Indiewood
Indiewood (also known as "specialty", "alternative", "indie", or "quality")[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] films are those made outside of the Hollywood studio system or traditional arthouse/independent filmmaking system yet managed to be produced, financed and distributed by the two with varying degrees of success and/or failure.[8]
Background
Throughout the middle of the 1990s, the word "Indiewood" (a.k.a. "indie boom" or "indie film movement")[9][10][4][11] was invented to describe a component of the spectrum of American films in which distinctions exist, it seemed as if Hollywood and the independent sector had become blurred.[12][13][14][15][16][4] The American independent film, prior to the 1980s and first half of the 1990s,[17][18][19] was previously associated with b movies, exploitation films, avant-garde underground cinema (when it was known as the New American Cinema)[20] and social realist dramas.[21][22][23][24]
Indiewood divisions gain from expert experience of the niche industry by hiring leading independent personalities such as Harvey Weinstein[11] from the Disney fold after the exit of the Weinsteins,[25][26] and James Schamus, former joint head of Good Machine, at Focus Features.[27]
Other "mini-major" subdivisions included Searchlight Pictures, Fine Line Features (established by New Line Cinema), Lionsgate, NEON, A24, Paramount Vantage, Summit Entertainment, Orion Pictures, Samuel Goldwyn Company, Warner Independent, Picturehouse, United Artists (first founded in 1919 as an independent studio that allowed more creative freedom for former silent film stars like Mary Pickford and Charles Chaplin), Blumhouse, Cannon Films, and Sony Pictures Classics.[28][2][29][9][30][31][32][33][34][35]
Differences from Hollywood
The films are often made for far less money than Hollywood films[36][11][37] (some films like Robert Townsend's 1987's satire Hollywood Shuffle and Kevin Smith's 1994 Gen X comedy Clerks were funded by using credit cards[19]) and each aspect of the filmmaking process has to undergo less scrutiny by committees. Additionally, within the Indiewood approach the filmmaker can take as long as they need in the post-production phase of their film - whereas in Hollywood they are contracted to finish the film in a specific period of time (usually 10 weeks). In Hollywood, the film then goes on to show in focus group screenings on the studio lot. In Indiewood, the filmmakers can determine the next steps of the film. They also bear striking similarities to as well as were influenced by the "proto-indies" of the 1960s such as Robert Downey Sr's still image film Chafed Elbows (1966), John Cassavetes's Academy Award-nominated Faces and Brian de Palma's Greetings (each from 1968) which in turn were influenced by the culture of the Beat Generation, the polar opposite to the conformist, gray-flannel conformity of 1950s America.[38][24]
Most Indiewood films are first shown at film festivals with the hopes of further distribution by being picked up (or purchased) by a larger film company or distributor alongside awards consideration (e.g. 2009's A Single Man).[39]
List of selected Indiewood filmmakers
- Julie Dash[9][32][6][40][41]
- Cheryl Dunye[42]
- Kathleen Collins[6][7][43]
- Lizzie Borden[3][32][44][11][45][40][46][43]
- Ava DuVernay[47][48][32][49][50]
- Dee Rees[47][48][51][49][52]
- Chloe Zhao[53][54][55]
- Lulu Wang[56]
- Mira Nair[30][32][6][57]
- Barry Jenkins[56]
- Jordan Peele[23]
- Billy Woodberry[11][40][7][43]
- Marlon Riggs[42]
- Stanley Nelson[58]
- Charles Burnett[59][60][43]
- William Greaves[24][43]
- Wendell B. Harris Jr.[62][63][43]
- Oscar Micheaux[64][43]
- Ryan Coogler[65][66]
- Tyler Perry[67][22]
- Spike Lee[9][5][33][68][69][7]
[17][23][45][24][34][63][61][41][46][70][43]
- Reginald Hudlin[71][57][66][72]
- John Singleton[9]
- Robert Townsend[9][63]
- Walter Salles[30]
- Ramin Bahrani[5][73]
- Alfonso Cuaron[30]
- Denzel Washington[9][74]
- Ang Lee[9][30][5][42]
- Lee Daniels[49][75][50]
- Daniels[76][56][77]
- Wayne Wang[5][33][11][45][63][78]
- Lee Isaac Chung[56][55]
- Lisa Cholodenko[79][80][32][42][6]
- Mario Van Peebles[81]
- Melvin Van Peebles[61][68][82][34][46][43]
- Robert Rodriguez[10][3][9][4][83][57][66][50]
- Gregory Nava[24]
- Robert M. Young[24]
- Miguel Arteta[5][84][66]
- Guillermo del Toro[30][73]
- Chris Eyre[79]
- Taika Waititi[85]
- Ida Lupino[43]
- Claudia Weill[22][48][86][43]
- Donna Deitch[87][70]
- Joyce Chopra[24][63][88]
- Mary Harron[89][32][66]
- Jennie Livingston[42]
- Maya Deren[20]
- Sally Cruikshank[90]
- Penelope Spheeris[91][92][93][40][88]
- Martha Coolidge[32][6][43]
- Kelly Reichardt[32][56][52]
- Debra Granik[32][75][22][94][50][73][52][23][61][95]
- Alice Wu[95]
- Eliza Hittman[95]
- Susan Seidelman[5][32][33][11][45][40]
- Adrienne Shelly[75][66]
- Joan Micklin Silver[96]
- John and Faith Hubley[97]
- Ralph Bakshi[98][99]
- Don Bluth[100][99]
- Don Hertzfeldt[101][102][103][104][105]
- Candy Kugel[106]
- Bill Plympton[107][108][103][109][110]
- Joanna Priestley[111][110]
- PES[112]
- Suzan Pitt[104]
- Nina Paley[102]
- Nicole Holofcener[5][32]
- Tom McCarthy[5][66]
- Alex Garland[56]
- Patty Jenkins[113][114]
- Sarah Polley[115]
- Sian Heder[116]
- Lena Dunham[32]
- Greta Gerwig[56][117]
- Miranda July[118][32][84][66]
- Bette Gordon[11][119][70]
- Nancy Savoca[6][66][44][120]
- Todd Haynes[121][80][122][46]
[123][33][83][68][57][66][24][124][61]
- Greg Araki[42][6][62][128]
- Stanley Kubrick[129][130]
- Sean Baker[131][56][132][37][24][124][117]
- Lodge Kerrigan[52]
- David Gordon Green[50]
- Alex Ross Perry[133]
- Jeff Nichols[134][50]
- Mike Nichols[135]
- Les Blank[136]
- Henry Jaglom[22]
- Jim McBride[22][43]
- Jonas Mekas[22][24]
- Mark Rappaport[24]
- Andrew Bujalski[50][24][46]
- John Cameron Mitchell[137][84][66]
- Gus Van Sant[138][139][9][115][68][6][17][24][69]
- Steve James[115][57]
- Wim Wenders[115][70]
- Jim McKay[5]
- Bo Burnham[56]
- Joel and Ethan Coen[137][16][2][140][128][69]
[71][33][125][83][44][66][11][17][45][63][61]
- Mark and Jay Duplass[37][34]
- Sam Raimi[68][61][70]
- Josh and Benny Safdie[56][24][34][117]
- Joe Swanberg[24]
- Rian Johnson[84][66]
- Christopher Guest[29][141][128]
- Alan Rudolph[6][87][7][70]
- James Gray[16][33]
- Andrea Arnold[56]
- Robert Eggers[56]
- Alex Cox[142][40]
- George A. Romero[68][34][143][61][46]
- Wes Craven[11][144][135]
- John Carpenter[144][68][45][72][34][61]
- Yorgos Lanthimos[56]
- Ari Aster[56]
- Paul Schrader[56]
- Alex Kendrick[145]
- Mike Mills[146][147][56]
- Joe Wright[148]
- Jim Jarmusch[81][9][33][68][142][149][21][63][128][69]
[44][11][45][24][74][61][7][46]
- Rob Nilsson[63]
- Zach Braff[150]
- George Clooney[29]
- James Mangold[2][33][57]
- Sam Mendes[2][3]
- Spike Jonze[89][151][10][68][61]
- Errol Morris[113][3][9][115][57]
- Martin Scorsese[113][114][22][152][128][61][46]
- Sam Fuller[153][154]
- John Cassavetes[68][73][22][152][20][61][46][43]
- Brian de Palma[22][144]
- Robert Downey Sr[22]
- Norman Mailer[22][24]
- Andy Warhol[22][24][46]
- Curtis Harrington[155]
- Kenneth Anger[46]
- Herk Harvey[156][43]
