National god

A national god is a guardian deity whose special concern is supposed to be the safety and well-being of an 'ethnic group' (nation). This is contrasted with other guardian figures such as family gods responsible for the well-being of individual clans or professions, or personal gods who are responsible for the well-being of individuals.

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Ancient gods

In antiquity (and to some extent continuing today), religion was a characteristic of regional culture, together with language, customs, traditions, etc. Many of these ethnic religions included national god(s) in their pantheons, such as

In antiquity

In antiquity, each ethnic group (nation) had its own pantheon, which may or may not have overlapped with that of neighbouring groups. Many of these religions had guardian figures, which then sometimes included national gods, who were considered responsible for the safety and well-being of the nation and of its people, with a special concern for the nation's ruler and guardian. These national gods stood alongside the personal gods (that is, the patron gods who took a special interest in an individual's personal well-being). Additionally, there were the family gods associated with the care of a clan or profession, as well as gods associated with specific situations or the protection thereof (fertility, health, war, contracts and so on).

This perception of divinity was common in the ancient world. Deities were often geographically localized by association to their main cult centers, and in the Ancient Near East were often tutelary deities of their respective city-states. Many of the individual ethnic groups also considered itself the progeny of its national gods. For example, in the region that is now Yemen, the Sabaeans, the Minaeans and the Himyar each perceived themselves to be the children of respectively Almaqah, Wadd and Shamash.[15] Similarly, in Canaan, Milcom held that role for the Ammonites, while Chemosh did so for the Moab.

Yahweh's role as god of the Kingdom of Judah and the Kingdom of Israel is a key reason for that figure's adoption as the monist figure by the Yahweh-only movement of the 7th-century BC. Yahweh's subsequent exaltation as a supreme figure occurred not because national gods were necessarily heads of their pantheons (this was certainly not the case for the national gods of the peoples surrounding Israel),[16] but as a reaction to the changing political landscape, in which other national gods had previously become exalted in that fashion.[17] Because peoples were perceived to effectively worship the same gods, merely by different names (Smith (2008)[17] terms this "translatability"), Yahweh's function as a national god had previously automatically equated him with other national gods. Thus, with the rise of the multi-cultural Assyrian Empire in the 10th century BC, the concomitant rise of the Assyrian's nation god Assur to inter-cultural prominence influenced how national gods were generally perceived. Moreover, the political unification of the fractured nation-states under a single supreme head of state encouraged the idea of a multi-national "one-god" worldview as well.[17] By the 7th-century BC however, Assyria was in decline and the smaller nation-states began to reassert their independence. In this context, the development of a "one-god" worldview in 7th century BC Kingdom of Judah can be perceived as a response to the diminishing claims to cultural hegemony of the Assyrian "one-god" ideology of the time.[17] The process is evident in some parts of the Torah which predate the 6th century BC and thus preserve vestiges of the theology centered on a national god during the 10th-century BC monarchic period.[18] "The OT [=Old Testament] is still conscious of the fact that Yhwh, the national god of Israel, originally was one of the gods in the council of El." (Deut 32:8-9*)[16]

Modern period

Philippine

In search of a national culture and identity away from the Catholic religion imposed by Spain during its colonisation of the Philippines, those who instigated the Philippine Revolution proposed to revive indigenous Philippine folk religions and make them the national religion of the entire country. The Katipunan opposed the religious teachings of the Spanish friars, saying that they "obscured rather than explained religious truths." After the revival of the Katipunan during the Spanish–American War, an idealized form of the folk religions was proposed by some, with the worship of God under the ancient name Bathala, which applies to all supreme deities under the many ethnic pantheons across the country. However, the re-vitalization process of the indigenous faiths of the Philippines did not progress further as the Filipino forces were defeated by the Americans in 1902, which led to the second Christian colonization of the archipelago.[19]

Christianity

Christian missionaries have repeatedly re-interpreted national gods in terms of the Christian God. This fact is reflected in the names of God in various languages of Christianized peoples, such as Shangdi or Shen among Chinese Christians, Ngai among a number of tribes of Kenya, etc.

