Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership

The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), also known as TPP11 or TPP-11,[2][3][4][5] is a trade agreement between Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam. It evolved from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), which was never ratified due to the withdrawal of the United States. The eleven members have combined economies representing 13.4 percent of global gross domestic product, at approximately US$13.5 trillion, making the CPTPP one of the world's largest free-trade areas by GDP, along with the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement, the European single market,[6] and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership. The United Kingdom formally signed the trade agreement on 16 July 2023 and will join the agreement when it has been ratified by all parties.[7][8][9][10]

For the agreement it superseded, see Trans-Pacific Partnership.

Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
As of July 2023:
  Parties
  Signatories
  Formal applicants
  Announced interest
TypeTrade agreement
Signed8 March 2018
LocationSantiago, Chile
Sealed23 January 2018
Effective30 December 2018
Condition60 days after ratification by 50% of the signatories, or after six signatories have ratified
Signatories
Parties
DepositaryGovernment of New Zealand[1]
LanguagesEnglish (prevailing in the case of conflict or divergence), French, and Spanish[1]

The TPP had been signed on 4 February 2016 but never entered into force, as the U.S. withdrew from the agreement soon after the election of president Donald Trump.[11] All other TPP signatories agreed in May 2017 to revive the agreement,[12][13] with Shinzo Abe's administration in Japan widely reported as taking the leading role in place of the U.S.[14][15][16][17] In January 2018, the CPTPP was created as a succeeding agreement, retaining two-thirds of its predecessor's provisions; 22 measures favored by the U.S. but contested by other signatories were suspended, while the threshold for enactment was lowered so as not to require U.S. accession.[18][19]

The formal signing ceremony was held on 8 March 2018 in Santiago, Chile.[20][21] The agreement specifies that its provisions enter into effect 60 days after ratification by at least half the signatories (six of the eleven participating countries).[18] On 31 October 2018, Australia was the sixth nation to ratify the agreement; it subsequently came into force for the initial six ratifying countries on 30 December 2018.[22]

The chapter on state-owned enterprises (SOEs) requires signatories to share information about SOEs with each other, with the intent of engaging with the issue of state intervention in markets. It includes the most detailed standards for intellectual property of any trade agreement, as well as protections against intellectual property theft against corporations operating abroad.[19]

The CPTPP commission in 2023 is chaired by New Zealand.[23]

Negotiations

During the round of negotiations held concurrently with the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum in Vietnam in November 2017, the Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau refused to sign the agreement in principle, stating reservations about the provisions on culture and automotives. Media outlets in Australia, New Zealand, and Japan, which strongly supported quick movement on a deal, strongly criticized what they portrayed as Canadian sabotage.[24]

Canada insisted that cultural and language rights, specifically related to its French-speaking minority, be protected.[25]

However, Canada's major reservation was a conflict between the percentage of a vehicle that must originate in a CPTPP member nation to enter tariff-free, which was 45% under the original TPP language and 62.5% under the NAFTA agreement. Japan, which is a major automobile part exporter, strongly supports lower requirements.[24] In January 2018, Canada announced that it would sign the CPTPP after obtaining binding side letters on culture with every other CPTPP member country, as well as bilateral agreements with Japan, Malaysia, and Australia related to non-tariff barriers. Canada's Auto Parts Manufacturers' Association sharply criticized increasing the percentages of automobile parts that may be imported tariff-free, noting that the United States was moving in the opposite direction by demanding stricter importation standards in the NAFTA renegotiation, later USMCA.[25]

In February 2019, Canada's Jim Carr, Minister of International Trade Diversification, delivered a keynote address at a seminar concerning CPTPP - Expanding Your Business Horizons, reaching out to businesses stating the utilisation of the agreement provides a bridge that will enable people, goods and services to be shared more easily.[26]

The final text of CPTPP was mostly identical to the original TPP, except for some provisions advanced by the US under the TPP, but not supported by the other members. In the intellectual property chapter, copyright and patent terms were shortened relative to TPP, and standards for digital IP protections were eliminated. Provisions allowing use of investor–state dispute settlements for investment agreements and authorizations were also rescinded.[19]