- Ron Rice[24]
- Robert Frank[24]
- Kent Mackenzie[24][43]
- Neil Jordan[114]
- Bill Forsyth[23][124]
- Bob Clark[124]
- James Marsh[115][75][66]
- Greg Mottola[157][141][6]
- Jon Favreau[23][135]
- Bennett Miller[114]
- Jonathan Caouette[113][115]
- Larry Clark[3][68][88]
- Abel Ferrara[158][68][57][66][24][62][61]
- Michel Gondry[89][159][68]
- Wes Anderson[160][36][151][125][68][101][50]
- Noah Baumbach[161][5][141][23][95][117]
- Sofia Coppola[162][10][163][5][68][34][61][164]
- Kathryn Bigelow[6][52]
- Allison Anders[121][10][5][91][57]
- Barbara Kopple[86]
- Shirley Clarke[93][22][24][46][43]
- Barbara Loden[24][43]
- Roger Corman[165][72][34][46]
- Paul Bartel[119][40]
- Herschell Gordon Lewis[143][41]
- Ray Dennis Steckler[166]
- John Sayles[5][33][6][57][66][24][62][119][120][61][128][46]
- Tom DiCillo[10][9][33][6][57][66]
- Carson Davidson[93]
- Doug Liman[68][167][66][61]
- Darren Aronofsky[10][4][167][66][50][61][168]
- Jason Reitman[139][2][114][61]
- Godfrey Reggio[150][115]
- Ross McElwee[40][63][69][46]
- Alexander Payne[121][151][113][5]
- Kimberly Peirce[121][42][128]
- David O. Russell[121][151][113][142][66]
- Kevin Smith[121][10][150][169][71][41][164][19]
[33][68][170][66][73][50][45][34][61]
[83][68][57][66][50][45][24][34][46]
- Terry Zwigoff[160][115][5]
- David Cronenberg[161]
- Christopher Nolan[89][10][172][68][50][23][34][61]
- Whit Stillman[10][114][5][68][124][43]
- Todd Field[137][84][66]
- Richard Kelly[161][68][61]
- Jean-Pierre Jeunet[137][30]
- Julian Schnabel[141]
- Jared Hess[159][150]
- Charlie Kaufman[159]>[50]
- Hal Hartley[10][9][5][141][57][66][24][63]
- David Lynch[89][80][68][135]
[10][150][83][68][170][44][66][11][52][50][24][34]
- Rob Reiner[68][22][45][152][63]
- Oliver Stone[22][70]
- Dennis Hopper[88][68][82][94][22][34][61][46][135]
- Shane Carruth[68][84][50]
- Anthony Minghella[114]
- Ken Loach[85]
- Michael Haneke[173]
- Denis Villeneuve[85]
- Harmony Korine[9][158][68][88][164]
- Richard Linklater[36][41][46][164][43]
List of selected notable and important Indiewood films
Pre-1950s
- Within Our Gates (1920)[34]≈
- The Gold Rush (1925)[43]≈
- The Scar of Shame (1927)[34]
- City Lights (1931)[34]≈
- Reefer Madness (1936)[177]
- As the Earth Turns (1938)[178]
- The Great Dictator (1940)[34]≈
- Rebecca (1940)[34]≈
- The Blood of Jesus (1941)[34]≈
- Detour (1945)[179]≈
1950s
- Outrage (1950)[43]≈
- Five (1951)[180]
- Othello (1952)[43]
- Park Row (1952)[181]
- Fear and Desire (1953)[129][130]
- Little Fugitive (1953)[82][22][24][43]≈
- Salt of the Earth (1954)[46]≈
- Bride of the Monster (1955)[182]
- Killer's Kiss (1955)[129]
- 3rd Ave. El (1955)[93]
- The Adventures of an * (1957)[97]
- Attack of the Crab Monsters (1957)[165]
- On the Bowery (1957)[22][24]≈
- 12 Angry Men (1957)[34]≈
- The Blob (1958)[183]
- The Screaming Skull (1958)[165]
- Attack of the Giant Leeches (1959)[165]
- The Cry of Jazz (1959)[43]≈
- Moonbird (1959)[97]
- Plan 9 from Outer Space (1959)[82]
- Pull My Daisy (1959)[22][24]≈
- Shadows (1959)[68][82][22][24][34][61][46]≈
- Some Like It Hot (1959)[34]≈
- The Violinist (1959)[184]
1960s
- The Flower Thief (1960)[24]
- Munro (1960)[97][185]
- Psycho (1960)[152][43]≈
- Blast of Silence (1961)[186][187][124][43]
- The Connection (1961)[82][22][43]
- The Exiles (1961)[24][43]≈
- Night Tide (1961)[188][155]
- Something Wild (1961)[189][190]
- Carnival of Souls (1962)[191][192][193][156][194][43]
- The Hole (1962)[97]≈
- Beach Party (1963)[34]
- Blood Feast (1963)[82][34]
- The Cool World (1963)[22]≈
- The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies (1963)[166]
- The Brig (1964)[24]
- Help! My Snowman's Burning Down (1964)[93]
- Nothing But a Man (1964)[82][46][43]≈
- Scorpio Rising (1964)[34][46]≈
- Two Thousand Maniacs (1964)[143]
- Time Piece (1965)[195]
- Vinyl (1965)[22]
- Chafed Elbows (1966)[38][22]
- Chelsea Girls (1966)[46]
- A Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass Double Feature (1966)[196]
- Manos: The Hands of Fate (1966)[197]
- The Wild Angels (1966)[34]
- David Holzman's Diary (1967)[22][43]≈
- Dont Look Back (1967)[46]≈
- The Graduate (1967)[135]≈
- Playtime (1967)[43]
- Portrait of Jason (1967)[93][24][46]≈
- Spider Baby (1967)[198]
- The Trip (1967)[82][34]
- Who's That Knocking at My Door? (1967)[82]
- Beyond the Law (1968)[22][24]
- Faces (1968)[38][73][22][24][43]≈
- Greetings (1968)[38][22]
- Murder a la Mod (1968)[22]
- Night of the Living Dead (1968)[68][82][94][45][34][143][61][199][46]≈
- No More Excuses (1968)[22]
- Symbiopsychotaxiplasm Take One (1968)[24][43]≈
- Targets (1968)[200]
- Wild 90 (1968)[22][24]
- Easy Rider (1969)[68][82][94][22][34][61][46][135]≈
- Midnight Cowboy (1969)[34]≈
- Putney Swope (1969)[22][201]≈
1970s
- The Further Adventures of Uncle Sam (1970)[202]
- Husbands (1970)[22][24]
- Is It Always Right to Be Right? (1970)[202]
- Joe (1970)[203]
- Maidstone (1970)[22][24]
- Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1970)[68][82][34][204][61][46][43]≈
- Wanda (1970)[82][86][43]≈
- Let's Scare Jessica to Death (1971)[144]
- McCabe and Mrs. Miller (1971)[34]≈
- Shinbone Alley (1971)[99]
- THX-1138 (1971)[94][61]
- Two-Lane Blacktop (1971)[82][61]≈
- Fritz the Cat (1972)[101][99]
- The Last House on the Left (1972)[144]
- Pink Flamingos (1972)[6][82][94][34][41][46]≈
- Badlands (1973)[22]≈
- Coffy (1973)[198]
- Ganja and Hess (1973)[34]
- Heavy Traffic (1973)[99]
- Mean Streets (1973)[68][94][61][46]≈
- Messiah of Evil (1973)[205]
- Sisters (1973)[144]
- Benji (1974)[152][128]
- Dark Star (1974)[45][34][61]
- Female Trouble (1974)[34][43]
- The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1974)[82][94][144][45][34][61][46]
- A Woman Under the Influence (1974)[94][73][34]≈
- Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? (1975)[128]
- Coney (1975)[206]
- Hester Street (1975)[6][86]≈
- Quasi at the Quackadero (1975)[90]≈
- The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975)[34][199]≈
- Harlan County U.S.A. (1976)[86]≈
- Alambrista! (1977)[6][22]
- Annie Hall (1977)[68]≈
- Eraserhead (1977)[6][68][82][94][144][45][24][34][204][61][46][135]≈
- The Hills Have Eyes (1977)[144]
- Killer of Sheep (1977)[68][207][82][94][24][34][61][46][43]≈
- Opening Night (1977)[34]
- Dawn of the Dead (1978)[144]
- Gates of Heaven (1978)[78]
- Girlfriends (1978)[208][22][48][86][43]≈
- Halloween (1978)[82][94][144][45][72]≈
- Martin (1978)[144]
- Northern Lights (1978)[6][22]
- Piranha (1978)[94]
- The Whole Shootin' Match (1978)[209][43]
- Asparagus (1979)[210][104]
- Bush Mama (1979)[22][128][43]
- Heartland (1979)[6][22][128]
1980s
- Atlantic City (1980)[211]≈
- Friday the 13th (1980)[68][45]
- The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter (1980)[212]≈
- Out of the Blue (1980)[7][88]
- Personal Problems (1980)[136]
- Return of the Secaucus 7 (1980)[5][82][128][46]≈
- The Decline of Western Civilization (1981)[92][88]≈
- The Evil Dead (1981)[68][136][94][34][120][61][70]
- Ms. 45 (1981)[136]
- My Dinner with Andre (1981)[6][136][34][78]
- Polyester (1981)[11][34]
- Will (1981)[136][63]
- Zoot Suit (1981)[114][213]≈
- The Atomic Cafe (1982)[214][215][5]≈