In a modern context, the term of a "national god" addresses the emergence of national churches within Christianity. This tendency of "nationalizing" the Christian God, especially in the context of national churches sanctioning warfare against other Christian nations during World War I, was denounced as heretical by Karl Barth.[20]

Germanic

Carl Jung in his essay Wotan (1936) identifies the Germanic god of the storm (leader of the Wild Hunt), Wotan, as the national god of the German people, and warns of the rise of German nationalism and ultimately the then-impending catastrophe of Nazism and World War II in terms of the re-awakening of this god:

"But what is more than curious — indeed, piquant to a degree — is that an ancient god of storm and frenzy, the long quiescent Wotan, should awake, like an extinct volcano, to new activity, in a civilized country that had long been supposed to have outgrown the Middle Ages. [...] I venture the heretical suggestion that the unfathomable depths of Wotan's character explain more of National Socialism than all three reasonable factors [viz. economic, political, and psychological] put together. [...] This is a tragic experience and no disgrace. It has always been terrible to fall into the hands of a living god. Yahweh was no exception to this rule, and the Philistines, Edomites, Amorites and the rest, who were outside the Yahweh experience, must certainly have found it exceedingly disagreeable. The Semitic experience of Allah was for a long time an extremely painful affair for the whole of Christendom. We who stand outside judge the Germans far too much, as if they were responsible agents, but perhaps it would be nearer the truth to regard them, also, as victims."[21]

Hindu

One of the primary ancient Vedic deities in Hinduism is Indra. He is the king of Svarga (Heaven) and the Devas (gods). He is associated with lightning, thunder, storms, rains, river flows and war. Indra's mythology and powers are similar to other Indo-European deities such as Jupiter, Perun, Perkūnas, Zalmoxis, Taranis, Zeus, and Thor, suggesting a common origin in Proto-Indo-European mythology. Starting in the late late 19th century, Bharat Mata, a divine personification of India (Bharat), came into existence after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British and is seen as the goddess of India and the Indian people by Hindus, Jains, and some Buddhist.

See also

References
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  2. LaFontaine, Bruce (2002). Gods of ancient Egypt. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-42088-4. OCLC 54772442.
  3. Nguyen, Trung (2015-09-29). Is There a God?. EnCognitive.com. ISBN 978-1-927091-16-6.
  4. Lurker, Manfred (2015-04-29). A Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-10628-6.
  5. Stern, Ephraim (2001). "Pagan Yahwism: The folk religion of ancient Israel". Biblical Archaeology Review (3 ed.). Washington. 27: 20–29. ISSN 0098-9444. ProQuest 214913086.
  6. Smelik, Klaas A. D. (2013-01-24), "Chemosh", The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah24051, ISBN 978-1-4443-3838-6, retrieved 2021-05-09
  7. Bhattacharyya, Tarapada (1970). "THE AVESTA, ṚGVEDA AND BRAHMĀ CULT". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 51 (1/4): 31–50. ISSN 0378-1143. JSTOR 41688672.
  8. Nardo, Don; Currie, Stephen (2014-11-11). Aztec Mythology. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-1-4205-0922-9.
  9. Dandekar, R. N. (1950). "VṚTRAHĀ INDRA". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 31 (1/4): 1–55. ISSN 0378-1143. JSTOR 44028390.
  10. Steele, Paul Richard; Allen, Catherine J. (2004). Handbook of Inca Mythology. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-354-4.
  11. Abusch, I. Tzvi (2020-08-28). Marduk. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-43518-6.
  12. Leick, Dr Gwendolyn (2002-09-11). A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-64102-4.
  13. Haavio, Martti (1967). Suomalainen mytologia (in Finnish). Porvoo Helsinki: WSOY.
  14. RYCKMANS, JACQUES (1989). "LE PANTHÉON DE L'ARABIE DU SUD PRÉISLAMIQUE: Etat des problèmes et brève synthèse". Revue de l'histoire des religions (in French). 206 (2): 151–169. doi:10.3406/rhr.1989.1830. ISSN 0035-1423. JSTOR 23670844.
  15. Doniger, Wendy, ed. (1999), "Arabian religions", Merriam-Webster Encyclopedia of World Religions, Merriam-Webster, ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0.
  16. van der Toorn, K.; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter Willem, eds. (1999), "King", Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible, Brill, p. 485, ISBN 978-90-04-11119-6.
  17. Smith, Mark S. (2008), God in Translation: Deities in Cross-cultural Discourse in the Biblical World, Forschungen zum Alten Testament, vol. 57, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, p. 19, ISBN 978-3-16-149543-4.
  18. Smith, Mark S. (2003), The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts, Oxford University Press, pp. 155–163, ISBN 978-0-19-516768-9.
  19. L. W. V. Kennon (August 1901). "The Katipunan of the Philippines". The North American Review. University of Northern Iowa. 17 (537): 211, 214. JSTOR 25105201 – via Jstor.
  20. Barth, Ethnics, ed. Braun, transl. Bromiley, New York, 1981, p. 305.
  21. First published in Neue Schweizer Rundschau (Zurich) (March, 1936), 657-69. Republished in Aufsätze zur Zeitgeschichte (Zurich, 1946), 1-23. English translation by Barbara Hannah, Essays on Contemporary Events (London, 1947).
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