Setsumatsusha

Sessha (摂社, auxiliary shrine) and massha (末社, undershrine), also called eda-miya (枝宮, branch shrines)[1] (collectively known as setsumatsusha (摂末社)[2][note 1]) are small or miniature shrines entrusted to the care of a larger shrine, generally due to some deep connection with the enshrined kami.[3]

A row of sessha at Iwa Shrine, Hyōgo Prefecture

The two terms used to have legally different meanings, but are today synonyms. Setsumatsusha can lie either inside (境内摂末社, keidai setsumatsusha) or outside (境外摂末社, keigai setsumassha) the main shrine's premises. Setsumatsusha are usually 1x1 ken in size. They can however be as small as beehives or relatively large and have 1x2, 1x3 or even, in one case, 1x7 bays.[4]

History

The practice of building sessha and massha shrines within a jinja predates written history. The earliest setsumatsusha usually had some strong connection to the history of the area or the family of the enshrined kami.

During the Heian period, Ise Shrine used to make a distinction between the two types based on whether a shrine belonged to the Engishiki Jinmyōchō list (sessha) or to the Enryaku gishikichō list (massha).[5]

From the Japanese Middle Ages onwards, at other shrines popular kami like Hachiman, Inari or Gozu Tennō (牛頭天王) were often enshrined[note 2] in setsumatsusha, but no clear distinction between the two terms was made. From the Meiji period to the Second World War, a shrine dedicated to family members of a kami, to the violent side of a kami (荒魂, aramitama), or the kami of the region where the main shrine was, were to be considered sessha with a higher rank than the rest, which were called massha.[5] When the shakaku (社格) shrine ranking system was abolished in 1946, legally the distinction disappeared, but both terms remained in use out of habit.

Betsugu are another kind of auxiliary shrine their relationships to the main shrine are similar to that of Massha and Sessha.[6] The term is most notable for the extensive betsugu at Ise Grand Shrine.[6]

Architectural style
A massha at Sankō Shrine in Ōsaka

Being true shrines, setsumatsusha have most features other types of shrines have, including doors and often stairs. However, the Misedana-zukuri (見世棚造 or 店棚造, showcase style) is a style normally used only in sessha and massha. It owes its name to the fact that, unlike other shrine styles, it doesn't feature a stairway at its entrance, and the veranda is completely flat.[4] Miniature stairways can however be present. They can be either tsumairi (妻入), that is have the entrance under the gable, or, more frequently, hirairi (平入), that is, have the entrance on the side parallel to the roof's ridge (see examples in the gallery). Apart from the lack of a staircase, such shrines belong to the nagare-zukuri or kasuga-zukuri styles.

Architectural examples
  • A large sessha
    A large sessha
  • A massha at Ise Shrine
    A massha at Ise Shrine
  • A row of massha
    A row of massha
  • A hirairi sessha
    A hirairi sessha
  • A tsumairi sessha
    A tsumairi sessha

Notes
  1. The term setsumatsusha is the combination of the two terms sessha and massha.
  2. Through a process called kanjō

References
  1. Iwanami Kōjien (広辞苑) Japanese dictionary, 6th Edition (2008), DVD version.
  2. Mure, Jin. "Sessha, massha" (in Japanese). Shokagukan. Archived from the original on 19 December 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  3. "Sessha – Massha" (in Japanese). Yahoo! Japan. Archived from the original on 19 December 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
  4. "JAANUS". aisf.or.jp. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  5. Mori, Mizue. "Sessha, Massha". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
  6. https://archive.today/20230505011443/https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/?id=9702
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