Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines

The modern system of ranked Shinto shrines (近代社格制度, Kindai Shakaku Seido, sometimes called simply shakaku (社格)) was an organizational aspect of the establishment of Japanese State Shinto. This system classified Shinto shrines as either official government shrines or "other" shrines. The official shrines were divided into

  1. Imperial shrines (kampeisha), which are parsed into minor, medium, or major sub-categories; and
  2. National shrines (kokuheisha), which are similarly categorized as minor, medium, or major.[1]
1878 engraving by Yōshū Chikanobu (1838–1912). The figures represented in these three panels are: * Centre: Front. Emperor Meiji in a Western chair with his wife, Empress Shōken, seated in the foreground. The Imperial couple are accompanied behind and in the flanking panels with an array of Shinto kami and historical figures from Japan's past. Rear. The kami Izanami, Kunitokotatchi and Izanagi. * Right: Front. Emperor Kōmei (seated in foreground), Empress Go-Sakuramachi (here presented as a man with a false goatee), and Emperor Jinmu (carrying a rough bow and perched eagle. Rear. The kami Amaterasu (standing and holding the three Sacred Treasures of Japan) and Ninigi-no-Mikoto (who first brought to earth the Imperial regalia—the sword, Kusanagi, the mirror, Yata no Kagami, and the jewel, Yasakani no magatama). * Left: Front: Emperor Go-Momozono (clothed in red), Emperor Kōkaku (clothed in black) and Emperor Ninkō (clothed in green). Rear. The kami Hiko-hohodemi (clothed in white) and Ugayafukiaezu (clothed in yellow).

Some shrines are the "first shrines" called ichinomiya that have the highest rank in their respective provinces of Japan.

The Ise Grand Shrine stood at the top of all shrines and thus was outside the classification.[2][3]

All listed shrines on this page with the exception of Ise Grand Shrine are Beppyo shrines

History

On the fourteenth day of the fifth month of 1871, by decree of the Dajō-kan, the fundamental elements of the modern shrine system were established: a hierarchic ranking of Shinto shrines, with specification of the grades of priest who could officiate at the various levels of shrine.[4] These rankings were set aside in 1946, when such rankings were deemed "State Shinto" by the Occupation Shinto Directive. The Jinja Honcho currently has a slightly different List of Special Shrines (別表神社, beppyo jinja).

Ise Grand Shrine
name location notes
Ise Grand Shrine Ise, Mie one of the Twenty-Two Shrines, Upper Seven; Outside of classification due to being first ranked

Izawa-no-miya the Shima Province Ichinomiya was considered part of it, as was Izawa-jinja which was also seen as the Shima Province Ichinomiya

Kashima Jingu and Katori Jingu were considered the two shrines directly below Ise Jingu

Kan-sha

The Kan-sha (官社) or "official government shrines" had two subdivisions, Kanpei-sha or "government shrines" and Kokuhei-sha or "national shrines".[4]

For future tables Red cells denote shrines in the Japanese colonial empire

Kanpei-sha

In 1871, the Japanese government established the Kanpei-sha (官幣社) system to classify Shinto shrines based on their level of association with the imperial family. The highest category included shrines that venerated the imperial family members, emperors, or meritorious retainers of the Imperial family. These shrines were considered to be the most closely associated with the imperial family and received government support..[1]

Imperial shrines, 1st rank

The Kanpei-taisha were the most highly ranked shrines in Japan that were officially designated by the government. There were 67 shrines that held this status, which were closely associated with the imperial family. These shrines were considered to be of great historical and cultural significance, and were often visited by members of the imperial family as well as the general public..[5]

