Sword-and-sandal

Sword-and-sandal, also known as peplum (pepla plural), is a subgenre of largely Italian-made historical, mythological, or biblical epics mostly set in the Greco-Roman antiquity or the Middle Ages. These films attempted to emulate the big-budget Hollywood historical epics of the time, such as Samson and Delilah (1949), Quo Vadis (1951), The Robe (1953), The Ten Commandments (1956), Ben-Hur (1959), Spartacus (1960), and Cleopatra (1963).[1] These films dominated the Italian film industry from 1958 to 1965, eventually being replaced in 1965 by spaghetti Western and Eurospy films.[2][3]

This poster for Goliath and the Barbarians (1959) by Carlo Campogalliani illustrates many people's expectations from films of this genre

The term "peplum" (a Latin word referring to the ancient Greek garment peplos), was introduced by French film critics in the 1960s.[2][3] The terms "peplum" and "sword-and-sandal" were used in a condescending way by film critics. Later, the terms were embraced by fans of the films, similar to the terms "spaghetti Western" or "shoot-'em-ups". In their English versions, peplum films can be immediately differentiated from their Hollywood counterparts by their use of "clumsy and inadequate" English language dubbing.[4] A 100-minute documentary on the history of Italy's peplum genre was produced and directed by Antonio Avati in 1977 titled Kolossal: i magnifici Maciste (aka Kino Kolossal).[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

Genre characteristics
Kirk Douglas and Silvana Mangano in a pause during the shootings of Ulysses (1954) by Mario Camerini

Sword-and-sandal films are a specific class of Italian adventure films that have subjects set in Biblical or classical antiquity, often with plots based more or less loosely on Greco-Roman history or the other contemporary cultures of the time, such as the Egyptians, Assyrians, and Etruscans, as well as medieval times. Not all of the films were fantasy-based by any means. Many of the plots featured actual historical personalities such as Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, and Hannibal, although great liberties were taken with the storylines. Gladiators and slaves rebelling against tyrannical rulers, pirates and swashbucklers were also popular subjects.

As Robert Rushing defines it, peplum, "in its most stereotypical form, [...] depicts muscle-bound heroes (professional bodybuilders, athletes, wrestlers, or brawny actors) in mythological antiquity, fighting fantastic monsters and saving scantily clad beauties. Rather than lavish epics set in the classical world, they are low-budget films that focus on the hero's extraordinary body."[13] Thus, most sword-and-sandal films featured a superhumanly strong man as the protagonist, such as Hercules, Samson, Goliath, Ursus or Italy's own popular folk hero Maciste. In addition, the plots typically involved two women vying for the affection of the bodybuilder hero: the good love interest (a damsel in distress needing rescue), and an evil femme fatale queen who sought to dominate the hero.

Also, the films typically featured an ambitious ruler who would ascend the throne by murdering those who stood in his path, and often it was only the muscular hero who could depose him. Thus the hero's often political goal: "to restore a legitimate sovereign against an evil dictator."[14]

Many of the peplum films involved a clash between two populations, one civilized and the other barbaric, which typically included a scene of a village or city being burned to the ground by invaders. For their musical content, most films contained a colorful dancing girls sequence, meant to underline pagan decadence.

Precursors of the sword-and-sandal wave (pre-1958)

Italian films of the silent era

Italian filmmakers paved the way for the peplum genre with some of the earliest silent films dealing with the subject, including the following:

The silent Maciste films (1914–1927)

The 1914 Italian silent film Cabiria was one of the first films set in antiquity to make use of a massively muscled character, Maciste (played by actor Bartolomeo Pagano), who served in this premiere film as the hero's slavishly loyal sidekick. Maciste became the public's favorite character in the film however, and Pagano was called back many times to reprise the role. The Maciste character appeared in at least two dozen Italian silent films from 1914 through 1926, all of which featured a protagonist named Maciste although the films were set in many different time periods and geographical locations.

Here is a complete list of the silent Maciste films in chronological order:

  • Cabiria (1914) introduced the Maciste character
  • Maciste (1915) a.k.a. "The Marvelous Maciste"
  • Maciste bersagliere ("Maciste the Ranger", 1916)
  • Maciste alpino ("Maciste The Warrior", 1916)
  • Maciste atleta ("Maciste the Athlete", 1917)
  • Maciste medium ("Maciste the Clairvoyant", 1917)
  • Maciste poliziotto ("Maciste the Detective", 1917)
  • Maciste turista ("Maciste the Tourist", 1917)
  • Maciste sonnambulo ("Maciste the Sleepwalker", 1918)
  • La Rivincita di Maciste ("The Revenge of Maciste", 1919)
  • Il Testamento di Maciste ("Maciste's Will", 1919)
  • Il Viaggio di Maciste ("Maciste's Journey", 1919)
  • Maciste I ("Maciste the First", 1919)
  • Maciste contro la morte ("Maciste vs Death", 1919)
  • Maciste innamorato ("Maciste in Love", 1919)
  • Maciste in vacanza ("Maciste on Vacation", 1920)
  • Maciste salvato dalle acque ("Maciste Rescued from the Waters", 1920)
  • Maciste e la figlia del re della plata ("Maciste and the Silver King's Daughter", 1922)
  • Maciste und die Japanerin ("Maciste and the Japanese", 1922)
  • Maciste contro Maciste ("Maciste vs. Maciste", 1923)
  • Maciste und die chinesische truhe ("Maciste and the Chinese Trunk", 1923)
  • Maciste e il nipote di America ("Maciste's American Nephew", 1924)
  • Maciste imperatore ("Emperor Maciste", 1924)
  • Maciste contro lo sceicco ("Maciste vs. the Sheik", 1925)
  • Maciste all'inferno ("Maciste in Hell", 1925)
  • Maciste nella gabbia dei leoni ("Maciste in the Lions' Den", 1926)
  • il Gigante delle Dolemite ("The Giant From the Dolomite", released in 1927)