- The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez (1982)[6][22][136][45][24]≈
- Cane River (1982)[43]
- Chan Is Missing (1982)[5][136][11][114][63][78]≈
- Eating Raoul (1982)[119][40]
- First Blood (1982)[9]
- Forbidden Zone (1982)[216]
- Illusions (1982)[6][40]≈
- Liquid Sky (1982)[6][217]
- Losing Ground (1982)[6][136][82][7][43]≈
- The Loveless (1982)[6]
- Say Amen, Somebody (1982)[136]
- The Secret of NIMH (1982)[218][219][100][99]
- Smithereens (1982)[32][11][40]
- White Dog (1982)[220]
- Born In Flames (1983)[11][40][46][43]
- El Norte (1983)[136][114][24]≈
- Koyaanisqatsi (1983)[150][115]≈
- Lianna (1983)[34][128]
- Local Hero (1983)[23]
- My Brother's Wedding (1983)[136][11][40][7]
- Seventeen (1983)[136][120][63][40]
- Style Wars (1983)[179]
- Suburbia (1983)[40][88][7]
- Sundae in New York (1983)[221]
- Variety (1983)[11][119][70]
- Bless Their Little Hearts (1984)[136][11][40][7][43]≈
- The Brother from Another Planet (1984)[5][128]
- Choose Me (1984)[6][87][7][70]
- In Heaven There Is No Beer? (1984)[136][222]
- The Killing Floor (1984)[5]
- Love Streams (1984)[34]
- A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)[9][71][136][11][45][34][63]≈
- Paris, Texas (1984)[149][70]
- Repo Man (1984)[223][224][40][69]
- Stranger Than Paradise (1984)[140][5][142][149][6][44][61][128][46][220]
[66][136][11][82][94][45][24][34][63]≈
- Streetwise (1984)[115][88][7]
- The Terminator (1984)[9][5][68][94][72][61][199][70]≈
- This Is Spinal Tap (1984)[68][6][136][120][63]≈
- The Times of Harvey Milk (1984)[5][6][40]≈
- Wildrose (1984)[136][120]
- Blood Simple (1985)[3][140][71][68][6][40][61]
[44][66][22][136][11][82][94][45][34]
- The Breakfast Club (1985)[225][199]≈
- Day of the Dead (1985)[136]
- Desert Hearts (1985)[32][82][34][87][5][70]
- Desperately Seeking Susan (1985)[32][40]
- Down By Law (1986)[21]
- Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985)[226][3][6][22][5]
- Mala Noche (1985)[5][136]
- Re-Animator (1985)[5]
- Runaway Train (1985)[61]
- Smooth Talk (1985)[6][136][63][7]
- Teen Wolf (1985)[72]
- The Toxic Avenger (1985)[128][70]
- Trip to Bountiful (1985)[226][22]
- Betty Blue (1986)[66][44]
- Blue Velvet (1986)[68][6][136][34][120][63][61][5][70]
- The Cosmic Eye (1986)[136]
- Hannah and Her Sisters (1986)[66][44]
- Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (1986)[136][50]
- Hoosiers (1986)[22][152]≈
- Platoon (1986)[6][22][70]≈
- Parting Glances (1986)[136][34][87][7][70]
- A Room with a View (1986)[6]
- Salvador (1986)[22][5]
- She's Gotta Have It (1986)[9][5][33][68][136][82][69][41][46]
[94][22][23][45][34][63][61][135]≈
- Sherman's March (1986)[136][63][40][69][46][5]≈
- Sid and Nancy (1986)[33]
- Something Wild (1986)[6][7]
- Stand By Me (1986)[22][152]
- Swimming to Cambodia (1986)[136]
- True Stories (1986)[6][5]
- Working Girls (1986)[3][32][44]
- The Big Easy (1987)[22]
- Border Radio (1987)[6][24][87][69][70]
- The Brave Little Toaster (1987)[227][228][72]
- Dirty Dancing (1987)[139][82][72]
- Evil Dead II (1987)[61][220]
- Hollywood Shuffle (1987)[6][136][120][63][19]
- House of Games (1987)[114]
- Matewan (1987)[5][136][34][119][61][128]
- Miami Connection (1987)[229]
- Near Dark (1987)[6]
- Raising Arizona (1987)[5][83][6]
- River's Edge (1987)[6][44][136][120][63][88][220]
- Walker (1987)[40]
- Your Face (1987)[103]
- The Decline of Western Civilization Part II: The Metal Years (1988)[92][136][40]
- Earth Girls Are Easy (1988)[33]
- Eight Men Out (1988)[128]
- Hairspray (1988)[127][44][66][34]≈
- Heat and Sunlight (1988)[24][136][63]
- Lady in White (1988)[230]
- Let's Get Lost (1988)[136][63]
- The Moderns (1988)[6]
- Patty Hearst (1988)[33]
- Powaqqatsi (1988)[150]
- Running on Empty (1988)[88][7]
- Stand and Deliver (1988)[22]≈
- The Thin Blue Line (1988)[3][115][136][50][45][40][46]≈
- Torch Song Trilogy (1988)[22]
- Who Killed Vincent Chin (1988)[136]≈
- All Dogs Go to Heaven (1989)[100]
- Chameleon Street (1989)[136][62][63][43]
- Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt (1989)[6]
- Do the Right Thing (1989)[9][17][22][34][70]≈
- Drugstore Cowboy (1989)[68][82][17][22][34][61]
- Heathers (1989)[6][44][66][22][34][220]
- Longtime Companion (1989)[33][6]
- Mystery Train (1989)[142]
- Roger & Me (1989)[115][5][33][6][57][66][46]
[71][33][83][68][170][44][66][136][11][82][61][70] [94][50][22][157][45][24][34][120][46][135]≈
1990s
- All My Relations (1990)[111]
- The Grifters (1990)[33][57][66][22]
- House Party (1990)[71][6][57][66][72]≈
- Jacob's Ladder (1990)[9]
- Metropolitan (1990)[10][5][33][68][6][124][43]
- Miller's Crossing (1990)[5][6][22]
- Mountains of the Moon (1990)[9]
- Paris Is Burning (1990)[42][33][34]≈
- Pump Up the Volume (1990)[164][233]
- Sink or Swim (1990)[83][233]≈
- Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990)[9][72][234]
- To Sleep with Anger (1990)[59][60][207][34]≈
- Total Recall (1990)[9]
- Trust (1990)[57][66][62]
- Wild at Heart (1990)[33][6][22]
- Barton Fink (1991)[5][6]
- A Brighter Summer Day (1991)[43]
- Daughters of the Dust (1991)[5][32][6][82][34]≈
- Dogfight (1991)[6]
- Fast Food Matador (1991)[106]
- Homicide (1991)[22]
- L.A. Story (1991)[9]
- Truth or Dare (1991)[115][33]
- Mississippi Masala (1991)[6][57][66]
- My Own Private Idaho (1991)[9][115][42][33][68][94][34]
- Night on Earth (1991)[33][34]
- Poison (1991)[83][233]
- Rambling Rose (1991)[6]
- The Rapture (1991)[235]
- Rock-A-Doodle (1991)[100]
- Slacker (1991)[10][4][5][31][142][57][66][82][94][50][41]
[46][43][233][73][24][34][61]≈
- Straight Out of Brooklyn (1991)[6]
- Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)[9][5][34]
- American Me (1992)[213]
- Bad Lieutenant (1992)[68][6][24][61]
- Basic Instinct (1992)[9]
- Bob Roberts (1992)[170]
- A Brief History of Time (1992)[57][66]
- The Crying Game (1992)[236][150][3][5][33][68][170][6]
- Ferngully: The Last Rainforest (1992)[237]
- Gas Food Lodging (1992)[4][6][57][66][22][128][238][233]
- Glengarry Glen Ross (1992)[34]
- In the Soup (1992)[6]
- The Living End (1992)[5][42][6]
- Passion Fish (1992)[5][62]
- The Player (1992)[174][33][6]
- Reservoir Dogs (1992)[10][3][4][239][83][68][233]
[6][57][240][66][50][23][34][61]
- Simple Men (1992)[6]
- Swoon (1992)[6]
- The Tune (1992)[107]
- Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992)[34]
- Dazed and Confused (1993)[5][141][83][68][6][61][41][233]
- El Mariachi (1993)[10][9][4][5][167][57][66][82][94][50][34]≈
- Menace II Society (1993)[6]
- Mi Vida Loca (1993)[5][6]
- Red Rock West (1993)[6]
- Ruby in Paradise (1993)[57][66][22]
- Short Cuts (1993)[174][115][68][61]
- Suture (1993)[57][66]
- The Wedding Banquet (1993)[5][6]
- Clean, Shaven (1994)[6]
- Clerks (1994)[10][150][3][4][5][71][19][135]
[83][68][6][57][167][152][61][233]
[240][66][82][94][50][73][34]≈
- Dumb and Dumber (1994)[241]
- Fresh (1994)[6]
- Go Fish (1994)[5][42][6][57][66]
- Hoop Dreams (1994)[115][4][33][57][66][34]≈
- The Hudsucker Proxy (1994)[6]
- I Like It Like That (1994)[6]
- The Last Seduction (1994)[6][94]
- Little Odessa (1994)[242]
- Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994)[6]