name location Category notes
Iwashimizu Hachimangū[5] Yawata Kokushi genzaisha, Chokusaisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines, Upper Seven; Homuda-wakeno-mikoto (Emperor Ōjin); Okinaga-tarashi-hime-no-mikoto (Empress Jingū),
Kamigamo Shrine[5] Kita-ku, Kyoto Myojin Taisha, Chokusaisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines, Upper Seven, combined with Shimogamo Shrine; Wake-ikazuchi-no-kami; ichinomiya of Yamashiro Province[6]
Shimogamo Shrine[5] Sakyō-ku, Kyoto Myojin Taisha, Chokusaisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines, Upper Seven, combined with Kamigamo Shrine; Tamayori-hime-no-mikoto; Kamo Taeketsunumi-no-mikoto; ichinomiya of Yamashiro Province[6]
Kasuga-taisha[7] Nara Myojin Taisha, Chokusaisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines, Upper Seven
Matsunoo Taisha[5] Ukyō-ku, Kyoto Myojin Taisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines, Upper Seven; Oyamagui-no-mikoto; Nakatsushima-hime-no-mikoto
Hirano Shrine[5] Kita-ku, Kyoto Myojin Taisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines, Upper Seven; Imaki-no-kami, Kudo-no-kami; Furuaki-no-kami, Hime-kami
Fushimi Inari-taisha[5] Fushimi-ku, Kyoto Myojin Taisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines, Upper Seven;
Tatsuta Taisha[5] Sangō, Nara Myojin Taisha, Chokusaisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines, Middle Seven
Ōmiwa Shrine[5] Sakurai, Nara Myojin Taisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines, Middle Seven; ichinomiya of Yamato Province[6]
Isonokami Shrine[8] Tenri, Nara Myojin Taisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines, Middle Seven
Ōyamato Shrine[5] Tenri, Nara Myojin Taisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines, Middle Seven
Hirose Taisha[5] Kawai, Nara Myojin Taisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines, Middle Seven
Sumiyoshi-taisha[9] Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka Myojin Taisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines, Middle Seven; ichinomiya of Settsu Province[6]
Hiyoshi Taisha[5] Ōtsu Myojin Taisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines, Lower Eight, Ninomiya,
Hirota Shrine[9] Nishinomiya Myojin Taisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines, Lower Eight
Yasaka Shrine[10] Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto Kokushi genzaisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines, Lower Eight
Niukawakami Shrine[5] Higashiyoshino, Nara Myojin Taisha one of the Twenty-Two Shrines, Lower Eight
Itsukushima Shrine[10] Hatsukaichi Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Aki Province[11] proposed addition to the Twenty-Two Shrines
Izumo-taisha[9] Izumo, Shimane Myojin Taisha, Chokusaisha ichinomiya of Izumo Province[12] head shrine of Izumo-taishakyo, sometimes seen as a rival to Ise Grand Shrine
Hikawa Shrine[13] Saitama Myojin Taisha, Chokusaisha ichinomiya of Musashi Province[6]
Katori jingu[14] Katori, Chiba Myojin Taisha, Chokusaisha ichinomiya of Shimōsa Province[6]
Kashima Jingū[9] Kashima, Ibaraki Myojin Taisha, Chokusaisha ichinomiya of Hitachi Province[6]
Usa Jingū[9] Usa, Ōita Myojin Taisha, Chokusaisha ichinomiya of Buzen Province[11]
Kashii-gū[9] Higashi-ku, Fukuoka Kokushi genzaisha , Chokusaisha
Kashihara Jingu[9] Kashihara, Nara Chokusaisha
Heian Jingu[9] Sakyō-ku, Kyoto Chokusaisha
Ōmi Jingū[10] Ōtsu Chokusaisha
Meiji Jingu[15] Shibuya Chokusaisha
Hiraoka Shrine[5] Higashiōsaka Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Kawachi Province[6]
Ōtori taisha[9] Sakai Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Izumi Province[6]
Ikukunitama Shrine[9] Tennōji-ku, Osaka Myojin Taisha
Awa Shrine[9] Tateyama, Chiba Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Awa Province[6]
Mishima Taisha[9] Mishima, Shizuoka Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Izu Province[6]
Atsuta Jingu[16] Atsuta-ku, Nagoya Myojin Taisha
Hinokuma Jingu[9] Wakayama Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Kii Province,[11] shared with Kunikakasu Shrine;
Kunikakasu Shrine[9] Wakayama Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Kii Province;[11] shared with Hinokuma Shrine;
Izanagi Jingu[9] Awaji, Hyōgo Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Awaji Province[11]
Miyazaki Jingū[9] Miyazaki
Kehi Jingu[9] Tsuruga, Fukui Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Echizen Province[12]
Kagoshima Jingu[9] Kirishima, Kagoshima Shikinai Taisha ichinomiya of Ōsumi Province[11]
Udo Jingū[9] Nichinan, Miyazaki
Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha[9] Fujinomiya, Shizuoka[17] Myojin Taisha Konohana-sakuya-hime-no-mitoko
Takebe taisha[9] Ōtsu[18] Myojin Taisha Yamato-takeru-no-mitoko; ichinomiya of Ōmi Province[6]
Hokkaidō Jingū[19] Sapporo ichinomiya of Ezo Province[20]
Munakata Taisha[9] Munakata, Fukuoka Myojin Taisha
Yoshino Jingu[21] Yoshino, Nara
Hie Shrine[13] Chiyoda, Tokyo Oyamakui no Kami
Suwa-taisha[10] Suwa, Nagano Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Shinano Province[12]
Kamayama Shrine[10] Wakayama
Hakozaki Shrine[10] Higashi-ku, Fukuoka Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Chikuzen Province[11]
Aso Shrine[10] Aso, Kumamoto Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Higo Province[11]
Taga-taisha[10] Taga, Shiga Sannomiya
Kirishima Jingū[10] Kirishima, Kagoshima
Gassan Shrine Tsuruoka Myojin Taisha one of the Three Mountains of Dewa;
Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha[22] Fujinomiya, Shizuoka Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Suruga Province[6]
Takebe taisha Ōtsu Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Ōmi Province[12]
Kumano Hongū Taisha Tanabe, Wakayama Myojin Taisha
Kumano Hayatama Taisha Shingū, Wakayama Shikinai Taisha
Niutsuhime Shrine Katsuragi, Wakayama Myojin Taisha
Taiwan Grand Shrine[10] Taipei, Taiwan now extinct
Karafuto Shrine[10] Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Karafuto Prefecture, Russia removed from Sakhalin
Chōsen Jingu[10] Seoul, Korea under Japanese rule now extinct
Fuyo Jingu Buyeo County, Korea never completed[23]
Kantō Jingu Lüshunkou District, Kwantung Leased Territory, China now extinct
Nan'yō Shrine[24] Koror, Palau Amaterasu Ōmikami. holy relics and kami were evacuated by submarine in 1944[25]

Imperial shrines, 2nd rank

The mid-range of ranked Imperial shrines or Kanpei Chūsha (官幣中社) included 23 sanctuaries. These shrines were considered to be of intermediate rank among the government-supported shrines and were given lesser financial support compared to the Kanpei-taisha..[9]