Italian fascist and post-war historical epics (1937-1956)
Theodora, Slave Empress (1954) by Riccardo Freda

The Italian film industry released several historical films in the early sound era, such as the big-budget Scipione l'Africano (Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal) in 1937. In 1949, the postwar Italian film industry remade Fabiola (which had been previously filmed twice in the silent era). The film was released in the United Kingdom and in the United States in 1951 in an edited, English-dubbed version. Fabiola was an Italian-French co-production like the following films The Last Days of Pompeii (1950) and Messalina (1951).

During the 1950s, a number of American historical epics shot in Italy were released. In 1951, MGM producer Sam Zimbalist cleverly used the lower production costs, use of frozen funds and the expertise of the Italian film industry to shoot the large-scale Technicolor epic Quo Vadis in Rome. In addition to its fictional account linking the Great Fire of Rome, the Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire and Emperor Nero, the film - following the novel "Quo vadis" by the Polish writer Henryk Sienkiewicz - featured also a mighty protagonist named Ursus (Italian filmmakers later made several pepla in the 1960s exploiting the Ursus character). MGM also planned Ben Hur to be filmed in Italy as early as 1952.[16]

Riccardo Freda's Sins of Rome was filmed in 1953 and released by RKO in an edited, English-dubbed version the following year. Unlike Quo Vadis, there were no American actors or production crew. The Anthony Quinn film Attila (directed by Pietro Francisci in 1954), the Kirk Douglas epic Ulysses (co-directed by an uncredited Mario Bava in 1954) and Helen of Troy (directed by Robert Wise with Sergio Leone as an uncredited second unit director in 1955) were the first of the big peplum films of the 1950s. Riccardo Freda directed another peplum, Theodora, Slave Empress in 1954, starring his wife Gianna Maria Canale. Howard Hawks directed his Land of the Pharaohs (starring Joan Collins) in Italy and Egypt in 1955. Robert Rossen made his film Alexander the Great in Egypt in 1956, with a music score by famed Italian composer Mario Nascimbene.

The main sword-and-sandal period (1958-1965)
Duel of the Titans (1961) by Sergio Corbucci

To cash in on the success of the Kirk Douglas film Ulysses, Pietro Francisci planned to make a film about Hercules, but searched unsuccessfully for years for a physically convincing yet experienced actor. His daughter spotted American bodybuilder Steve Reeves in the American film Athena and he was hired to play Hercules in 1957 when the film was made. (Reeves was paid $10,000 to star in the film).[17][18]

The genre's instantaneous growth began with the U.S. theatrical release of Hercules in 1959. American producer Joseph E. Levine acquired the U.S. distribution rights for $120,000, spent $1 million promoting the film and made more than $5 million profit.[19] This spawned the 1959 Steve Reeves sequel Hercules Unchained, the 1959 re-release of Cecil B. DeMille's Samson and Delilah (1949), and dozens of imitations that followed in their wake. Italian filmmakers resurrected their 1920s Maciste character in a brand new 1960s sound film series (1960–1964), followed rapidly by Ursus, Samson, Goliath and various other mighty-muscled heroes.

Almost all peplum films of this period featured bodybuilder stars, the most popular being Steve Reeves, Reg Park and Gordon Scott.[20] Some of these stars, such as Mickey Hargitay, Reg Lewis, Mark Forest, Gordon Mitchell and Dan Vadis, had starred in Mae West's touring stage review in the United States in the 1950s.[20] Bodybuilders of Italian origin, on the other hand, would adopt English pseudonyms for the screen; thus, stuntman Sergio Ciani became Alan Steel, and ex-gondolier Adriano Bellini was called Kirk Morris.[20]

My Son, the Hero (1962) by Duccio Tessari

To be sure, many of the films enjoyed widespread popularity among general audiences, and had production values that were typical for popular films of their day. Some films included frequent re-use of the impressive film sets that had been created for Ben-Hur and Cleopatra.

Although many of the bigger budget pepla were released theatrically in the US, fourteen of them were released directly to Embassy Pictures television in a syndicated TV package called The Sons of Hercules. Since few American viewers had a familiarity with Italian film heroes such as Maciste or Ursus, the characters were renamed[20] and the films molded into a series of sorts by splicing on the same opening and closing theme song and newly designed voice-over narration that attempted to link the protagonist of each film to the Hercules mythos. These films ran on Saturday afternoons in the 1960s.

Peplum films were, and still are, often ridiculed for their low budgets and bad English dubbing. The contrived plots, poorly overdubbed dialogue, novice acting skills of the bodybuilder leads, and primitive special effects that were often inadequate to depict the mythological creatures on screen all conspire to give these films a certain camp appeal now. In the 1990s, several of them have been subjects of riffing and satire in the United States comedy series Mystery Science Theater 3000.