- Pulp Fiction (1994)[160][243][231][3][232][41][199][46][135]
[4][239][140][31][6][82][23][24][34]≈
- Reality Bites (1994)[57][66]
- River of Grass (1994)[32][6]
- Serial Mom (1994)[126][6][34]
- Spanking the Monkey (1994)[10][3][9][142][57][66][94]
- Thumbelina (1994)[100]
- What Happened Was... (1994)[158][233]
- Before Sunrise (1995)[68][57][34][41]
- The Brothers McMullen (1995)[4][6][57][167][66]
- Crumb (1995)[115][4]
- Dead Man (1995)[6]
- Dead Man Walking (1995)[150][6]
- The Doom Generation (1995)[128][233]
- Friday (1995)[114][164][233]
- Kicking and Screaming (1995)[141][52][233]
- Kids (1995)[3][5][33][68][170][6][82][94][34][164]
- Leaving Las Vegas (1995)[6]
- Living in Oblivion (1995)[142][57][66][94][52]
- The Pebble and the Penguin (1995)[100]
- Safe (1995)[80][123][5][68][6][22][94]
- Se7en (1995)[3]
- Smoke (1995)[45]
- The Usual Suspects (1995)[3][68][6][94][50][34][61]
- Basquiat (1996)[141]
- Big Night (1996)[6][167][66]
- Bottle Rocket (1996)[151][10][3][68][50][34][62]
- Box of Moonlight (1996)[6]
- Citizen Ruth (1996)[151][10][3][5][6]
- The Daytrippers (1996)[141][6][128]
- The English Patient (1996)[226][9][4][33][6]
- Fargo (1996)[226][9][5][6][128]≈
- Flirting with Disaster (1996)[151][3][170][6]
- Hard Eight (1996)[10][3]
- I Shot Andy Warhol (1996)[6][167][66]
- Lone Star (1996)[5][6][94][61][128]
- Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie (1996)[244]
- Schizopolis (1996)[3][6]
- Sling Blade (1996)[232][4][5][33][34]
- The Spitfire Grill (1996)[4][167][66][22]
- Swingers (1996)[5][68][167][135]
[66][94][23][34][61][164][233]
- Trees Lounge (1996)[242]
- Waiting for Guffman (1996)[141][128]
- Walking and Talking (1996)[5]
- The Watermelon Woman (1996)[42]≈
- Welcome to the Dollhouse (1996)[10][3][4][5][158]
- When We Were Kings (1996)[167][66]
- The Apostle (1997)[6]
- Chasing Amy (1997)[170][6][164]
- Cop Land (1997)[2]
- Eve's Bayou (1997)[242]≈
- The Full Monty (1997)[4][33]
- Good Will Hunting (1997)[245][139][3][232][31][6][34]
- Grosse Pointe Blank (1997)[94][61]
- Gummo (1997)[9][5][68][94][34]
- Henry Fool (1997)[141][128]
- I Married a Strange Person (1997)[107]
- In the Company of Men (1997)[80][158][68][6][50][61][128][233]
- Jackie Brown (1997)[160][34]
- Lost Highway (1997)[89][80]
- Love Jones (1997)[242]
- Ulee's Gold (1997)[22]
- American History X (1998)[33]
- The Big Lebowski (1998)[246][5][135]≈
- Boogie Nights (1998)[175][3][114][5][6][82][135]
- Buffalo 66 (1998)[5][167][66][52][34]
- Gods and Monsters (1998)[6]
- Happiness (1998)[121][80][5][68][94][34][61][128]
- Happy Together (1998)[34]
- High Art (1998)[80][6][167][66]
- Life is Beautiful (1998)[232][30][33]
- New Rose Hotel (1998)[158][233]
- The Opposite of Sex (1998)[6][167]
- Next Stop Wonderland (1998)[6]
- Pi (1998)[10][4][31][68][6][167][94][50][34][61]
- Rushmore (1998)[151][3][5][94][46][135]≈
- Shakespeare in Love (1998)[14][1][3][232][4][33]
- Slam (1998)[6]
- Smoke Signals (1998)[5][6][19]≈
- The Spanish Prisoner (1998)[167][66]
- Velvet Goldmine (1998)[121][4][6]
- American Beauty (1999)[14][2][247]
- American Movie (1999)[4][73][41]
- Being John Malkovich (1999)[89][151][14][10][68][94][61]
- The Blair Witch Project (1999)[243][150][9][4][247][31][68][167][240][66][23]
[41][199][82][50][152][34][61][46]
- The Boondock Saints (1999)[164]
- Boys Don't Cry (1999)[121][5][42][128][19]≈
- Buena Vista Social Club (1999)[115]≈
- Cruel Intentions (1999)[152]
- Dogma (1999)[121][33]
- Election (1999)[121][151][3][5]
- Fight Club (1999)[151][231][247]
- Ghost Dog: Way of the Samurai (1999)[68][61]
- Julien Donkey-Boy (1999)[158][34][233]
- Magnolia (1999)[151][248][114][5][33]
- The Sixth Sense (1999)[247]
- Star Wars: The Phantom Menace (1999)[249]
- The Straight Story (1999)[22]
- The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999)[247]
- Three Kings (1999)[121][151][14]
- The Virgin Suicides (1999)[164][33]
2000s
- Almost Famous (2000)[34]
- American Psycho (2000)[89][34][199]
- Best in Show (2000)[34]
- Chuck & Buck (2000)[5][84][66]
- Finding Forrester (2000)[138]
- George Washington (2000)[50][34]
- Girlfight (2000)[84][66][128]
- Memento (2000)[89][68][84][82][94][50][23][34][61][199][135]≈
- Nurse Betty (2000)[16]
- O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000)[16][5]
- Pitch Black (2000)[61]
- Rejected (2000)[103]
- Requiem for a Dream (2000)[68][34]
- State and Main (2000)[114]
- Traffic (2000)[14][139][114]
- The Yards (2000)[16]
- You Can Count on Me (2000)[5][84][66][52]
- Donnie Darko (2001)[5][68][94][23][34][199][135]
- Ghost World (2001)[160][137][5]
- Gosford Park (2001)[137]
- Hedwig and the Angry Inch (2001)[137][84][66]
- In the Bedroom (2001)[137][84]
- Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001)[34]
- The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)[34]≈
- The Man Who Wasn't There (2001)[137][5]
- Monster's Ball (2001)[113]
- Mulholland Drive (2001)[89][137][34]
- The Royal Tenenbaums (2001)[160][150][34]
- Waking Life (2001)[250][137][251]
- Y Tu Mama Tambien (2001)[30]
- Adaptation (2002)[89][14][252][114][34]
- Antwone Fisher (2002)[114]
- Bend It Like Beckham (2002)[81]
- Blue Car (2002)[253][254]
- Bowling for Columbine (2002)[113][115]
- Chicago (2002)[1][2][114]
- Far from Heaven (2002)[255][73]
- Funny Ha Ha (2002)[82][50][24][46]
- Gangs of New York (2002)[114][33]
- Gerry (2002)[24]
- Laurel Canyon (2002)[52]
- My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002)[243][113][29][5][82][34]
- Naqoyqatsi (2002)[150][115]
- Personal Velocity (2002)[141]
- Punch-Drunk Love (2002)[151][256]
- Real Women Have Curves (2002)[84][66]≈
- Roger Dodger (2002)[94]
- Secretary (2002)[94][50][52]
- Solaris (2002)[14]
- Spellbound (2002)[113]
- 25th Hour (2002)[34]
- American Splendor (2003)[89][113][84][257][94][50][73]
- Capturing the Friedmans (2003)[113][115][84]
- Coffee and Cigarettes (2003)[81]
- Cold Mountain (2003)[114]
- The Cooler (2003)[81]
- Elephant (2003)[29][24]
- The Fog of War (2003)[81][113][115]≈
- Girl with a Pearl Earring (2003)[81]
- In America (2003)[81]
- Kill Bill Volume 1 (2003)[160]
- Lost in Translation (2003)[81][243][113][5][140][135]
- Monster (2003)[81][113][114]
- Open Water (2003)[113]
- The Room (2003)[258]
- Shattered Glass (2003)[81]
- The Station Agent (2003)[113][5][84][85][94]
- Taranation (2003)[113][9][115]
- Thirteen (2003)[81][113][5]
- 21 Grams (2003)[81]
- The Aviator (2004)[113]
- Baadasssss! (2004)[81]
- Before Sunset (2004)[81]
- Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004)[89][81][14][68][23][34]
- Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004)[81][113][3][115]
- Garden State (2004)[150][5][240][66][82][34]
- Keane (2004)[52]
- The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004)[248]
- Maria Full of Grace (2004)[29][84]
- Mean Creek (2004)[256]
- The Motorcycle Diaries (2004)[30][173]
- Napoleon Dynamite (2004)[243][113][150][259][84][240][66][94][34][199][135]
- Palindromes (2004)[34]
- The Passion of the Christ (2004)[81][243][113][94]
- Primer (2004)[5][68][84][66][82][94][50][73][34]
- Saw (2004)[5][34]
- Sideways (2004)[161][243][113][114][5][94][73][34]