name location category notes
Ōharano Shrine.[10] Nishikyō-ku, Kyoto.[10] Kokushi genzaisha Take-mikazuchi-no-mitoko, Iwainushi-no-mitoko, Hime-kami, one of the Twenty-Two Shrines, Middle Seven;
Umenomiya Taisha.[10] Ukyō-ku, Kyoto[26] Myojin Taisha Sakatoke-no-kami, Ōwakako-no-kami, Satatokeko-no-kami, one of the Twenty-Two Shrines, Lower Eight;
Yoshida Shrine.[10] Sakyō-ku, Kyoto Shikigeisha Twenty-Two Shrines, Lower Eight, Take-mikazuchi-no-mitoko, Iwainushi-no-mitoko, Hime-kami[27]
Kitano Tenmangū.[10] Kamigyō-ku, Kyoto Kokushi genzaisha Sugawara no Michizane , one of the Twenty-Two Shrines, Lower Eight
Kifune Shrine.[10] Sakyō-ku, Kyoto Myojin Taisha Kuraokami-no-kami, one of the Twenty-Two Shrines, Lower Eight
Shiramine Jingū[28] Kamigyō-ku, Kyoto Emperor Junnin; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940
Akama Jingu[10] Shimonoseki Emperor Antoku; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940
Minase Shrine[28] Shimamoto, Osaka Emperor Go-Toba, Emperor Tsuchimikado and Emperor Juntoku; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940
Kamakura-gū[10] Kamakura[29] Morinaga-shinnō
Iinoya-gū[10] Kita-ku, Hamamatsu[30] Munenaga-shinnō
Yatsushiro-gū[31] Yatsushiro, Kumamoto[32] Kanenaga-shinnō, Nganari--shinnō
Kanasana Shrine Kodama District, Saitama
Ikasuri Shrine Chūō-ku, Osaka Shikinai Taisha ichinomiya of Settsu Province[6]
Kanegasaki-gū[33] Tsuruga, Fukui[34] Takanaga Shinnō, Tsunenaga shinnō
Dazaifu Tenmangū.[33] Dazaifu, Fukuoka Sugawara no Michizane
Ikuta Shrine[33] Chūō-ku, Kobe Myojin Taisha Waka-hirume-no-mikoto
Nagata Shrine.[33] Nagata-ku, Kobe[35] Myojin Taisha Kotohshironushi-no-mikoto
Watatsumi Shrine.[33] Tarumi-ku, Kobe, Harima Province Myojin Taisha Waka-hirume-no-mikoto
Hikosan Jingū.[33] Soeda, Fukuoka Prefecture Ame no Oshihone-no-mikoto (Ame-no-shiho-mimi-no-mitoko)
Sumiyoshi Shrine[33] Shimonoseki[36] Myojin Taisha the aramitama of the Sun Goddess, Tsuki-sasaki-itsu no mitama-amasakaru-muka-tsu-hime-no- mitoko; ichinomiya of Nagato Province[11]
Kibitsu Shrine[33] Okayama Myojin Taisha Ōkibitsu-hiko-no-mikoto, son of Emperor Kōrei; ichinomiya of Bitchū Province[11]
Kumano Nachi Taisha[33] Nachikatsuura[37] Kokushi genzaisha Ketsumiko, Kumano Hayatama-no-kami, Kumano Fusumi-no-kami
Itakiso Shrine[33] Wakayama (city)[38] Myojin Taisha Ōya-hiko-no-mikoto
Mikami Shrine[33] Yasu, Shiga[39] Myojin Taisha Ame-no-mikage-no-mikoto
Tainan Shrine.[33] Tainan, Taiwan now extinct; Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa-no-mikoto

Imperial shrines, 3rd rank

There were five shrines that were considered the lowest ranked among the Imperial shrines. They were called Kanpei-shōsha (官幣小社)..[33]

name location Category notes
Ōkunitama Shrine.[33] Fuchū, Tokyo[40] Musashi no Ōkuni-tama-no-kami
Shikaumi Shrine.[33] Higashi-ku, Fukuoka[41] Myojin Taisha Uwatsutsunoo-no-mikoto, Kakatsutsunoo-no-mitoko, Sokotsutsunoo-no-mikoto,
Sumiyoshi Shrine (Fukuoka).[33] Hakata-ku, Fukuoka[42] Myojin Taisha Uwatsutsunoo-no-mikoto, Kakatsutsunoo-no-mitoko, Sokotsutsunoo-no-mikoto; ichinomiya of Chikuzen Province[11]
Kamado Shrine.[33] Dazaifu, Fukuoka[43] Myojin Taisha Tamayori-hime
Naminoue Shrine.[33] Naha, Okinawa[44] Hayatama-no-o, Izanami, Kotosaka-no-o-no-mikoto; ichinomiya of Ryukyu Islands[45]

Other Imperial shrines

After the establishment of the officially ranked Imperial shrines, another group of special shrines known as Bekkaku kanpeisha (別格官幣社) was created. These shrines were not included in the ranking system of the Imperial shrines, but were still imperial.[46]

name location Category notes
Yasukuni Shrine Chiyoda, Tokyo Chokusaisha Gokoku Shrines are categorized separately but considered branches of this shrine[47]
Uesugi Shrine Yonezawa, Yamagata
Ryōzen Shrine Date, Fukushima
Tokiwa shrine Mito, Ibaraki
Karasawayama Shrine Tochigi Sano, Tochigi
Komikado Shrine Narita, Chiba
Oyama Shrine (Ishikawa) Kanazawa
Fujishima Shrine Fukui (city)
Fukui Shrine Fukui (city)
Kunōzan Tōshō-gū Suruga-ku, Shizuoka
Yūki Shrine Tsu, Mie
Kitabatake Shrine Tsu, Mie
Goō Shrine Kamigyō-ku, Kyoto
Toyokuni Shrine (Kyoto) Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture
Abeno Shrine Abeno-ku, Osaka
Shijōnawate Shrine Shijōnawate
Minatogawa Shrine Chūō-ku, Kobe, Kobe, Japan
Tanzan Shrine Sakurai, Nara
Nawa Shrine Saihaku District, Tottori Daisen, Tottori
Toyosaka Shrine Yamaguchi (city)
Noda Shrine Yamaguchi (city)
Saga Shrine Saga (city)
Kikuchi Shrine Kikuchi, Kumamoto
Terukuni shrine Kagoshima
Yamauchi Shrine Kōchi Prefecture Kōchi, Kōchi
Nikkō Tōshō-gū Nikkō
Nashinoki Shrine Kamigyō-ku, Kyoto
Kenkun Shrine Kita-ku, Kyoto