However, in the early 1960s, a group of French critics, mostly writing for the Cahiers du cinéma, such as Luc Moullet, started to celebrate the genre and some of its directors, including Vittorio Cottafavi, Riccardo Freda, Mario Bava, Pietro Francisci, Duccio Tessari, and Sergio Leone.[21] Not only directors, but also some of the screenwriters, often put together in teams, worked past the typically formulaic plot structure to include a mixture of "bits of philosophical readings and scraps of psychoanalysis, reflections on the biggest political systems, the fate of the world and humanity, fatalistic notions of accepting the will of destiny and the gods, anthropocentric belief in the powers of the human physique, and brilliant syntheses of military treatises".[22]

With reference to the genre's free use of ancient mythology and other influences, Italian director Vittorio Cottafavi, who directed a number of peplum films, used the term "neo-mythologism".[23]

Hercules series (1958–1965)
A poster for Hercules (1958) by Pietro Francisci starring Steve Reeves

A series of 19 Hercules movies were made in Italy in the late '50s and early '60s. The films were all sequels to the successful Steve Reeves peplum Hercules (1958), but with the exception of Hercules Unchained, each film was a stand-alone story not connected to the others. The actors who played Hercules in these films were Steve Reeves followed by Gordon Scott, Kirk Morris, Mickey Hargitay, Mark Forest, Alan Steel, Dan Vadis, Brad Harris, Reg Park, Peter Lupus (billed as Rock Stevens) and Mike Lane. In a 1997 interview, Reeves said he felt his two Hercules films could not be topped by another sequel, so he declined to do any more Hercules films.[24]

The films are listed below by their American release titles, and the titles in parentheses are their original Italian titles with an approximate English translation. Dates shown are the original Italian theatrical release dates, not the U.S. release dates (which were years later in some cases).

A number of English-dubbed Italian films that featured the word "Hercules" in the title were not made as Hercules movies originally, such as:

  • Hercules Against the Moon Men, Hercules Against the Barbarians, Hercules Against the Mongols and Hercules of the Desert were all originally Maciste films. (See "Maciste" section below)
  • Hercules and the Black Pirate and Hercules and the Treasure of the Incas were both re-titled Samson movies. (See "Samson" section below)
  • Hercules, Prisoner of Evil was actually a re-titled Ursus film. (See "Ursus" section below)
  • Hercules and the Masked Rider was actually a re-titled Goliath movie. (See "Goliath" section below)

None of these films in their original Italian versions involved the Hercules character in any way. Likewise, most of the Sons of Hercules movies shown on American TV in the 1960s had nothing to do with Hercules in their original Italian versions.

(see also The Three Stooges Meet Hercules (1962), an American-made genre parody starring peplum star Samson Burke as Hercules)

Goliath series (1959–1964)

The Italians used Goliath as the superhero protagonist in a series of adventure films (pepla) in the early 1960s. He was a man possessed of amazing strength, although he seemed to be a different person in each film. After the classic Hercules (1958) became a blockbuster sensation in the film industry, a 1959 Steve Reeves film Il terrore dei barbari (Terror of the Barbarians) was re-titled Goliath and the Barbarians in the U.S. The film was so successful at the box office, it inspired Italian filmmakers to do a series of four more films featuring a generic beefcake hero named Goliath, although the films were not related to each other in any way (the 1960 Italian peplum David and Goliath starring Orson Welles was not part of this series, since that movie was just a historical retelling of the Biblical story).

The titles in the Italian Goliath adventure series were as follows: (the first title listed for each film is the film's original Italian title along with its English translation, while the U.S. release title follows in bold type in parentheses)

The name Goliath was also inserted into the English titles of three other Italian pepla that were re-titled for U.S. distribution in an attempt to cash in on the Goliath craze, but these films were not originally made as "Goliath movies" in Italy.

Both Goliath and the Vampires (1961) and Goliath and the Sins of Babylon (1963) actually featured the famed Italian folk hero Maciste in the original Italian versions, but American distributors did not feel the name "Maciste" meant anything to American audiences.

Goliath and the Dragon (1960) was originally an Italian Hercules movie called The Revenge of Hercules, but it was re-titled Goliath and the Dragon in the U.S. since at the time Goliath and the Barbarians was breaking box-office records, and the distributors may have thought the name "Hercules" was trademarked by distributor Joseph E. Levine.

Maciste series (1960–1965)
Main article: Maciste
Maciste in King Solomon's Mines (1964) by Piero Regnoli

There were a total of 25 Maciste films from the 1960s peplum craze (not counting the two dozen silent Maciste films made in Italy pre-1930). By 1960, seeing how well the two Steve Reeves Hercules films were doing at the box office, Italian producers decided to revive the 1920s silent film character Maciste in a new series of color/sound films. Unlike the other Italian peplum protagonists, Maciste found himself in a variety of time periods ranging from the Ice Age to 16th century Scotland. Maciste was never given an origin, and the source of his mighty powers was never revealed. However, in the first film of the 1960s series, he mentions to another character that the name "Maciste" means "born of the rock" (almost as if he was a god who would just appear out of the earth itself in times of need). One of the 1920s silent Maciste films was actually titled The Giant from the Dolomite, hinting that Maciste may be more god than man, which would explain his great strength.
The first title listed for each film is the film's original Italian title along with its English translation, while the U.S. release title follows in bold type in parentheses (note how many times Maciste's name in the Italian title is altered to an entirely different name in the American title):

In 1973, the Spanish cult film director Jesus Franco directed two low-budget "Maciste films" for French producers: Maciste contre la Reine des Amazones (Maciste vs the Queen of the Amazons) and Les exploits érotiques de Maciste dans l'Atlantide (The Erotic Exploits of Maciste in Atlantis). The films had almost identical casts, both starring Val Davis as Maciste, and appear to have been shot back-to-back. The former was distributed in Italy as a "Karzan" movie (a cheap Tarzan imitation), while the latter film was released only in France with hardcore inserts as Les Gloutonnes ("The Gobblers"). These two films were totally unrelated to the 1960s Italian Maciste series.