- Silver City (2004)[260]
- Super Size Me (2004)[243][113][150][115][84][66]
- Take Out (2004)[24]
- A Very Long Engagement (2004)[113][29]
- We Don't Live Here Anymore (2004)[29]
- The Aristocrats (2005)[243]
- Brick (2005)[58][84][66][34]
- Brokeback Mountain (2005)[58][39][161][73][34]≈
- Capote (2005)[58][148][114]
- Corpse Bride (2005)[261]
- Crash (2005)[58][262][1][114]
- Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005)[22]
- Good Night and Good Luck (2005)[29][148][114]
- Hard Candy (2005)[34]
- Hoodwinked (2005)[107]
- Hostel (2005)[5][34]
- Hustle & Flow (2005)[243][84]
- Man Push Cart (2005)[73]
- March of the Penguins (2005)[58][29][148]
- Me and You and Everyone We Know (2005)[118][84]
- Mutual Appreciation (2005)[24]
- The Notorious Betty Page (2005)[58]
- Pride & Prejudice (2005)[148]
- The Puffy Chair (2005)[37][34]
- The Squid and the Whale (2005)[257][23][34]
- Syriana (2005)[5]
- Babel (2006)[58]
- Barnyard (2006)[107]
- Bobby (2006)[58]
- Facing the Giants (2006)[145][263]
- For Your Consideration (2006)[29]
- Friends with Money (2006)[58]
- Half Nelson (2006)[58][50]
- An Inconvenient Truth (2006)[58][75][66]
- Iraq in Fragments (2006)[58]
- Inland Empire (2006)[89][5][264]
- Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple (2006)[58]
- Jesus Camp (2006)[58]
- Little Children (2006)[58]
- Little Miss Sunshine (2006)[58][259][46][135]
[75][240][66][251][82][73][23][152][34][61]
- Marie Antoinette (2006)[58]
- Nacho Libre (2006)[150]
- The Namesake (2006)[161]
- Old Joy (2006)[52]
- The Painted Veil (2006)[29]
- Pan's Labyrinth (2006)[58][30][73]
- A Prairie Home Companion (2006)[58]
- Quinceañera (2006)[75][66][73]
- A Scanner Darkly (2006)[58][29][114]
- Southland Tales (2006)[161]
- Thank You for Smoking (2006)[58][252]
- The Darjeeling Limited (2007)[114]
- The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007)[29]
- I'm Not There (2007)[29]
- In Bruges (2007)[265][34]
- In the Valley of Elah (2007)[161][29]
- Juno (2007)[161][29][139][5][94][73][152][34][135]
- Lars and the Real Girl (2007)[74]
- Margot at the Wedding (2007)[161][5]
- A Mighty Heart (2007)[161]
- No Country for Old Men (2007)[29][2][125][22][34]
- No End in Sight (2007)[161][73]
- Paranormal Activity (2007)[5][240][82][34]
- The Savages (2007)[29][114]
- Sicko (2007)[161]
- Sunshine (2007)[161]
- There Will Be Blood (2007)[29][114][170]
- Waitress (2007)[161][75][52]
- The Visitor (2007)[265][5][173]
- American Teen (2008)[266]
- Baghead (2008)[37]
- Be Kind Rewind (2008)[267]
- Fireproof (2008)[263][265]
- Frozen River (2008)[239][32][265][22][52]
- In Search of a Midnight Kiss (2008)[61]
- Man on Wire (2008)[75]
- Medicine for Melancholy (2008)[34]
- Rachel Getting Married (2008)[5][265][52]
- Sita Sings the Blues (2008)[102]
- Synecdoche, New York (2008)[140][5][50][34]
- Twilight (2008)[5]
- Tyson (2008)[115]
- Wendy and Lucy (2008)[5]
- The Wrestler (2008)[85][73][61]
- Adventureland (2009)[5]
- Away We Go (2009)[5][259]
- Coraline (2009)[171]
- The Cove (2009)[75][66]
- Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009)[171][101]
- 500 Days of Summer (2009)[34]
- The Hurt Locker (2009)[1][2][268]≈
- Inglourious Basterds (2009)[139][114]
- Moon (2009)[252][34]
- Precious (2009)[269][5][49][75][66][50][73]
- Revolutionary Road (2009)[29]
- A Serious Man (2009)[34]
- A Single Man (2009)[39][251]
- Sin Nombre (2009)[173]
- Trash Humpers (2009)[270]
2010s
- Beginners (2010)[146][34]
- Black Swan (2010)[73][114][34][61]
- Blue Valentine (2010)[114][75][66][34]
- Catfish (2010)[115]
- Greenberg (2010)[29]
- Inside Job (2010)[115]
- The Kids Are All Right (2010)[39][271]
- The King's Speech (2010)[2]
- Meek's Cutoff (2010)[32]
- Winter's Bone (2010)[36][239][32][75][22][94][50][73][52][23][34][61]
- The Color Wheel (2011)[272]
- Damsels in Distress (2011)[114]
- The Descendants (2011)[114]
- Drive (2011)[34]
- The Future (2011)[118]
- Martha Marcy May Marlene (2011)[34]
- Pariah (2011)[51][273][49][52]≈
- Project Nim (2011)[115]
- Take Shelter (2011)[274][235][50]
- The Tree of Life (2011)[34]
- We Need to Talk About Kevin (2011)[74]
- Young Adult (2011)[123][22]
- Beasts of the Southern Wild (2012)[36][68][75][73][23][34]
- Frances Ha (2012)[82][23]
- Fresh Guacamole (2012)[112]
- It's Such a Beautiful Day (2012)[102][104]
- The Master (2012)[114]
- Middle of Nowhere (2012)[275][276][49][50]
- Paranorman (2012)[171]
- The Place Beyond the Pines (2012)[34]
- Spring Breakers (2012)[34]
- Before Midnight (2013)[50]
- Dallas Buyers Club (2013)[36][114]
- Fruitvale Station (2013)[65][66][34]
- Moonrise Kingdom (2013)[125][34]
- Nebraska (2013)[252][74]
- Only God Forgives (2013)[34]
- Short Term 12 (2013)[74]
- 12 Years a Slave (2013)[1][2]
- The Wolf of Wall Street (2013)[152]
- Birdman (2014)[36][226][1]
- The Boxtrolls (2014)[171]
- Boyhood (2014)[36][226][2][34]
- Ex Machina (2014)[56]
- Foxcatcher (2014)[36]
- Grand Budapest Hotel (2014)[36][226][125][34]
- The Imitation Game (2014)[226][2]
- Listen Up Philip (2014)[277]
- Nightcrawler (2014)[252]
- Still Alice (2014)[125]
- The Theory of Everything (2014)[226][2]
- Whiplash (2014)[36][226][2][125][65][66][252][23][34]
- Anomalisa (2015)[101]
- Carol (2015)[124]
- Dope (2015)[278][34]
- It Follows (2015)[34]
- Me and Earl and the Dying Girl (2015)[34]
- Spotlight (2015)[1][2]
- Tangerine (2015)[132][37][23][24][34][124][117]
- The VVitch (2015)[56][34]
- World of Tomorrow (2015)[101][105]
- American Honey (2016)[56]
- Fences (2016)[74]
- Hunt for the Wilderpeople (2016)[34][117]
- La La Land (2016)[125]
- Manchester by the Sea (2016)[34]
- Moonlight (2016)[271][2][31][56][82][23][34]
- Paterson (2016)[74]
- Swiss Army Man (2016)[34]
- 20th Century Women (2016)[147][56][34]
- Weiner (2016)[115]
- The Big Sick (2017)[74]
- Call Me By Your Name (2017)[125][279][34]
- The Disaster Artist (2017)[279]
- First Reformed (2017)[56]
- The Florida Project (2017)[31][56][34]
- Get Out (2017)[31][82][23][34]
- Good Time (2017)[34]
- I, Tonya (2017)[279][280]
- Lady Bird (2017)[31][56][279][117]
- Mudbound (2017)[117]
- Phantom Thread (2017)[34]
- The Shape of Water (2017)[2][279][280]
- Eighth Grade (2018)[56][68][34]
- The Favourite (2018)[34]
- Hereditary (2018)[56][34]
- Isle of Dogs (2018)[171][101]
- The Last Black Man in San Francisco (2018)[56]
- The Rider (2018)[53][54]
- Waves (2018)[34]
- Whitney (2018)[115]
- The Farewell (2019)[56]
- First Cow (2019)[56]
- Jojo Rabbit (2019)[2]
- The Lighthouse (2019)[34]
- The Peanut Butter Falcon (2019)[251]
- Uncut Gems (2019)[56][34][117]
2020s
- Cryptozoo (2020)[281][282][283]
- Kajillionaire (2020)[118]
- Marriage Story (2020)[117]
- Minari (2020)[56]
- Nomadland (2020)[284][55]
- Zola (2020)[56][82]
- CODA (2021)[116][82][74]
- Flee (2021)[283][285]
- Jockey (2021)[53][286]
- Red Rocket (2021)[131]
- Summer of Soul (2021)[287][288]
- Everything Everywhere All At Once (2022)[289][76][56][77][82][34][95]
- Fire of Love (2022)[290]
- Marcel the Shell with Shoes On (2022)[291][292][293][294]
- My Year of Dicks (2022)[295]
- Tár (2022)[168]
- The Whale (2022)[168]
Notes
- ≈ indicates a National Film Registry inductee