Kokuhei-sha

The Kokuhei-sha (国幣社) identified the hierarchy of government-supported shrines with national significance. The kokuheisha enshrined kami considered beneficial to more local areas.[1]

National shrines, 1st rank

The most highly ranked, nationally significant shrines or Kokuhei Taisha (国幣大社) were six sanctuaries.

name location Category notes
Keta Taisha Hakui, Ishikawa Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Noto Province[12]
Nangū Taisha Tarui, Gifu Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Mino Province[6]
Tado Taisha Kuwana, Mie Myojin Taisha Ninomiya,
Kumano Taisha Matsue, Shimane Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Izumo Province[12]
Ōyamazumi Shrine Imabari, Ehime Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Iyo Province[11]
Kōra taisha Kurume, Fukuoka Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Chikugo Province[11]

National shrines, 2nd rank

The mid-range of ranked, nationally significant shrines or Kokuhei Chūsha (国幣中社) encompassed 47 sanctuaries.

name location Category notes
Hakodate Hachiman Shrine Hakodate, Hokkaidō
Shiogama Shrine Shiogama, Miyagi Shikigeisha ichinomiya of Mutsu Province[12]
Chōkaisan Ōmonoimi Shrine Yuza, Yamagata Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Dewa Province;
Tsutsukowake Shrine Tanagura, Fukushima Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Mutsu Province[12]
Isasumi Shrine Aizumisato, Fukushima Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Iwashiro Province
Nikkō Futarasan Shrine Nikkō, Tochigi Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Shimotsuke Province[12]
Utsunomiya Futarayama Shrine Utsunomiya, Tochigi Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Shimotsuke Province[12]
Ichinomiya Nukisaki Shrine Tomioka, Gunma Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Kōzuke Province[12]
Oarai Isosaki Shrine Ōarai, Ibaraki Myojin Taisha
Sakatsura Isosaki Shrine Hitachinaka, Ibaraki Myojin Taisha
Tamasaki Shrine Ichinomiya, Chiba Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Kazusa Province[6]
Samukawa Shrine Samukawa, Kanagawa Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Sagami Province[6]
Tsurugaoka Hachimangū Kamakura, Kanagawa
Ichinomiya Asama Shrine Fuefuki, Yamanashi Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Kai Province[6]
Ikushimatarushima Shrine Ueda, Nagano Myojin Taisha
Yahiko Shrine Yahiko, Niigata Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Echigo Province[12]
Imizu Shrine Takaoka, Toyama Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Etchū Province
Shirayamahime Shrine Hakusan, Ishikawa ichinomiya of Kaga Province[12]
Wakasahiko Shrine Obama, Fukui Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Wakasa Province[12]
Masumida Shrine Ichinomiya, Aichi Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Owari Province[6]
Ōagata Shrine Inuyama, Aichi Myojin Taisha Ninomiya,
Aekuni Shrine Ueno, Iga ichinomiya of Iga Province[6]
Izumo daijingu Kameoka, Kyoto Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Tanba Province[12]
Kono Shrine Miyazu, Kyoto Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Tango Province[12]
Izushi Shrine Toyooka, Hyōgo Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Tajima Province[12]
Iwa Shrine Shisō, Hyōgoe Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Harima Province[11]
Nakayama Shrine Tsuyama, Okayama Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Mimasaka Province[11]
Ani Shrine Okayama, Okayama Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Bizen Province[11]
Hayatani Shrine Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima Ninomiya
Ube Shrine Tottori, Tottori Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Inaba Province[11]
Mizuwakasu Shrine Okinoshima, Shimane Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Oki Province[12]
Miho Shrine Matsue, Shimane
Tamanooya Shrine Hōfu, Yamaguchi ichinomiya of Suō Province[11]
Tamura Shrine Takamatsu, Kagawa Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Sanuki Province[11]
Kotohira-gu Kotohira, Kagawa
Isono Shrine Saijō, Ehime Myojin Taisha
Inbe Shrine Tokushima, Tokushima Myojin Taisha
Ōasahiko Shrine Naruto, Tokushima Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Awa Province[11]
Tosa Shrine Kōchi, Kōchi Shikinai Taisha ichinomiya of Tosa Province[11]
Sasamuta Shrine Ōita, Ōita Shikinai Taisha ichinomiya of Bungo Province[11]
Tashima Shrine Karatsu, Saga Myojin Taisha
Sumiyoshi Shrine (Iki City) Iki, Nagasaki Myojin Taisha
Kaijin Shrine Tsushima, Nagasaki Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Tsushima Province;
Chinzei Taisha Suwa Shrine Nagasaki, Nagasaki
Nitta Shrine Satsumasendai, Kagoshima ichinomiya of Satsuma Province[11]

National shrines, 3rd rank

The lowest ranked, nationally significant shrines or Kokuhei Shōsha (国幣小社) includes 50 sanctuaries.