Ursus series (1960–1964)
Main article: Ursus (film character)

Following Buddy Baer's portrayal of Ursus in the classic 1951 film Quo Vadis, Ursus was used as a superhuman Roman-era character who became the protagonist in a series of Italian adventure films made in the early 1960s.

When the "Hercules" film craze hit in 1959, Italian filmmakers were looking for other muscleman characters similar to Hercules whom they could exploit, resulting in the nine-film Ursus series listed below. Ursus was referred to as a "Son of Hercules" in two of the films when they were dubbed in English (in an attempt to cash in on the then-popular "Hercules" craze), although in the original Italian films, Ursus had no connection to Hercules whatsoever. In the English-dubbed version of one Ursus film (retitled Hercules, Prisoner of Evil), Ursus was actually referred to throughout the entire film as "Hercules".

There were a total of nine Italian films that featured Ursus as the main character, listed below as follows: Italian title / English translation of the Italian title (American release title);

Samson series (1961–1964)

A character named Samson was featured in a series of five Italian peplum films in the 1960s, no doubt inspired by the 1959 re-release of the epic Victor Mature film Samson and Delilah. The character was similar to the Biblical Samson in the third and fifth films only; in the other three, he just appears to be a very strong man (not related at all to the Biblical figure).

The titles are listed as follows: Italian title / its English translation (U.S. release title in parentheses);

The name Samson was also inserted into the U.S. titles of six other Italian movies when they were dubbed in English for U.S. distribution, although these films actually featured the adventures of the famed Italian folk hero Maciste.

Samson Against the Sheik (1962), Son of Samson (1960), Samson and the Slave Queen (1963), Samson and the Seven Miracles of the World (1961), Samson vs. the Giant King (1964), and Samson in King Solomon's Mines (1964) were all re-titled Maciste movies, because the American distributors did not feel the name Maciste was marketable to U.S. filmgoers.

Samson and the Treasure of the Incas (a.k.a. Hercules and the Treasure of the Incas) (1965) sounds like a peplum title, but was actually a spaghetti Western.

The Sons of Hercules (TV syndication package)
Main article: The Sons of Hercules
Title card for the 1960s series The Sons of Hercules

The Sons of Hercules was a syndicated television show that aired in the United States in the 1960s. The series repackaged 14 randomly chosen Italian peplum films by unifying them with memorable title and end title theme songs and a standard voice-over intro relating the main hero in each film to Hercules any way they could. In some areas, each film was split into two one-hour episodes, so the 14 films were shown as 28 weekly episodes. None of the films were ever theatrically released in the U.S.

The films are not listed in chronological order, since they were not really related to each other in any way. The first title listed below for each film was its American broadcast television title, followed in parentheses by the English translation of its original Italian theatrical title:

Steve Reeves pepla (in chronological order of production)
Main article: Steve Reeves
Steve Reeves in Hercules by Pietro Francisci (1958)

Steve Reeves appeared in 14 pepla made in Italy from 1958 to 1964, and most of his films are highly regarded examples of the genre. His pepla are listed below in order of production, not in order of release. The U.S. release titles are shown below, followed by the original Italian title and its translation (in parentheses)

Other (non-series) Italian pepla

There were many 1950s and 1960s Italian pepla that did not feature a major superhero (such as Hercules, Maciste or Samson), and as such they fall into a sort of miscellaneous category. Many were of the Cappa e spada (swashbuckler) variety, though they often feature well-known characters such as Ali Baba, Julius Caesar, Ulysses, Cleopatra, the Three Musketeers, Zorro, Theseus, Perseus, Achilles, Robin Hood, and Sandokan. The first really successful Italian films of this kind were Black Eagle (1946) and Fabiola (1949).

Gladiator films

Inspired by the success of Spartacus, there were a number of Italian peplums that heavily emphasized the gladiatorial arena in their plots, with it becoming almost a peplum subgenre in itself. One group of supermen known as "The Ten Gladiators" appeared in a trilogy, all three films starring Dan Vadis in the lead role.

