 20 March 2018.[18]

A February 2023 inspection of the RNLI launch jetty revealed structural issues, as a result the station was moved to Grimsby.[19]

Spurn Head from the air in 1979

The spit is made up from sand, shingle and boulder clay eroded from the Holderness coastline washed down the coastline from Flamborough Head. Material is washed down the coast by longshore drift and accumulates to form the long, narrow embankment in the sheltered waters inside the mouth of the Humber Estuary. It is maintained by plants, especially marram grass (Ammophila arenaria). Waves carry material along the peninsula to the tip, continually extending it; as this action stretches the peninsula it also narrows it to the extent that the sea can cut across it in severe weather. When the sea cuts across it permanently, everything beyond the breach is swept away, only to eventually reform as a new spit pointing further south. This cycle of destruction and reconstruction occurs approximately every 250 years. More recently, Dr. John Pethick of Hull University put forward a different theory to explain the formation of Spurn Head. He suggests that the spit head has been a permanent feature since the end of the last ice age, having developed on an underwater glacial moraine. As the ice sheets melted, sea level gradually rose and longshore drift caused a spit to form between this and other islands along the moraine. Under normal circumstances, the sea washes over the neck of the spit taking sand from the seaward side and redepositing it on the landward side. Over time, the whole spit, length intact, slips back – with the spit-head remaining on its glacial foundation. This process has now been affected by the protection of the spit put in place during the Victorian era. This protection halted the wash-over process and resulted in the spit being even more exposed due to the rest of the coast moving back 110 yards (100 metres) since the 'protection' was constructed. The now crumbling defences will not be replaced and the spit will continue to move westwards at a rate of 6 feet 7 inches (2 metres) per year, keeping pace with the coastal erosion further north.

The second of the Six Studies in English Folk Song composed in 1926 by Ralph Vaughan Williams, the Andante sostenuto in E flat "Spurn Point" celebrates this peninsula.

It was featured on the television programme Seven Natural Wonders as one of the wonders of Yorkshire.

The landward-side mud flats are an important feeding ground for wading birds, and the area has a bird observatory, for monitoring migrating birds and providing accommodation to visiting birdwatchers. Their migration is assisted by east winds in autumn, resulting in drift migration of Scandinavian migrants, sometimes leading to a spectacular "fall" of thousands of birds. Many uncommon species have been sighted there, including a cliff swallow from North America, a lanceolated warbler from Siberia and a black-browed albatross from the Southern Ocean. More commonly, birds such as northern wheatears, whinchats, common redstarts and flycatchers alight at Spurn on their way between breeding and wintering grounds elsewhere. When the wind is in the right direction migrants are funnelled down Spurn Point and are counted at the Narrows Watchpoint, more than 15,000 birds can fly past on a good morning in autumn with 3,000 quite normal.

Spurn Point High

Spurn Point
Location	Spurn Point East Riding of Yorkshire England
OS grid	TA4034511239
Coordinates	53.578996°N 0.118325°E / 53.578996; 0.118325
Tower
Constructed	1895
Designed by	Thomas Matthews
Construction	brick tower
Automated	1957
Height	128 ft (39 m)
Shape	cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern
Markings	white and black bands tower, white lantern
Operator	Spurn Point National Nature Reserve[20]
Heritage	Grade II listed building[21]
Light
Deactivated	1985
Lens	6-panel hyper-radial rotating catadioptric
Range	17 nmi (31 km)
Characteristic	Fl W 15 s Oc RW (sector lights)

The earliest reference to a lighthouse on Spurn Point is 1427. From the 17th century there are records of a pair of lighthouses being maintained as leading lights: a high light and a low light.

Old High and Low Lights

Spurn Low lighthouse, Spurn Point while still operational

In 1767, John Smeaton was commissioned to build a new pair of lighthouses. Smeaton's high light (a 90-foot [27 m] tower) remained in use until 1895, but there were problems (as there had been in previous years) with maintaining the low light; within a short time it had been washed away by the sea. A series of more-or-less temporary replacements were used in the years that followed, until a more solid lighthouse designed by James Walker[22] was constructed in 1852 under the supervision of engineer Henry Norris.[22] Unlike its predecessor this low light was built the estuary side (i.e. to the west) of the high light, rather than on the seaward side.

Initially both lighthouses were coal-fired. In 1819 Smeaton's high light was equipped with 24 Argand lamps and reflectors);[22] later, in 1853, it was fitted with a new Fresnel lens: a large (first-order) fixed optic by Henry Lepaute of Paris. (Prior to installation this lens had been exhibited at the Great Exhibition of 1851).[23] Later, a red sector was added to the high light, which warned ships of hazards to the south ranging from Clee Ness to Sand Haile Flats.[24]

The low light, meanwhile, had also been fitted with oil lamps and reflectors in 1816. Then, in 1848, a small Fresnel lens (a fifth-order lenticular dioptric) had been installed, which was reused when the new tower was built in 1852.[22]

Former Low Light (1852) with the "new" (1895) lighthouse behind it

In 1895 both this low light and Smeaton's high light were decommissioned and replaced by a single lighthouse which still stands on the grass of Spurn Head. The 1852 low light also still stands on the sandy shore of the island, though its lantern has been replaced by a large water tank. (Of the old Smeaton high light only the foundations remain;[25] after dismantling, its optic was re-used in the high lighthouse at Nash Point, where it was installed as part of a programme of improvements.)[26]

• 
  The pier and launching platform for the RNLI at Spurn
• 
  Sea mist
• 
  Humber Vessel traffic service
• 
  Spurn Point from the mainland
• 
  The old Low Light (1852) seen alongside the new (1895) lighthouse
• 
  The 1957 optic in the National Maritime Museum
• 
  Humber Vessel traffic service
• 
  RNLI Platform

• Humber Forts
• Spurn Lightship
• Spurn Point Military Railway

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spurn.

Look up spurn in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Yorkshire Wildlife Trust – Spurn Nature Reserve
• Spurn Head Heritage Coast
• Spurn Point – National Nature Reserve and Lifeboat Station
• Spurn Bird Observatory
• Tide times at Spurn Point from the UKHO