Name location category notes
Iwakiyama Shrine Hirosaki, Aomori ichinomiya of Mutsu Province
Koshiō Shrine Akita, Akita Kokushi genzaisha
Komagata Shrine Ōshū, Iwate ichinomiya of Rikuchū Province
Dewa Shrine Tsuruoka, Yamagata one of the Three Mountains of Dewa
Yudonosan Shrine Tsuruoka, Yamagata one of the Three Mountains of Dewa
Chichibu Shrine Chichibu, Saitama Shinomiya
Hakone Shrine Hakone, Kanagawa
Oguni shrine Mori, Shizuoka ichinomiya of Tōtōmi Province[6]
Shizuoka Sengen Shrine Aoi-ku, Shizuoka
Izusan Shrine Atami, Shizuoka
Togakushi Shrine Nagano, Nagano
Hotaka Shrine Azumino, Nagano Myojin Taisha
Watatsu Shrine Sado, Niigata ichinomiya of Sado Province[12]
Takase Shrine Nanto, Toyama ichinomiya of Etchū Province[12]
Oyama Shrine Tateyama, Toyama ichinomiya of Etchū Province[12]
Sugo Ishibe Shrine Kaga, Ishikawa Ninomiya
Tsurugi Shrine Echizen, Fukui Ninomiya
Minashi Shrine Takayama, Gifu ichinomiya of Hida Province[12]
Inaba Shrine Gifu, Gifu
Toga Shrine Toyokawa, Aichi ichinomiya of Mikawa Province[6]
Tsushima Shrine Tsushima, Aichi
Owari Ōkunitama Shrine Inazawa, Aichi
Kibitsuhiko Shrine Okayama, Okayama Myojin Taisha ichinomiya of Bizen Province[11]
Kibitsu Shrine Fukuyama, Hiroshima ichinomiya of Bingo Province[11]
Nunakuma Shrine Fukuyama, Hiroshima
Ōgamiyama Shrine Yonago, Tottori
Shitori Shrine Yurihama, Tottori ichinomiya of Hōki Province[12]
Hinomisaki Shrine Izumo, Shimane
Mononobe Shrine Ōda, Shimane ichinomiya of Iwami Province[12]
Susa Shrine Izumo, Shimane
Sada Shrine Matsue, Shimane
Iminomiya Shrine Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi
Chiriku Hachiman Shrine Miyaki, Saga ichinomiya of Buzen Province
Yusuhara Hachimangū Oita, Oita ichinomiya of Bungo Province[11]
Fujisaki-hachimangu Kumamoto, Kumamoto
Tsuno Shrine Tsuno, Miyazaki ichinomiya of Hyūga Province[11]
Hirasaki Shrine Ibusuki, Kagoshima ichinomiya of Satsuma Province[11]
Keijo Shrine Seoul, Korea extinct
Ryūtōzan Shrine Busan, Korea extinct
Taikyu Shrine Daegu, Korea extinct
Heijō Shrine Pyongyang, Korea extinct
Kōshū Shrine Gwangju, Korea extinct
Kōgen Shrine Chuncheon, Korea extinct
Zenshū Shrine Jeonju, Korea extinct
Kankō Shrine Hamhung, Korea extinct
Shinchiku Shrine Hsinchu, Taiwan extinct
Taichu Shrine Taichung, Taiwan extinct
Kagi Shrine Chiayi, Taiwan extinct

Gokoku shrines

Gokoku shrines were ranked separately[lower-alpha 1] They were considered branches of Yasukuni Shrine.[48] This list only includes those which are currently ranked as Beppyo shrines

name location Beppyo notes
Yasukuni Shrine Tokyo formerly Traditional head shrine. Also ranked as a Bekkaku Kanpeisha
Miyagi Gokoku Shrine Sendai, Miyagi yes
Akita Prefecture Gokoku Shrine Akita (city) yes
Yamagata Prefecture Gokoku Shrine Yamagata yes
Fukushima Gokoku Shrine Fukushima (city) yes
Ibaraki Prefectural Gokoku Shrine Mito, Ibaraki yes
Gunma Gokoku Shrine Takasaki yes
Chiba Gokoku Shrine Chiba (city) Chūō-ku, Chiba yes
Niigata Gokoku Shrine Niigata (city) Chūō-ku, Niigata yes
Toyama Gokoku Shrine Toyama (city) yes
Ishikawa Gokoku Shrine Kanazawa yes
Fukui Gokoku Shrine Fukui (city) yes
Yamanashi Gokoku Shrine Kōfu yes
Nagano Gokoku Shrine Matsumoto, Nagano yes
Gifu Gokoku Shrine Gifu yes
Shizuokaken Gokoku Shrine Aoi Ward, Shizuoka (city) yes
Aichi Gokoku Shrine Naka-ku, Nagoya yes
Mie Prefecture Gokoku Shrine Tsu, Mie yes
Shiga Prefecture Gokoku Shrine Hikone, Shiga yes
Kyoto Ryozen Gokoku Shrine Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture yes
Osaka Gokoku Shrine Suminoe-ku, Osaka yes
Hyogo Himeji Gokoku Shrine Himeji yes
Hyogo Prefecture Kobe Gokoku Shrine Nada-ku, Kobe yes
Nara Gokoku Shrine Nara (city) yes
Matsue Gokoku Shrine Matsue yes
Hamada Gokoku Shrine Hamada, Shimane yes
Okayama Gokoku Shrine Naka-ku, Okayama yes
Bingo Gokoku Shrine Fukuyama, Hiroshima yes
Hiroshima Gokoku Shrine Naka-ku, Hiroshima yes
Yamaguchi Prefecture Gokoku Shrine Yamaguchi (city) yes
Tokushima Gokoku Shrine Tokushima (city) yes
Ehime Prefecture Gokoku Shrine Matsuyama yes
Kochi Gokoku Shrine Kōchi, Kōchi yes
Fukuoka Prefecture Gokoku Shrine Chūō-ku, Fukuoka yes
Saga Gokoku Shrine Saga (city) yes
Nagasaki Gokoku Shrine Nagasaki yes
Oita Gokoku Shrine Ōita (city) yes
Kagoshima Prefecture Gokoku Shrine Kagoshima yes
Miyazaki Gokoku Shrine Miyazaki (city) yes Not a proper Gokoku Shrine but listed as equivalent due to having been finished after the war
Kumamoto Gokoku Shrine Kumamoto yes Not a proper Gokoku Shrine but listed as equivalent due to having been finished after the war
Okinawa Gokoku Shrine Okinawa Prefecture no
Hida Gokoku Shrine Takayama, Gifu Prefecture no
Aomori Gokoku Shrine Aomori no
Wakayama Gokoku Shrine Wakayama (city) no
Meguro Gokoku Shrine Meguro no
Iki Gokoku Shrine Iki, Nagasaki no
Kagawa Gokoku Shrine Zentsūji, Kagawa no
Kawanami Gokoku Shrine Kawaminami, Miyazaki no
Saitama Gokoku Shrine Saitama (city) no
Sapporo Gokoku Shrine Sapporo no
Tanao Gokoku Shrine Hekinan no
Tochigi Gokoku Shrine Tochigi (city) no
Nōhi Gokoku Shrine Ōgaki, Gifu Prefecture no
Hakodate Gokoku Shrine Hakodate no
Matsumae Gokoku Shrine Matsumae, Hokkaido no
Taiwan Gokoku Shrine Taiwan no