  • Alone Against Rome (1962) a.k.a. Vengeance of the Gladiators
  • The Arena (1974) a.k.a. Naked Warriors, co-directed by Joe D'Amato, starring Pam Grier, Paul Muller and Rosalba Neri
  • Challenge of the Gladiator (1965) starring Peter Lupus (a.k.a. Rock Stevens)
  • Fabiola (1949) a.k.a. The Fighting Gladiator
  • Gladiator of Rome (1962) a.k.a. Battle of the Gladiators, starring Gordon Scott
  • Gladiators Seven (1962) a.k.a. The Seven Gladiators, starring Richard Harrison
  • Invincible Gladiator, The (1961) Richard Harrison
  • Last Gladiator, The (1963) a.k.a. Messalina Against the Son of Hercules
  • Maciste, Gladiator of Sparta (1964) a.k.a. Terror of Rome Against the Son of Hercules
  • Revenge of Spartacus, The (1965) a.k.a. Revenge of the Gladiators, starring Roger Browne
  • Revenge of The Gladiators (1961) starring Mickey Hargitay
  • Revolt of the Seven (1964) a.k.a. The Spartan Gladiator, starring Tony Russel and Helga Line
  • Revolt of the Slaves (1961) Rhonda Fleming
  • Seven Rebel Gladiators (1965) a.k.a. Seven Against All, starring Roger Browne
  • Seven Slaves Against the World (1965) a.k.a. Seven Slaves Against Rome, a.k.a. The Strongest Slaves in the World, starring Roger Browne and Gordon Mitchell
  • Sheba and the Gladiator (1959) a.k.a. The Sign of Rome, a.k.a. Sign of the Gladiator, Anita Ekberg
  • Sins of Rome (1952) a.k.a. Spartacus, directed by Riccardo Freda
  • Slave, The (1962) a.k.a. Son of Spartacus, Steve Reeves
  • Spartacus and the Ten Gladiators (1964) a.k.a. Ten Invincible Gladiators, Dan Vadis
  • Spartan Gladiator, The (1965) Tony Russel
  • Ten Gladiators, The (1963) Dan Vadis
  • Triumph of the Ten Gladiators (1965) Dan Vadis
  • Two Gladiators, The (1964) a.k.a. Fight or Die, Richard Harrison
  • Ursus, the Rebel Gladiator (1963) a.k.a. Rebel Gladiators, Dan Vadis
  • Warrior and the Slave Girl, The (1958) a.k.a. The Revolt of the Gladiators, Gianna Maria Canale