See also
- L.A. Rebellion
- Peak TV
- American Eccentric Cinema
- New Hollywood
- Postmodernist and modernist film
- Oscar bait
- Arthouse animation
- Cinephilia
- No wave cinema
- Sundance Film Festival
- Minimalist and maximalist cinema
- Vulgar auteurism
- Sleeper hit
- European art cinema
- Independent Spirit Awards
- Mumblecore
- Arthouse action film
- Slamdance Film Festival
- Arthouse science fiction film
- Arthouse musical
- Independent animation
- Midnight film
References
- Oscar nominations see shift away from major Hollywood studios - News - University of Liverpool
- Academy Award nominations 2020: The return of the "quality" Hollywood studio film - News - University of Liverpool
- The Sundance Kids - Google Books (ch."Section II: Indiewood")
- Best. Movie. Year. Ever. - Google Books (chapter: "I'm scared to close my eyes, I'm scared to open them." The Blair Witch Project)
- Indie - Google Books
- Cinema of Outsiders - Google Books
- Deep focus: The other side of 80s America|Sight & Sound|BFI
- Robey, Tim (5 September 2004). "The rise and rise of Indiewood". Telegraph. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
- Hollywood: A Short Introduction - Google Books (section: "Indiewood")
- Colin Marshall › Me on Battleship Pretension: a three-hour course on the nineties' "Indiewood" movement
- American Indies, 1980-1989|MoMA
- Home video and Indiewood|Hollywood: A Very Short Introduction|Oxford Academic
- 'Indie doc': documentary film and American 'independent', 'indie' and 'indiewood' filmmaking: Studies in Documentary Film Volume 10, 2016 - Issue 1
- "Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood Meets Independent Cinema". ibtauris.com. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
- The Cinema Book - Google Books (pg.59)
- CANNES 2000: Embracing Indiewood, Cannes 2000 Lineup Selected from Nearly 1,400 Films; 15 Countries|IndieWire
- 50 Best '80s Movies to Watch Right Now|Time Out
- Louie Maple teams a young Susan Sarandon with an aging Burt Lancaster|The A.V. Club
- The Nineties (A Book) - Google Books
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- Tom Waits and John Lurie helped Jim Jarmusch perfect his indie cool|A.V. Club
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- 27 Of The Best Indie Movies Of All Time|Esquire
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- Hollywood's Indies - Google Books (ch. "Indiewood")
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- New Yorkers Films, an Independent Distributor, Will Close After 44 Years - The New York Times
- How Indiewood gatecrashed the Oscars|Financial Times
- How an Unlikely Hollywood Juggernaut Came to Rule Netflix|WIRED
- Proto-Indie - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
- Overcoming the Stigma: The Queer Denial of Indiewood on JSTOR
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- John Pierson Interview On American Indies and IFC's 'Split Screen'|IndieWire
- How the New Queer Cinema Shaped the '90s Indie Film Boom - Yahoo Finance
- The Greatest Independent Films of the 20th Century|The New Yorker
- History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 3) - Sundance Guiide
- Outsider Features - Google Books
- Great U.S. Indie Films: 'Texas Chainsaw Massacre' to 'Pulp Fiction' - Rolling Stone
- 12. Not Just Indie: A Look at Films by Dee Rees, Ava Duvernay and Kasi Lemmons - DegRuyter
- Indie Reframed: Women's Filmmaking and Contemporary American Independent Cinema on JSTOR
- Will whites see a black indie film like "Middle of Nowhere"?|Salon.com
- The 25 Essential American Indie Films, 1988-2013 - Flavorwire
- Focus Features Sets Indie 'Pariah' for Christmas Day Limited Release|FirstShowing.net
- US Independent Film After 1989 - Google Books
- Stumbling Out of the Gate - Critic's Notebook
- The Rider: Exclusive trailer for new western hailed best indie of the year|The Independent
- Indie Focus: On the road with Frances McDormand in ‘Nomadland’ - Los Angeles Times
- The best A24 films to date|EW.com
- History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 4) - Sundance Guiide
- Hurray for Indiewood!|Salon.com
- 25 Years Later, Charles Burnett and Richard Brooks Reflect on Indie Classic 'To Sleep with Anger'|IndieWire
- Criterion Collection: To Sleep with Anger | Blu-Ray Review - IONCINEMA.com
- The 50 Greatest American Independent Movies|Movies|Empire
- 25 Great 90s Movies That Time Forgot|Collider
- First 80s indie film fest shows movies that paved the way for the indie boom|Movies|The Guardian
- Independent Film’s Sorry Quarter Century?|Filmmaker Magazine
- History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 8) - Sundance Film Festival
- Sundance - A Festival Virgin's Guide (3rd Edition) - Google Books (pgs.72-81)
- Tyler Perry: creator of a racial stereotype or the greatest indie film-maker ever?|Comedy films|The Guardian
- Top 50 Indie Movies You Need to See Before You Die|Complex
- The Fiercely Independent Films Of The 80s Get A Massive Cinefamily Showcase|LAist
- Greatest Indie Movies of the 1980s - MovieWeb
- Commentary: You're Remembering House Party All Wrong|News|BET
- Movies You Probably Forgot Were Indies - SAGIndie
- Not Hollywood - Google Books
- 16 Best Indie Movies To Watch On Amazon| A Good Movie To Watch
- History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 7) - Sundance Film Festival
- A24's 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Hits Box Office Milestone - Variety
- Indie Film Crush, Ahead Of 'Avatar' & Year End, Puts Arthouse Woes On Back Burner – Specialty Preview - Deadline
- Daniel Talbot, Iconic Indie Film Distributor and Exhibitor, Dies|The Wrap
- Chaos Below Canal|Independent Magazine
- Downtown Film and TV Culture 1975-2001 - Google Books (pg.xvi)
- 'Major minis' blur line between mainstream and independent - Herald Tribune
- The 52 most important American independent movies|The A.V. Club
- The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s – Taste of Cinema
- History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 6) - Sundance Guiide
- The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
- When the Movies Mattered - Google Books
- 10 Great 1980s Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Taste of Cinema
- Reagan's bastard children: the lost teens of 1980s American indie films|Sight & Sound|BFI
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship: Postclassical Hollywood/postmodern subjectivity: representation in some 'Indie/Alternative' Indiewood films
- Know Your Indie Filmmaker: Sally Cruikshank|Cartoon Brew
- DGA Quarterly Magazine|Fall 2011|Women Directors and Their Films
- How Wayne's World Made—and Broke—It's Director's Career|Vanity Fair
- THE REAL INDIES: A CLOSE LOOK AT ORPHAN FILMS|Oscars.org
- 50 Best Indie Films|GameRadar+
- Indie Cinema Is Now Genre Cinema|Defactor
- MUBI Special: Silver Linings: Films by Joan Micklin Silver|MUBI
- When Indie Animation Won Its First Oscar|Animation Obsessive
- 8-Minute Video Boils Down the Essence of Animation Legend Ralph Bakshi - VICE
- Don Bluth Goes Independent - AWN.com