"Min-sha"

The Sho-sha (諸社) or various smaller shrines ranking below these two levels of Kan-sha ("official government shrines") are commonly, though unofficially, referred to as "people's shrines" or Min-sha (民社). These lower-ranking shrines were initially subdivided by the proclamation of the fourteenth day of the fifth month of 1871 into four main ranks, "Metropolitan", "Clan" or "Domain", "Prefectural", and "District" shrines.[4] By far the largest number of shrines fell below the rank of District shrine. Their status was clarified by the District Shrine Law (郷社定則, Gōsha Teisoku) of the fourth day of the seventh month of 1871, in accordance with which "Village shrines" ranked below their respective "District shrines", while the smaller local shrines or Hokora ranked beneath the "Village shrines".[4]

Here is a non-exhaustive list of shrines under each categorization. This list only includes ones now listed as Beppyo shrines unless otherwise specified.

Metropolitan and Prefectural Shrines

"Metropolitan shrines" were known as Fu-sha (府社).[4] "Prefectural shrines" were known as Ken-sha (県社).[4] At a later date, the "Prefectural shrines" were classed together with the "Metropolitan shrines" as "Metropolitan and Prefectural Shrines" or Fuken-sha (府県社).[4]

Name location Category notes
Metropolitan Shrine (府社)
Nogi Shrine (Tokyo) Minato, Tokyo －
Kanda Shrine Chiyoda, Tokyo
Tōgō Shrine Tokyo Shibuya －
Ōmiya Hachiman Shrine (Tokyo) Suginami －
Yushima Tenmangū Bunkyō
Atago Shrine (Kyoto) Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture Ukyō-ku, Kyoto Shikinai Chusha
Osaka Tenmangū Kita-ku, Osaka
Kōzu-gū Chuo Ward, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture
Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Sumiyoshi Shrine Otaru
Kamikawa Shrine Asahikawa
Obihiro Shrine Obihiro
Tarumaezan Shrine Tomakomai
Saruka Shrine Hirakawa, Aomori
Shiwa Inari Shrine Shiwa District, Iwate Shiwa, Iwate －
Morioka Hachimangū Morioka －
Kinkasan Shrine Ishinomaki Shōsha Ronsha (小社論社)
Takekoma Inari Shrine Iwanuma
Taiheiyama Miyoshi Shrine Akita (city)
Akita Suwa Shrine Senboku District, Akita Misato, Akita
Kinpō Shrine Tsuruoka
Kumano Shrine Nan'yō, Yamagata
Ayukai Hachimangu Nishiokitama District, Yamagata Shirataka －
Yachi Hachimangu Nishimurayama District, Yamagata Kahoku, Yamagata －
Chōkai gassan ryōsho-gu Yamagata －
Sagae Hachimangu Sagae －
Tsukubasan Shrine Tsukuba Myojin Taisha (名神)・Shikinai Chusha
Mito Tōshō-gū Mito, Ibaraki －
Mitsumine Shrine Chichibu, Saitama
Hodosan Shrine Nagatoro, Saitama
Yakyu Inari Shrine Higashimatsuyama, Saitama
Hikawa Shrine (Kawagoe) Kawagoe, Saitama
Washinomiya Shrine Kuki, Saitama
Koma Shrine Hidaka, Saitama
Enoshima Shrine Fujisawa, Kanagawa
Iseyama Kotaijingu Yokohama －
Hiratsuka Hachimangu Hiratsuka
Hōtoku Ninomiya Shrine Odawara －
Oyama Aburi Shrine Isehara, Kanagawa Shikinai Chusha
Hakusan Shrine Niigata (city) Chūō-ku, Niigata Shōsha Ronsha (小社論社)
Hie Shrine (Toyama) Toyama city －
Onominato Shrine Kanazawa Shikinai Chusha
Shinmei Shrine Fukui (city)
Kitaguchi Hongu Fuji Asama Shrine Fujiyoshida
Fuji Omuro Asama Shrine Minamitsuru District, Yamanashi Fujikawaguchiko
Takeda Shrine Kōfu －
Fukashi Shrine Matsumoto, Nagano
Tenaga Shrine Suwa, Nagano
Takemizuwake Shrine Chikuma, Nagano Myojin Taisha (名神)
Nyakuichi Ouji Shrine Ōmachi, Nagano
Sakurayama Hachimangu Takayama, Gifu
Akihasan Hongū Akiha Shrine Tenryū Ward
Shirahama Shrine Shimoda, Shizuoka Myojin Taisha (名神)
Yaizu Shrine Yaizu
Oi Shrine Shimada, Shizuoka
Gosha Suwa Shrine Naka-ku, Hamamatsu
Wakamiya Hachiman Shrine Naka Ward, Nagoya City
Chiryu Shrine Chiryū Shikinai Chusha
Tsubaki Grand Shrine Suzuka, Mie Shōsha Ronsha (小社論社)
Himure Hachiman-gū Ōmihachiman
Nagahama Hachimangu Nagahama, Shiga
Nishinomiya Shrine Nishinomiya
Itatehyōzu Shrine Himeji Shikinai Chusha
Hiromine Shrine Himeji Kokushi genzaisha (国史)
Oishi Shrine Akō, Hyōgo －
Tada Shrine Kawanishi, Hyōgo －
Isonozatakumushitama Shrine Yamatotakada, Nara Taisha (大社)
Tokei Shrine Tanabe, Wakayama
Hirahama Hachimangu Matsue
Yaegaki Shrine Matsue Shikinai Chusha
Fukuyama Hachimangū Fukuyama, Hiroshima
Kameyama Shrine Kure, Hiroshima
Hōfu Tenmangū Hōfu
Kotozaki Hachimangu Ube, Yamaguchi
Kameyama Hachimangū Shimonoseki
Ishizuchi Shrine Saijō, Ehime
Warei Shrine Uwajima, Ehime
Iyozu Hikomei Shrine Matsuyama Myojin Taisha (名神)
Ushioe Tenmangu shrine Kōchi (city)
Miyajidake Shrine Fukutsu, Fukuoka
Kurume Suitengū Kurume City
Kushida Shrine Hakata-ku, Fukuoka
Furogu Shrine Ōkawa, Fukuoka
Tobata Hachimangu Kitakyushu Tobata-ku, Kitakyūshū
Kosou Hachimangu Moji-ku, Kitakyūshū
Umi Hachiman-gū Kasuya District, Fukuoka Umi, Fukuoka
Otomi Shrine Buzen, Fukuoka
Terumo Shrine Chūō-ku, Fukuoka
Noso Hachimangu Iizuka, Fukuoka
Yūtoku Inari Shrine Kashima, Saga －
Kameyama Hachimangu Shrine Sasebo
Aoi Aso Shrine Hitoyoshi, Kumamoto
Hachiman Asami Shrine Beppu
Kasuga Shrine Ōita (city)
Kanhashira-gū Miyakonojō
Sano Shrine Nishimorokata District, Miyazaki Takaharu, Miyazaki
Susaki Shrine Awa Province Ichinomiya, Not a Beppyo shrine
Unknown
Tsubaki-Nakato Shrine Suzuka, Mie Prefecture Ise Province Ichinomiya, Not a Beppyo shrine
Kotonomama Hachiman-gū Kakegawa, Shizuoka Prefecture Tōtōmi Province Ichinomiya, Not a Beppyo shrine
Keta Jinja Takaoka, Toyama Prefecture ichinomiya of former Etchū Province , Not a Beppyo shrine
Kota Shrine Jōetsu, Niigata Prefecture ichinomiya of former Echigo Province , Not a Beppyo shrine
Amatsu Shrine Itoigawa, Niigata ichinomiya of former Echigo Province , Not a Beppyo shrine
Awaga-jinja Asago in Hyōgo Prefecture ichinomiya of former Tajima Province , Not a Beppyo shrine
Ichinomiya Shrine Tokushima in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan ichinomiya of former Awa Province , Not a Beppyo shrine
Yodohime Shrine Saga, Saga Prefecture Hizen Province ichinomiya , Not a Beppyo shrine