Ancient Rome

Greek mythology

Barbarian and Viking films

Swashbucklers / pirates
  • Adventurer of Tortuga (1965) starring Guy Madison
  • Adventures of Mandrin, The (1960) a.k.a. Captain Adventure
  • Adventures of Scaramouche, The (1963) a.k.a. The Mask of Scaramouche, Gianna Maria Canale
  • Arms of the Avenger (1963) a.k.a. The Devils of Spartivento, starring John Drew Barrymore
  • At Sword's Edge (1952) dir. by Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia
  • Attack of the Moors (1959) a.k.a. The Kings of France
  • Avenger of the Seven Seas (1961) a.k.a. Executioner of the Seas, Richard Harrison
  • Avenger of Venice, The (1963) directed by Riccardo Freda, starring Brett Halsey
  • Balboa (Spanish, 1963) a.k.a. Conquistadors of the Pacific
  • Beatrice Cenci (1956) directed by Riccardo Freda
  • Beatrice Cenci (1969) directed by Lucio Fulci
  • Behind the Mask of Zorro (1966) a.k.a. The Oath of Zorro, Tony Russel
  • Black Archer, The (1959) Gerard Landry
  • Black Devil, The (1957) Gerard Landry
  • Black Duke, The (1963) Cameron Mitchell
  • Black Eagle, The (1946) a.k.a. Return of the Black Eagle, directed by Riccardo Freda
  • Black Lancers, The (1962) a.k.a. Charge of the Black Lancers, Mel Ferrer
  • Captain from Toledo, The (1966)
  • Captain of Iron, The (1962) a.k.a. Revenge of the Mercenaries, Barbara Steele
  • Captain Phantom (1953)
  • Captains of Adventure (1961) starring Paul Muller and Gerard Landry
  • Caribbean Hawk, The (1963) Yvonne Monlaur
  • Castillian, The (1963) Cesare Romero, U.S./Spanish co-production
  • Catherine of Russia (1962) directed by Umberto Lenzi
  • Cavalier in Devil's Castle (1959) a.k.a. Cavalier of Devil's Island
  • Conqueror of Maracaibo, The (1961)
  • The Count of Braggalone (1954) aka The Last Musketeer, starring Georges Marchal
  • Count of Monte Cristo, The (1962) Louis Jourdan
  • Devil Made a Woman, The (1959) a.k.a. A Girl Against Napoleon
  • Devil's Cavaliers, The (1959) a.k.a. The Devil's Riders, Gianna Maria Canale
  • Dick Turpin (1974) a Spanish production
  • El Cid (1961) Sophia Loren, Charlton Heston, U.S./ Italian film shot in Italy
  • Executioner of Venice, The (1963) Lex Barker, Guy Madison
  • Fighting Musketeers, The (1961)
  • Giant of the Evil Island (1965) a.k.a. Mystery of the Cursed Island, Peter Lupus
  • Goliath and the Masked Rider (1964) a.k.a. Hercules and the Masked Rider, Alan Steel
  • Guns of the Black Witch (1961) a.k.a. Terror of the Sea, Don Megowan
  • Hawk of the Caribbean (1963)
  • Invincible Swordsman, The (1963)
  • The Iron Swordsman (1949) a.k.a. Count Ugolino, directed by Riccardo Freda
  • Ivanhoe, the Norman Swordsman (1971) a.k.a. La spada normanna, directed by Roberto Mauri
  • Knight of a Hundred Faces, The (1960) a.k.a. The Silver Knight, starring Lex Barker
  • Knights of Terror (1963) a.k.a. Terror of the Red Capes, Tony Russel
  • Knight Without a Country (1959) a.k.a. The Faceless Rider
  • Lawless Mountain, The (1953) a.k.a. La montaña sin ley (stars Zorro)
  • Lion of St. Mark, The (1964) Gordon Scott
  • Mark of Zorro (1975) made in France, Monica Swinn
  • Mark of Zorro (1976) George Hilton
  • Masked Conqueror, The (1962)
  • Mask of the Musketeers (1963) a.k.a. Zorro and the Three Musketeers, starring Gordon Scott
  • Michael Strogoff (1956) a.k.a. Revolt of the Tartars
  • Miracle of the Wolves (1961) a.k.a. Blood on his Sword, starring Jean Marais
  • Morgan, the Pirate (1960) Steve Reeves
  • Musketeers of the Sea (1960)
  • Mysterious Rider, The (1948) directed by Riccardo Freda[26]
  • Mysterious Swordsman, The (1956) starred Gerard Landry
  • Nephews of Zorro, The (1968) Italian comedy with Franco and Ciccio
  • Night of the Great Attack (1961) a.k.a. Revenge of the Borgias
  • Night They Killed Rasputin, The (1960) a.k.a. The Last Czar
  • Nights of Lucretia Borgia, The (1959)
  • Pirate and the Slave Girl, The (1959) Lex Barker
  • Pirate of the Black Hawk, The (1958)
  • Pirate of the Half Moon (1957)
  • Pirates of the Coast (1960) Lex Barker
  • Prince with the Red Mask, The (1955) a.k.a. The Red Eagle
  • Prisoner of the Iron Mask, The (1961) a.k.a. The Revenge of the Iron Mask
  • Pugni, Pirati e Karatè (1973) a.k.a. Fists, Pirates and Karate, directed by Joe D'Amato, starring Richard Harrison (a 1970s Italian spoof of pirate movies)
  • Queen of the Pirates (1961) a.k.a. The Venus of the Pirates, Gianna Maria Canale
  • Queen of the Seas (1961) directed by Umberto Lenzi
  • Rage of the Buccaneers (1961) a.k.a. Gordon, The Black Pirate, starring Vincent Price
  • Red Cloak, The (1955) Bruce Cabot
  • Revenge of Ivanhoe, The (1965) Rik Battaglia
  • Revenge of the Black Eagle (1951) directed by Riccardo Freda
  • Revenge of the Musketeers (1963) a.k.a. Dartagnan vs. the Three Musketeers, Fernando Lamas
  • Revenge of Spartacus, The (1965) Roger Browne
  • Revolt of the Mercenaries (1961)
  • Robin Hood and the Pirates (1960) Lex Barker
  • Roland, the Mighty (1956) directed by Pietro Francisci
  • Rome 1585 (1961) a.k.a. The Mercenaries, Debra Paget, set in the 1500s
  • Rover, The (1967) a.k.a. The Adventurer, starring Anthony Quinn
  • The Sack of Rome (1953) a.k.a. The Barbarians, a.k.a. The Pagans (set in the 1500s)
  • Samson vs. the Black Pirate (1963) a.k.a. Hercules and the Black Pirate, Alan Steel
  • Samson vs. the Pirates (1963) a.k.a. Samson and the Sea Beast, Kirk Morris
  • Sandokan Fights Back (1964) a.k.a. Sandokan to the Rescue, a.k.a. The Revenge of Sandokan, Guy Madison
  • Sandokan the Great (1964) a.k.a. Sandokan, the Tiger of Mompracem, Steve Reeves
  • Sandokan, the Pirate of Malaysia (1964) a.k.a. Pirates of Malaysia, a.k.a. Pirates of the Seven Seas, Steve Reeves, directed by Umberto Lenzi
  • Sandokan vs. the Leopard of Sarawak (1964) a.k.a. Throne of Vengeance, Guy Madison
  • Saracens, The (1965) a.k.a. The Devil's Pirate, a.k.a. The Flag of Death, starring Richard Harrison
  • Sea Pirate, The (1966) a.k.a. Thunder Over the Indian Ocean, a.k.a. Surcouf, Hero of the Seven Seas
  • Secret Mark of D'artagnan, The (1962)
  • Seven Seas to Calais (1961) a.k.a. Sir Francis Drake, King of the Seven Seas, Rod Taylor
  • Seventh Sword, The (1960) Brett Halsey
  • Shadow of Zorro (1962) Frank Latimore
  • Sign of Zorro, The (1952)
  • Sign of Zorro (1963) a.k.a. Duel at the Rio Grande, Sean Flynn
  • Son of Black Eagle (1968)
  • Son of Captain Blood (1962)
  • Son of d'Artagnan (1950) directed by Riccardo Freda
  • Son of El Cid, The (1965) Mark Damon
  • Son of the Red Corsair (1959) a.k.a. Son of the Red Pirate, Lex Barker
  • Son of Zorro (1973) Alberto Dell'Acqua
  • Sword in the Shadow, A (1961) starring Livio Lorenzon
  • Sword of Rebellion, The (1964) a.k.a. The Rebel of Castelmonte
  • Sword of Vengeance (1961) a.k.a. La spada della vendetta
  • Swordsman of Siena, The (1961) a.k.a. The Mercenary
  • Sword Without a Country (1960) a.k.a. Sword Without a Flag
  • Taras Bulba, The Cossack (1963) a.k.a. Plains of Battle
  • Terror of the Black Mask (1963) a.k.a. The Invincible Masked Rider
  • Terror of the Red Mask (1960) Lex Barker
  • Three Swords of Zorro, The (1963) a.k.a. The Sword of Zorro, Guy Stockwell
  • Tiger of the Seven Seas (1963)
  • Triumph of Robin Hood (1962) starring Samson Burke
  • Tyrant of Castile, The (1964) Mark Damon
  • White Slave Ship (1961) directed by Silvio Amadio
  • The White Warrior (1959) a.k.a. Hadji Murad, the White Devil, Steve Reeves
  • Women of Devil's Island (1962) starring Guy Madison
  • Zorro (1968) a.k.a. El Zorro, a.k.a. Zorro the Fox, George Ardisson
  • Zorro (1975) Alain Delon
  • Zorro and the Three Musketeers (1963) Gordon Scott
  • Zorro at the Court of England (1969) Spiros Focás as Zorro
  • Zorro at the Court of Spain (1962) a.k.a. The Masked Conqueror, Georgio Ardisson
  • Zorro of Monterrey (1971) a.k.a. El Zorro de Monterrey, Carlos Quiney
  • Zorro, Rider of Vengeance (1971) Carlos Quiney
  • Zorro's Last Adventure (1970) a.k.a. La última aventura del Zorro, Carlos Quiney
  • Zorro the Avenger (1962) a.k.a. The Revenge of Zorro, Frank Latimore
  • Zorro the Avenger (1969) a.k.a. El Zorro justiciero (1969) Fabio Testi
  • Zorro, the Navarra Marquis (1969) Nadir Moretti as Zorro
  • Zorro the Rebel (1966) Howard Ross
  • Zorro Against Maciste (1963) a.k.a. Samson and the Slave Queen (1963) starring Pierre Brice, Alan Steel