Legislative process

Ratifications

On 28 June 2018, Mexico became the first country to finish its domestic ratification procedure of the CPTPP, with President Enrique Peña Nieto stating, "With this new generation agreement, Mexico diversifies its economic relations with the world and demonstrates its commitment to openness and free trade."[27][28]

On 6 July 2018, Japan became the second country to ratify the agreement.[29][30]

On 19 July 2018, Singapore became the third country to ratify the agreement and deposit its instrument of ratification.[31][32]

On 17 October 2018, the Australian Federal Parliament passed relevant legislation through the Senate.[33][34][35] The official ratification was deposited on 31 October 2018.[5] This two-week gap made Australia the sixth signatory to deposit its ratification of the agreement, and it came into force 60 days later.

On 25 October 2018, New Zealand ratified the CPTPP, increasing the number of countries that had formally ratified the agreement to four.[36]

Also on 25 October 2018, Canada passed[37] and was granted royal assent on[38] the enabling legislation. The official ratification was deposited on 29 October 2018.[39][40][41]

On 2 November 2018, the CPTPP and related documents were submitted to the National Assembly of Vietnam for ratification.[42] On 12 November 2018, the National Assembly passed a resolution unanimously ratifying the CPTPP.[43] The Vietnamese government officially notified New Zealand of its ratification on 15 November 2018.[44]

On 14 July 2021, the CPTPP was approved by the Congress of the Republic of Peru. The official ratification was deposited on 21 July 2021.[45]

On 30 September 2022, Malaysia ratified the CPTPP and deposited its instrument of ratification.[46][47]

On 17 April 2019, the CPTPP was approved by the Chamber of Deputies of Chile. The final round of approval in the Senate was scheduled for November 2019, after being approved by its Commission of Constitution.[48] However, due to a series of massive protests against the government of Sebastián Piñera, the ratification process was paused. Only in 2022, the ratification process was resumed after a new Congress and a new President were elected. Despite the public opposition of Gabriel Boric to the treaty before his election as President, the new administration didn't interfere in the voting. The CPTPP was approved in the Senate with 27 votes in favor (mainly from the right-wing opposition and some center-left politicians) and 10 against, mostly by members of the ruling coalition.[49] The treaty was deposited on 23 December, once several side letters were negotiated with the other signatories in specific topics considered harmful by the Chilean government.[50] On 23 February 2023, Boric ratified Chile's entry to TPP-11.[51]

On 13 May 2023, Brunei ratified the CPTPP and deposited its instrument of ratification.[52]

On 16 July 2023, the United Kingdom became the first non-original signatory and European country to sign the CPTPP agreement, the UK is expected to ratify the agreement in the coming months, additionally all current CPTPP members must ratify the UK's application.[7][53]

Entry into force

The agreement came into effect 60 days after ratification and deposit of accession documents by at least half the signatories (six of the eleven signatories).[18] Australia was the sixth country to ratify the agreement, which was deposited with New Zealand on 31 October 2018, and consequently the agreement came into force between Australia, Canada, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, and Singapore on 30 December 2018.[22]

On 1 January 2019, Australia, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand, and Singapore implemented a second round of tariff cuts. Japan's second tariff cut took place on 1 April 2019.[41]

On 15 November 2018, Vietnam deposited the accession documents, and the agreement entered into force in Vietnam on 14 January 2019.[41][44][54]

On 21 July 2021, Peru deposited the accession documents, and the agreement entered into force in Peru on 19 September 2021.[45]

On 30 September 2022, Malaysia deposited the accession documents, and the agreement entered into force in Malaysia on 29 November 2022.[55]

On 23 December 2022, Chile deposited the accession documents, and the agreement entered into force in Chile on 21 February 2023.