Clan or Domain shrines

"Clan shrines" or "Domain shrines" were known as Han-sha (藩社).[4] Due to the abolition of the han system, no shrines were ever placed in this category.[46]

District shrine

"District shrines" were known as Gō-sha (郷社).[4]

Name location Category notes
Hokutan Shrine Shōnai, Yamagata －
Osugi Shrine Inashiki
Igusa Hachimangu Suginami －
Inage Shrine Kawasaki, Kanagawa Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki
Fuji Yamashitamiya Komuro Asama Shrine Fujiyoshida
Fuji Rokusho Sengen Shrine Fuji, Shizuoka Shikinai Chusha
Imamiya Ebisu Shrine Naniwa-ku, Osaka
Taikodani Inari Shrine Kanoashi District, Shimane Tsuwano, Shimane
Tsunomine Shrine Anan, Tokushima
Washio Atago Shrine Nishi-ku, Fukuoka
Tagata Shrine Not a Beppyo shrine
Yatsurugi Shrine Not a Beppyo shrine
Ono Shrine Not a Beppyo shrine

Musashi Province Ichinomiya

Village shrines

"Village shrines" were known as Son-sha (村社) and ranked below their respective "District shrines", in accordance with the District Shrine Law of 4 July 1871.[4]

Name location Category notes
Ōsaki Hachimangū Sendai Aoba-ku, Sendai
Kasama Inari Shrine Kasama, Ibaraki
Yohashira Shrine Matsumoto, Nagano －
Kinomiya Shrine Atami
Futami Okitama Shrine Ise, Mie
Aga Shrine Higashiōmi
Hijiyama Shrine Hiroshima Minami-ku, Hiroshima
Wakamatsu Ebisu Shrine Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyūshū
Aoshima Shrine Miyazaki (city)
Takachiho Shrine Nishiusuki District, Miyazaki Takachiho, Miyazaki Kokushi genzaisha (国史)
Amanoiwato Shrine Takachiho Town, Nishiusuki District
Yurahime Shrine Oki-gun, Shimane Myojin Taisha (名神) Oki Province Ichinomiya, not a Beppyo shrine
Amanotanagao Shrine Iki, Nagasaki Myojin Taisha (名神) Iki Province Ichinomiya, not a Beppyo shrine
Ichinomiya Sengen Shrine Ichikawamisato, Nishiyatsushiro District in Yamanashi Prefecture Myojin Taisha (名神) Kai Province Ichinomiya, not a Beppyo shrine

Hokora or Ungraded shrines

Small local shrines known as Hokora (祠) are ranked beneath the village shrines, in accordance with the District Shrine Law of 4 July 1871.[4] At a later date, shrines beneath the rank of "Village shrines" were classed as "Ungraded shrines" or Mukaku-sha (無格社).[4]

Name location Category notes
Sarutahiko Shrine Ise, Mie －
Takahashi Inari Shrine Kumamoto －
Suitengū (Tokyo) Not a Beppyo shrine

Statistics

New shrines were established and existing shrines promoted to higher ranks at various dates, but a 1903 snapshot of the 193,297 shrines in existence at that time saw the following:[4]

  • Kan-sha
    • Imperial shrines: 95
    • National shrines: 75
  • "Min-sha"
    • Metropolitan and prefectural shrines: 571
    • District shrines: 3,476
    • Village shrines: 52,133
    • Ungraded shrines: 136,947

See also

Notes
  1. Miyazaki Gokoku Shrine and Kumamoto Gokoku Shrine were completed after World War II, when the war ended and the Ministry of Home Affairs was abolished, so they were not designated by the Minister of Home Affairs and are actually correctly designated as "equivalent to designated Gokoku-jinja Shrine.