Biblical
  • Barabbas (1961) Dino de Laurentiis, Anthony Quinn, filmed in Italy
  • Bible, The (1966) Dino de Laurentiis, John Huston, filmed in Italy
  • David and Goliath (1960) Orson Welles
  • Desert Desperadoes (1956) plot involves King Herod
  • Esther and the King (1961) Joan Collins, Richard Egan
  • Head of a Tyrant, The (1959)
  • Herod the Great (1958) Edmund Purdom
  • Jacob, the Man Who Fought with God (1964) Giorgio Cerioni
  • Mighty Crusaders, The (1957) a.k.a. Jerusalem Set Free, Gianna Maria Canale
  • Moses the Lawgiver (1973) aka Moses in Egypt, Burt Lancaster, Anthony Quayle (6-hour made-for-TV Italian/British co-production) also released theatrically
  • Old Testament, The (1962) Brad Harris
  • Pontius Pilate (1962) Jean Marais
  • The Queen of Sheba (1952), directed by Pietro Francisci
  • Samson and Gideon (1965) Fernando Rey
  • Saul and David (1963) Gianni Garko
  • Sodom and Gomorrah (1962) Rosanna Podesta, U.S./Italian film shot in Italy
  • Story of Joseph and his Brethren, The (1960)
  • Sword and the Cross, The (1958) a.k.a. Mary Magdalene, Gianna Maria Canale

Ancient Egypt

Babylon / the Middle East

The second peplum wave: the 1980s

After the peplum gave way to the spaghetti Western and Eurospy films in 1965, the genre lay dormant for close to 20 years. Then in 1982, the box-office successes of Jean-Jacques Annaud's Quest for Fire (1981), Arnold Schwarzenegger's Conan the Barbarian (1982) and Clash of the Titans (1981 film) (1981) spurred a second renaissance of sword and sorcery Italian pepla in the five years immediately following. Most of these films had low budgets, focusing more on barbarians and pirates so as to avoid the need for expensive Greco-Roman sets. The filmmakers tried to compensate for their shortcomings with the addition of some graphic gore and nudity. Many of these 1980s entries were helmed by noted Italian horror film directors (Joe D'Amato, Lucio Fulci, Luigi Cozzi, etc.) and many featured actors Lou Ferrigno, Miles O'Keeffe and Sabrina Siani. Here is a list of the 1980s pepla:

A group of so-called "porno peplum" films were devoted to Roman emperors, especially - but not only - to Caligula and Claudius' spouse Messalina:

  • Caligula (1979) directed by Tinto Brass
  • A Filha de Calígula/ The Daughter of Caligula (1981) directed by Ody Fraga; made in Brazil
  • Caligula and Messalina (1981) directed by Bruno Mattei
  • Bacanales Romanas/ My Nights with Messalina (1982) directed in Spain by Jaime J. Puig; stars Ajita Wilson
  • Nerone and Poppea (1982) directed by Bruno Mattei
  • Caligula... The Untold Story (1982) directed by Joe D'Amato, starring Laura Gemser and Gabriele Tinti
  • Orgies of Caligula (1984) a.k.a. Caligula's Slaves, a.k.a. Roma, l'antica chiave dei sensi; directed by Lorenzo Onorati
  • The Erotic Dreams of Cleopatra (1985) directed by Rino Di Silvestro