On 13 May 2023, Brunei deposited the accession documents, and the agreement entered into force in Brunei on 12 July 2023.[56]

Summary

An overview of the legislative process in selected states is shown below:

Signatory Signature[20] Institution Conclusion date In favour Against AB Deposited Effective Ref.
 Mexico 8 March 2018 Senate 24 April 2018 73 24 28 June 2018[27][28] 30 December 2018 [57]
Presidential Assent 23 May 2018 Granted
 Japan 8 March 2018 House of Representatives 18 May 2018 Majority approval (Standing vote) 6 July 2018[29] 30 December 2018 [58]
House of Councillors 13 June 2018 168 69 [59]
 Singapore 8 March 2018 No parliamentary approval required 19 July 2018[31] 30 December 2018 [60]
 New Zealand 8 March 2018 House of Representatives 24 October 2018 111 8 25 October 2018[36] 30 December 2018 [61][62]
Royal assent 25 October 2018 Granted [61]
 Canada 8 March 2018 House of Commons 16 October 2018 236 44 1 29 October 2018[39][40] 30 December 2018 [63]
Senate 25 October 2018 Majority approval (Voice vote) [37]
Royal assent 25 October 2018 Granted [38][41]
 Australia 8 March 2018 House of Representatives 19 September 2018 Majority approval (Standing vote) 31 October 2018[5] 30 December 2018 [64][34][35]
Senate 17 October 2018 33 15 [65][34][35]
Royal assent 19 October 2018 Granted [34][35]
 Vietnam 8 March 2018 National Assembly 12 November 2018 469 0 16 15 November 2018[44] 14 January 2019 [66][67]
 Peru 8 March 2018 Congress 14 July 2021 97 0 9 21 July 2021 19 September 2021 [45][68][69]
 Malaysia 8 March 2018 Cabinet of Malaysia 30 September 2022 29 November 2022 [70][71][46][47]
 Chile 8 March 2018 Chamber of Deputies 17 April 2019 77 68 2 23 December 2022 21 February 2023 [72][73][74]
Senate 11 October 2022 27 10 1 [75][76]
 Brunei 8 March 2018 No parliamentary approval required 13 May 2023 12 July 2023 [77][52][78]
 United Kingdom 16 July 2023 Government [79][80][81]

CPTPP Commission

The CPTPP Commission is the decision-making body of the CPTPP, which was established when the CPTPP entered into force on 30 December 2018.[82]

CPTPP Commission meetings
No.YearDatesCountryCityHost leader
1201919 January JapanTokyoPrime Minister Shinzo Abe
220199 October New ZealandAucklandPrime Minister Jacinda Ardern
320205 August MexicoVirtual meetingPresident Andrés Manuel López Obrador
420212 June JapanVirtual meetingPrime Minister Yoshihide Suga
520211 September JapanVirtual meetingPrime Minister Yoshihide Suga
620228 October SingaporeSingaporePrime Minister Lee Hsien Loong
7202316 July New ZealandAucklandPrime Minister Chris Hipkins
82024 CanadaPrime Minister of Canada

1st CPTPP Commission (2019)
Representatives from the eleven CPTPP signatories participated in the 1st CPTPP Commission meeting held in Tokyo on 19 January 2019,[83] which decided:

  • A decision about the chairing and administrative arrangements for the commission and special transitional arrangements for 2019;[84]
  • A decision to establish the accession process for interested economies to join the CPTPP;[85] Annex[86]
  • A decision to create rules of procedure and a code of conduct for disputes involving Parties to the;[87] Annex;[88] Annex I[89]
  • A decision to create a code of conduct for investor-State dispute settlement.;[90] Annex[91]* Members of the CPTPP Commission also issued a joint ministerial statement on 19 January 2019.[92]

2nd CPTPP Commission (2019)
The 2nd CPTPP Commission meeting was held on 9 October 2019 in Auckland, New Zealand. Alongside the commission, the following Committees met for the first time in Auckland: Trade in Goods; Rules of Origin; Agricultural Trade; Technical Barriers to Trade; Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures; Small and Medium Sized Enterprises; State Owned Enterprises; Development; Cooperation and Capacity Building; Competitiveness and Business Facilitation; Environment; and the Labour Council. The Commission adopted two formal decisions, (i) on its Rules of Procedure under Article 27.4 and (ii) to establish a Roster of Panel Chairs as provided for under Article 28.11.[93][94]

3rd CPTPP Commission (2020)
The 3rd CPTPP Commission meeting was held virtually and hosted by Mexico on 5 August 2020.[95]

4th CPTPP Commission (2021)
The 4th CPTPP Commission meeting was held virtually and hosted by Japan on 2 June 2021.[96] The Commission decided to move forward with the application of the United Kingdom as an aspirant economy.