- HOW THE SECRET OF NIMH PROVED DON BLUTH COULD BEAT DISNEY - Nerdist
- Check out These Must-See Indie Animated Movies|The Mary Sue
- 9 Essential Animated Indie Movies|IndieWire
- Directing Animation - Google Books (ch.4: "Directing Animation for Indie Films)
- Mad Eyed Misfits - Google Books
- The best indie animation of 2015|Sight & Sound|BFI
- The Academy To Present ‘Women in Indie Animation’ September 21|Animation World Network
- Indie Animation King Bill Plympton|Animation Magazine
- ICONS OF ANIMATION - THE ART OF ILLUSTRATION|Oscars.org
- Indie Animation - WSJ
- Animation Outlaws: Spike & Mike Turned Indie Shorts Into a Phenomenom|IndieWire
- Amazon.com: Mad Eyed Misfits: Writings on Indie Animation
- Top 50 Most-Viewed Indie Animated Shorts On Youtube|Cartoon Brew
- Indiewood - Backstage
- Acting Indie - Google Books
- Documentary, Performance and Risk - Google Books (ch.1 "Theorizing Documentary, Performance and Risk"; section: "American documentary and the rise of 'indie' doc")
- Sundance 2021: Coda, One For The Road, and Censor|AV Club
- Netflix Best Indie Movies: 35 Overlooked Films to Stream Now|IndieWire
- Miranda July: The Quiet Power of Her Indie Movies - MovieWeb
- 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
- 12 '80s-Era Indie Films to Swap Out for Your Old School Favorites|IndieWire
- Inside Indiewood|The Nation
- Post-Classical Hollywood: Film Industry, Style and Ideology Since 1945 - Google Books (pg.237)
- Life During Wartime - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
- 10 great indie Christmas films|BFI
- Trainspotting, La La Land, Regal Cinemas to Rerelease Indie Films - Bleeding Cool
- John Waters|Underground Film Journal
- Hairspray (1988) 30th Anniversary|Oscars.org
- Contemporary American Independent Film - Google Books
- The Criterion Channel's July 2023 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
- Stanley Kubrick: The Ultimate Guide to the Legendary Filmmaker|Indie Film Hustle
- Sean Baker reembraces the indie film with 'Red Rocket' - Los Angeles Times
- Why Tangerine is the best Christmas movie that's not really about Christmas|EW.com
- Alex Ross Perry: 'Avengers: Endgame' Deserves Oscar for Best Picture|IndieWire
- 'Midnight Special,' 'Fantastic Planet' and more home theater releases out this week - Los Angeles Times
- The 20 Most Timeless Indie Movies - MovieWeb
- BAM|Indie 80s
- The Best of 2001 - Rolling Stone
- The best films of the '00s|The A.V. Club
- An Accidental Experiment: Dirty Dancing (1987) and the convergence between Hollywood and American Independent Cinema|Goldsmiths, University of London
- Indie: An American Film Culture on JSTOR
- The Cine-Files » Parker Posey: New York Flight
- 5 INDIE FILMS YOU HAVE TO SEE|Gonzo Magazine
- The Moviegoing Experience, 1968-2001 - Google Books (pg.59)
- Best Indie Horror Films From The 1970s - Screen Rant
- Fusion of faith and football fails in 'Giants' - Orlando Sentinel
- Father Figurine: Mike Mills's "Beginners"|IndieWire
- BUFS Behind-the-Scenes – Brock University (Communication, Popular Culture and Film)
- "Pride & Prejudice," "Capote," "Brokeback Mountain" (and more), and Why Audiences Matter|IndieWire
- The American Roadside in Émigré Literature, Film, and Photography 1955–1985 - Google Books (pg.157)
- Film Sequels: Theory and Practice from Hollywood to Bollywood - Google Books (ch."Adventures in Indiewood")
- "BFI|Sight & Sound|Boys' Own Stories". Archived from the original on 2012-08-03. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
- More Movies You Probably Forgot Were Indies - SAGIndie
- House of Bamboo - Trailers From Hell
- Calling all Samuel Fuller fans: You need a copy of “Forty Guns”|High-Def Watch
- Review: Curtis Harrington's Night Tide on Kino Lorber Blu-ray - Slant Magazine
- Classic Thrills & Late-Night Chills on Tap for 'Freaky Fridays' at the Film Society - Film at Lincoln Center
- Why the 'King of Underrated Movies' Returned to Hollywood - Esquire
- The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
- Wes Anderson, tone and the quirky sensibility: New Review of Film and Television Studies Volume 10, 2012 - Issue 1: Wes Anderson and Co.
- Vinyl Noise and Narrative in CD-Era Indiewood - Indy Vinyl
- iW BOT | The Golden Child: "Juno" Makes Fox Searchlight the 2007 Market-Share Leader, Lures Young Ad|Indiewire
- Sofia Coppola: A Cinema of Girlhood - Offscreen
- Sofia Coppola Wins Best Director at 2017 Cannes|Hypebae
- 5 Indie Films From The 90s That Are Way Underrated (& 5 That Are Overrated) - Screen Rant
- Underrated Horror Movies of the 1950s, Ranked - MovieWeb
- The Lemon Grove Kids Meet the Monsters - DVD Drive-In
- History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 5) - Sundance Guiide
- The Whale Crosses $10 Million at Box Office, Brendan Fraser Hit - Variety
- Kevin Smith claims Harvey Weinstein is keeping Dogma 'hostage' – Film Stories
- The 15 Best Miramax Films - Film School Rejects
- On the Borders: Children's Horror and Indiewood Animation|Contemporary Hollywood Animation: Style, Storytelling, Culture and Ideology Since the 1990s|Oxford Academic (Pages 144–177)
- Indie Cinema and the Neoliberal Commodification of Creative Labor - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
- The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
- Indiewood and Improvisation|Robert Altman's Soundtracks: Film, Music, and Sound from M*A*S*H to A Prairie Home Companion|Oxford Academic
- Ranking Paul Thomas Anderson's films from worst to best|Far Out Magazine
- 'Juno' Laid Low by Success - The New York Times
- Reefer Madness: an undeserved classic movie - Hall - 2021 - Addiction - Wiley Online Library
- Macdonald, Moira (October 27, 2021). "A 20-year-old made a movie in Seattle in the 1930s. This week, it finally makes its TV debut". The Seattle Times. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
- An indie film lover's dream: Filmzie is an ode to movie buffs (and it's free) - CQ Australia
- Five - Trailers From Hell
- 'Emotion' filmmaker Fuller gets his due - SFGATE
- Bride of the Monster - Trailers From Hell
- The Blob - Trailers From Hell
- "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1959 -". cartoonresearch.com.
- "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1960 -". cartoonresearch.com.
- REEL BROOKLYN: BLAST OF SILENCE, EAST NEW YORK - Brooklyn Magazine
- BLAST OF SILENCE - American Cinematheque
- NIGHT TIDE (1961) | Official Trailer | MUBI Curated by Hedi Slimane - MUBI on YouTube
- Something Wild - Harvard Film Archive
- Tribeca Festival : Review / The Wild One, A Magnificent Documentary Where Life And Craft Resound Social Justice Consciousness- Cinema Daily US
- INDIE HORROR MEETS WORLD CINEMA IN THE CULT 'CARNIVAL OF SOULS'|PopMatters
- How Obscure Horror Film 'Carnival of Souls' Influenced Everything You've Ever Seen - No Film School
- 'Carnival of Souls' Proves the Shocking Allure of Indie Horror - Hollywood in Toto
- Carnival of Souls - Trailers From Hell
- Jim Henson: Before Happytime Murders, Muppet creator told edgy stories - Polygon
- "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award 1966 -". cartoonresearch.com.