See also

References
  1. Patrick Lucanio, With Fire and Sword: Italian Spectacles on American Screens, 1958–1968 (Scarecrow Press, 1994; ISBN 0810828162)
  2. O'Brien, D. (2014). Classical Masculinity and the Spectacular Body on Film: The Mighty Sons of Hercules. Springer. ISBN 9781137384713. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  3. Kinnard, Roy; Crnkovich, Tony (2017). Italian Sword and Sandal Films, 1908–1990. McFarland. p. 1. ISBN 9781476662916. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  4. Bondanella, Peter; Pacchioni, Federico (2017). A History of Italian Cinema. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 166. ISBN 9781501307645. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  5. Della Casa, Steve; Giusti, Marco (2013). "Il Grande Libro di Ercole". Edizione Sabinae. Page 194. ISBN 978-88-98623-051
  6. Kino kolossal – Herkules, Maciste & Co. Eintrag letterboxd.com. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  7. "Cineforum" (in Italian). 29 (#1–6). Federazione italiana cineforum. 1989: 62. Retrieved 14 February 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. Pomeroy, Arthur J. (2008). 'Then it Was Destroyed by the Volcano': The Ancient World in Film and on Television. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 67. ISBN 9780715630266. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  9. Nikoloutsos, Konstantinos P. (2013). Ancient Greek Women in Film. OUP Oxford. p. 139. ISBN 9780199678921. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  10. Bayman, Louis (2011). Directory of World Cinema: Italy. Intellect Books. p. 177. ISBN 9781841504001. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  11. Diak, Nicholas (2018). The New Peplum: Essays on Sword and Sandal Films and Television Programs Since the 1990s. McFarland. p. 195. ISBN 9781476631509. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  12. Ritzer, Ivo; Schulze, Peter W. (2016). Genre Hybridisation: Global Cinematic Flow. Schüren Verlag. p. 65. ISBN 9783741000416. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  13. Klein, Amanda Ann; Palmer, R. Barton (2016). Cycles, Sequels, Spin-offs, Remakes, and Reboots: Multiplicities in Film and Television. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9781477308196. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  14. Cornelius, Michael G. (2011). Of Muscles and Men: Essays on the Sword and Sandal Film. McFarland. p. 15. ISBN 9780786489022.
  15. Michelakis, Pantelis; Wyke, Maria; Pucci, Giuseppe (2013). The Ancient World in Silent Cinema. Cambridge University Press. pp. 247–261. ISBN 9781107016101. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  16. Pryor, Thomas M. "Ben-Hur to Ride for Metro Again." New York Times. December 8, 1952.
  17. Jon Thurber: Steve Reeves, Mr. Universe Who Became Movie Strongman, Dies 4 May 2000 latimes.com. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  18. Frumkes, Roy, ed. (July 1994). "An Interview with Steve Reeves". The Perfect Vision Magazine. Vol. 6, no. 22.
  19. p.73 Frayling, Christopher Spaghetti Westerns: Cowboys and Europeans from Karl May to Sergio Leone I.B.Tauris, 2006.
  20. Hughes, Howard (2011). Cinema Italiano: The Complete Guide from Classics to Cult. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 2. ISBN 9781848856080. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  21. Brunetta, Gian Piero (2004). Cent'anni di cinema italiano (in Italian). Laterza. p. 329. ISBN 9788842073468. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  22. Brunetta, Gian Piero (2004). Cent'anni di cinema italiano (in Italian). Laterza. pp. 329–330. ISBN 9788842073468. Retrieved 14 February 2019. frammenti di letture filosofiche e briciole di psicanalisi, meditazioni sui massimi sistemi politici, sul destino del mondo e dell'umanità, concezioni fatalistiche di accetazione della volontà del destino e degli dei, fiducia antropocentrica nella potenza fisica e sintesi fulminee di trattatistica militare
  23. Winkler, Martin M. (2009). Troy: From Homer's Iliad to Hollywood Epic. John Wiley & Sons. p. 14. ISBN 9781405178549. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  24. Labbe, Rod "Steve Reeves: Demi-God on Horseback" Films of the Golden Age.
  25. Kinnard, Roy; Crnkovich, Tony (2017). Italian Sword and Sandal Films, 1908-1990. McFarland. ISBN 1476662916.
  26. Roberto Chiti; Roberto Poppi; Enrico Lancia. Dizionario del cinema italiano: I film. Gremese 1991. ISBN 8876055487.
  27. Roberto Poppi, Mario Pecorari. Dizionario del cinema italiano. I film. Gremese Editore 2007. ISBN 8884405033.
  28. Hughes, Howard (30 April 2011). Cinema Italiano: The Complete Guide from Classics to Cult. ISBN 9780857730442.
  29. http://www.tcm.turner.com/tcmdb/title/78700/Hundra/. Archived 2019-05-16 at the Wayback Machine

Further reading
  • Diak, Nicholas, editor. The New Peplum: Essays on Sword and Sandal Films and Television Programs Since the 1990s. McFarland and Company, Inc. 2018. ISBN 978-1-4766-6762-1
  • Richard Dyer: "The White Man's Muscles" in R. Dyer: White: London: Routledge: 1997: ISBN 0-415-09537-9
  • David Chapman: Retro Studs: Muscle Movie Posters from Around the World: Portland: Collectors Press: 2002: ISBN 1-888054-69-7
  • Hervé Dumont, L'Antiquité au cinéma. Vérités, légendes et manipulations (Nouveau-Monde, 2009; ISBN 2-84736-434-X)
  • Florent Fourcart, Le Péplum italien (1946–1966) : Grandeur et décadence d'une antiquité populaire (2012, CinExploitation; ISBN 291551786X)
  • Maggie Gunsberg: "Heroic Bodies: The Culture of Masculinity in Peplums" in M. Gunsberg: Italian Cinema: Gender and Genre: Houndsmill: Palgrave Macmillan: 2005: ISBN 0-333-75115-9
  • Patrick Lucanio, With Fire and Sword: Italian Spectacles on American Screens, 1958–1968 (Scarecrow Press, 1994; ISBN 0810828162)
  • Irmbert Schenk: "The Cinematic Support to Nationalist(ic) Mythology: The Italian Peplum 1910–1930" in Natascha Gentz and Stefan Kramer (eds.) Globalization, Cultural Identities and Media Representations Albany, NY: State University of New York Press: 2006: ISBN 0-7914-6684-1
  • Stephen Flacassier: "Muscles, Myths and Movies": Rabbit's Garage: 1994 : ISBN 0-9641643-0-2
Films
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