References
  1. Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Kokugakuin University: Glossary of Shinto Names and Terms, Kampei Taisha.
  2. Holtom, D.C. (2012-11-12) [First published 1965]. The National Faith Of Japan. A Study in Modern Shinto. Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 9781136165573.
  3. Bocking, Brian (1997). A Popular Dictionary of Shinto. Curzon Press. p. 120. ISBN 9780700710515.
  4. Fridell, Wilbur M (1975). "The Establishment of Shrine Shinto in Meiji Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture. 2 (2–3): 137–168. doi:10.18874/jjrs.2.2-3.1975.137-168.
  5. Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 124.
  6. "Nationwide List of Ichinomiya," p. 1; retrieved 2013-1-28.
  7. National Diet Library (NDL): Kanpei Taisha Kasuga Jinja
  8. Nara National Museum: No. 31, Map of the Precincts of Kanpei Taisha Isonokami Shrine Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine
  9. Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 125.
  10. Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 126.
  11. "Nationwide List of Ichinomiya," p. 3; retrieved 2013-1-28.
  12. "Nationwide List of Ichinomiya," p. 2; retrieved 2013-1-28.
  13. Sawada, Janine Anderson. (2004). Practical pursuits: religion, politics, and personal cultivation in nineteenth-century Japan, p. 312 n15.
  14. Chiba prefectural government: Chiba, Katori Shrine
  15. Breen, John et al. (2000). Shinto in History: ways of the Kami, p. 276.
  16. Encyclopedia of Shinto: Atsuta Shinkō
  17. Asama Shrine: Fujinomiya, Shizuoka = Ōmiya in Suruga province
  18. Takebe Taisha: Ōtsu, Shiga = Seta in Ōmi province
  19. Ponsonby-Fane, (1963). The Vicissitudes of Shinto, p. 328.
  20. 北海道神宮　...　Hokkaido Jingu Shrine at Nippon-Kichi.jp; retrieved 2012-1-29.
  21. NDL: Kanpei Taisha Yoshino Jingu
  22. Bernstein, Andrew. "Whose Fuji?: Religion, Region, and State in the Fight for a National Symbol," Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 63, No. 1, Spring 2008, pp. 51-99; Ponsonby-Fane, (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 125.
  23. Michio, Nakajima; 𠀓𤚇𙥷𡌕𰀇 (2010). "Shinto Deities that Crossed the Sea: Japan's "Overseas Shrines," 1868 to 1945". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 37 (1): 21–46. ISSN 0304-1042.
  24. Mark Peattie, Mark R. (1988). Nanʻyō: the rise and fall of the Japanese in Micronesia, 1885-1945, pp. 225-229; n.b., construction completed in 1941
  25. Peattie, p. 339 n61.
  26. Umenomiya Shrine: Ukyō-ku, Kyoto = Umetsu in Yamashiro province
  27. "Japanese Shrines". www.taleofgenji.org. Retrieved 2023-04-10.
  28. Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 126; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940
  29. Kamakura-gū: Kamakura, Kanagawa = Kamakura in Sagami province
  30. Iinoya-gū:Kita-ku, Hamamatsu = Iya in Tōtōmi province.
  31. Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 126.
  32. Yatsushiro Shrine: Yatsushiro, Kumamoto = Yatsushiro in Higo province
  33. Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 127.
  34. Kanegazaki Shrine: Tsuruga, Fukui = Tsuruga in Echizen province
  35. Nagata Shrine: Nagata-ku, Kobe = Kobe in Settsu province.
  36. Sumiyoshi Shrine: Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi = Katsuyama in Nagato province
  37. Kumano Nachi Taisha: Nachikatsuura, Wakayama = Nachi in Kii province; n.b., Kii Province (紀伊国, Kii no Kuni) = Kishū (紀州), was a province of Honshū in Wakayama Prefecture and Mie Prefecture.
  38. Itakeso Shrine: Wakayama, Wakayama = Nishiyama Higashimura in Kii province; n.b., Kii Province (紀伊国, Kii no Kuni) = Kishū (紀州)
  39. Mikami Shrine: Yasu, Shiga = Mikamimura in Ōmi province
  40. Ōkunitama jinja at Fuchū, Tokyo = Fuchū in Musashi province
  41. Shigaumi Shrine: Higashi-ku, Fukuoka = Fukuoka, Chikuzen province
  42. Sumiyoshi Shrine: Hakata-ku, Fukuoka = Fukuoka in Chikuzen province
  43. Kamado Shrine: Dazaifu, Fukuoka = Fukuoka in Chikuzen province
  44. Naminoe Shrine: Naha, Okinawa = Wakasa on Okinawa Island in the Ryukyu Kingdom
  45. Kerr, George H. (1953). Ryukyu Kingdom and Province before 1945, p. 203.
  46. "Modern Shrine Ranking System". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Kokugakuin University. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  47. TAKAYAMA, K. PETER (1990). "Enshrinement and Persistency of Japanese Religion". Journal of Church and State. 32 (3): 527–547. ISSN 0021-969X.
  48. TAKAYAMA, K. PETER (1990). "Enshrinement and Persistency of Japanese Religion". Journal of Church and State. 32 (3): 527–547. ISSN 0021-969X.

Sources
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