- Huh?: An A-Z of why Classic American Bad Movies Were Made - Google Books
- The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Spider Baby")
- 10 Indie Movies That Became Pop Culture Hits|Collider
- The Last Picture Show - Trailers From Hell
- Putney Swope - Trailers From Hell
- "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1970 -". cartoonresearch.com.
- Joe - Trailers From Hell
- The Criterion Channel's June 2022 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
- Carnival of Souls: "Thinkin' Like That, Don't It Give You Nightmares?"|Current|The Criterion Collection
- The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Altered Reality")
- To Sleep With Anger - Blueprint: Review
- Girlfriends review – a lo-fi indie miracle about love and the city|Movies|The Guardian
- Chainsaws, Slackers, and Spy Kids - Google Books (pg.49)
- MSP Film Society|WonderWomen: The Works of Suzan Pitt
- Atlantic City (1981) - filmsite.org
- The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orpahn Films|Oscars.org (title: "Pioneering Women")
- America on Film - Google Books (pg.158)
- Film Fourm · THE ATOMIC CAFE
- "The Atomic Café" – Reflecting on the 40th Anniversary of the Acclaimed Documentary|Under the Radar Magazine
- ‘Bloody Bridget’ Exclusive Trailer – Richard Elfman Unleashes His Valentine Vampire! - Bloody Disgusting
- Liquid Sky|Quad Cinema
- AFI|Catalog - The Secret of NIMH
- The Secret of NIMH: 40 Years Of Don Bluth's Magic - Skwigly Animation Magazine
- The Best Indie Movie of Every Year in the 80s - MovieWeb
- The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Visions of New York")
- BAM|Les Blank Program
- Here's Hoping Alex Cox's Repo Man Sequel Isn't One Big Circle Jerk|Tor.com
- Repo Man|Quad Cinema
- Undercover Indies: How ‘The Breakfast Club’ Went Small-Scale and Created a Cult Classic - Film Independent
- Viewpoint: Victory for 'indiewood' at the Oscars?
- The 35th Anniversary of "The Brave Little Toaster"|Cartoon Research
- THE BRAVE LITTLE TOASTER (1987) (***)|Animation World Network
- The Glorious, Good-Natured Mess of Miami Connection|Den of Geek
- Extra terror, hold the gore: 8 truly scary PG-13 horror movies|A.V. Club
- Movie Musings... Indiewood - Impact Magazine
- The Cinema of Wes Anderson - Bringing Nostalgia to Life - Google Books (Chapter Two - "Wes Anderson: His Position in Cinema and Culture")
- 21 Highly Underrated ‘90s Indie Movies - MovieWeb
- Undercover Indies: The Unlikely Origin Story of 1990’s ‘Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles’ - Film Independent
- Review: 'Take Shelter' A Naturalistic, Novelistic Portrayal Of Madness & Apocalypse|IndieWire
- Bloomsbury Collections - Indiewood, USA - Where Hollywood meets Independent Cinema
- The Paris Review - Robin Williams's Best Role
- Gas, Food Lodging - Trailers From Hell
- Rural Crimewave - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
- A Brief History of the Sundance Film Festival - TIME
- Undercover Indies: Why ‘Dumb and Dumber’ is Smarter (and More Indie) Than You Think - Film Independent
- Chris Gore's Ultimate Film Festival Survival Guide, 4th Edition - Google Books (pg.222)
- CNN.com - Independent films move into spotlight - Aug 9, 2005
- Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie: The Oral History|A.V. Club
- What is indie cinema?|Movies|The Guardian
- The hilarious connection between The Rolling Stones and 'The Big Lebowski|Far Out Magazine
- Going Mainstream - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
- The sounds of sincerity|2|Hearing post-irony in Indiewood film|Timothy B. Cochran on Taylor & Francis eBooks, Reference Books and Collections
- CNN - The Biggest indie film ever made: 'Phantom Menace' - May 31, 1999
- Roto-Synchresis: Relationships between Body and Voice in Rotoshop Animation - Database for Animation Studies
- The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
- The Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
- Blue Car (2002) | NEW HD Trailer - Imprint Films on YouTube
- 'BLUE CAR' A FAMILIAR RIDE - Hartford Courant
- 'Indie'|Far From Heaven|Edinbourgh Scholarship Online|Oxford Academic
- 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 4 - Taste of Cinema
- 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 5 - Taste of Cinema
- 15 Reasons To Get Excited About The Mystery Science Theater 3000 Revival - Screen Rant
- Away We Go with the Films of Sam Mendes - That Shelf
- Review: Silver City - Slant Magazine
- Scenes From Independent Film Week: Incentives, Acting, and Mixing At The IFP Market|IndieWire
- Indie box office: "Juno" slammo!|Salon.com
- Christian Movies: Why Faith-Based Films Hurt Religion - Thrillist
- 10 Great Inde Movies You May Have Missed - Page 3 - Taste of Cinema
- Former teen idol stars in religious 'Fireproof,' 2008's highest-grossing indie film - Santa Rosa Press Democrat
- Doc Soup: The Sundance Cycle|Doc Soup|POV Blog|PBS
- Beyond the Multiplex|Salon.com
- Undercover Indies: Kathryn Bigelow’s ‘The Hurt Locker’ Blows Up Awards-Season Expectations - Film Independent
- It's Hollywood vs. Indiewood at Sundance 2010|The Star
- 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Taste of Cinema
- Simon Says: The Marketing of a Mass-Released LGBTQ Film - Playback
- Indie Focus: 'The Color Wheel' finally rolls into theaters - Los Angeles Times
- Pariah Wins Acceptance In Indie Film World - Wall Street Journal
- The Indie Film Corner: 'Take Shelter' - The Island News
- 5 Reasons to Check Out the Indie Film 'Middle of Nowhere' - Essence
- 'Middle of Nowhere' review: Quiet indie drama offers a look at a woman in limbo|Movies/TV|nola.com
- 'Listen Up Philip' movie review: Uneven dramatic comedy gives Jason Schwartzman a role to sink his teeth into|Movies/TV|nola.com
- LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION! PRODUCTION: BIOGRAPHIES|Oscars.org
- 'I, Tonya', Other Awards Contenders Keep Indie Box Office Alive Against 'Star Wars'|The Wrap
- Indie Focus: Outsiders abound in 'The Shape of Water', 'I, Tonya', 'Foxtrot' and 'Bombshell' - Los Angeles Times
- Cryptozoo is animated chaos for the indie-film crowd - The Globe and Mail
- Indie Film: Fantastical creatures populate the what-if world of 'Cryptozoo' - Portland Press Herald
- Animation Legend Bill Plympton on How Pixar Has Fostered a Current 'Second Golden Age of Animation'|IndieWire
- Over the Borderline - Critic's Notebook
- 6 Indie And Foreign Animated Features Building Buzz For Oscars 2022|Cartoon Brew
- How real-world magic graces the making of Clifton Collins Jr.’s ‘Jockey’ - Los Angeles Times
- Indie Film Series: Summer of Soul - Sun Journal Events
- Indie Prof: "The Rescue" and "Summer of Soul"|Front Porch
- 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Crosses $20M, Reignites Indie Cinema. - Deadline
- Sara Dosa on 'Fire Of Love': "This forced me to work and think in a completely different way"|Features|Screen Daily
- A24 Has Another Indie Hit, As 'Marcel The Shell' Slides Into Top 10 – Specialty Box Office - Deadline
- 'Marcel the Shell With Shoes On' Director Explains What It Took to Pull Off One of the Year's Most Charming Movies|The Wrap
- Guillermo del Toro's 'Pinocchio' and 'Turning Red' Lead the Nominations for the 50th Annie Awards 2023 - Hollywood Insider
- A brief, and somewhat shocking, history of adult animation|The A.V. Club
- Know Your Indie Filmmaker: Sara Gunnarsdóttir|Cartoon Brew
External links
- Indiewood Finally Figures Out That Their Movies Are Depressing on Vulture
- Indie, Inc. on Project MUSE
- 10 Indies We Love Archives on Film Independent
- The 20 Best Indie Animation Features of the 2010s on Zippy Frames
- The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films at Oscars.org
- American Indies on MUBI
- BAM's Indie 80s trailer on Vimeo
- "The Edge of Hollywood" episode of American Cinema on Annenberg Learner
- Low-Budget, Independent Films, 1981 – Siskel and Ebert Movie Reviews
- Know Your Indie Filmmaker Archives on Cartoon Brew
Bibliography
- Spike, Mike, Slackers, & Dykes: A Guided Tour Across a Decade of American Independent Cinema, John Pierson
- A Killer Life, Christine Vachon
- Down & Dirty Pictures, Peter Biskind
- Indie: An American Film Culture, Michael Z. Newman Ph.D.
- American Independent Cinema, Geoff King
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