5th CPTPP Commission (2021)
The 5th CPTPP Commission meeting was held virtually and hosted by Japan on 1 September 2021.[97] The Commission decided to establish a Committee on Electronic Commerce composed of government representatives of each Party.

6th CPTPP Commission (2022)
The 6th CPTPP Commission meeting was held on 8 October 2022 and hosted by Singapore.[98]

7th CPTPP Commission (2023)
The 7th CPTPP Commission meeting was held on 16 July 2023 in New Zealand.[99][23] The commission decided to establish a Committee on Customs Administration and Trade Facilitation.[100] The meeting included the formal signing of the accession of the United Kingdom.[101]

8th CPTPP Commission (2024)
The 8th CPTPP Commission meeting is scheduled to be held in 2024, hosted by Canada.[102]

Enlargement

CPTPP rules require all eleven signatories to agree to the admission of additional members.[103]

United Kingdom
Main article: Accession of the United Kingdom to CPTPP
  CPTPP Signatories
  United Kingdom
  Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories

In January 2018, the government of the United Kingdom stated that it was exploring membership of the CPTPP to stimulate exports after Brexit and had held informal discussions with several of the members.[104] The United Kingdom has sovereignty over the Pitcairn Islands, located in the Pacific Ocean, has allowed the UK to qualify to join CPTPP.[105][106] In October 2018, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said he would welcome the United Kingdom joining the partnership post-Brexit.[107] Liz Truss, the UK Secretary of State for Trade, expressed in a joint Daily Telegraph article with Simon Birmingham, David Parker, and Chan Chun Sing, the trade ministers of Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore, the intent of the United Kingdom to join the CPTPP.[108]

On 1 February 2021, the United Kingdom formally applied to join CPTPP.[109] The UK is the first non-founding country to apply to join the CPTPP. If successful, Britain would become the second-largest CPTPP economy, after Japan.[110] Japan had expressed support for the UK's potential entry into CPTPP in 2018,[111] and as 4th CPTPP Commission (2021) chair, Japan's minister in charge of negotiations on the trade pact, Yasutoshi Nishimura, expressed hope on Twitter that Britain will "demonstrate its strong determination to fully comply with high-standard obligations" of the free trade accord, and mentioned that "I believe that the UK’s accession request will have a great potential to expand the high-standard rules beyond the Asia-Pacific."[112]

In June 2021, the CPTPP agreed to open accession talks. A working group was established to discuss tariffs and rules governing investment and trade, led by Japan.[113]

As of 31 March 2023, the United Kingdom is set to join the CPTPP, as the 11 members have reached an agreement to Britain's accession.[114][115][116] Each of the existing member nations will need to ratify the UK's addition to the partnership before it takes effect.[7]

On 31 March 2023, the UK government announced it had secured an extension mechanism, which could extend the whole agreement to any Crown Dependency or British Overseas Territory.[117] On the same day, Guernsey and Jersey confirmed their intentions to participate in CPTPP.[118][119] In May 2023, a UK government spokesman confirmed that "the deal will cover goods trade between the Crown Dependencies and CPTPP countries, with a mechanism to include trade in services in future."[120]

The United Kingdom formally signed the CPTPP trade deal during the ministerial meeting of members in New Zealand on 16 July 2023.[121][122][123]

China

In May 2020, China's Premier Li Keqiang said that China was willing to consider joining CPTPP.[124] Meanwhile, China's leader Xi Jinping said at an Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit in November 2020 that China would “actively consider” joining CPTPP.

In December 2020, Japan Foreign Minister Toshimitsu Motegi has said that "TPP-11 sets high standards for regulations on e-commerce, intellectual property and state-owned enterprises", suggesting the amount of government intervention in the Chinese economy will not meet CPTPP requirements.[125]

China's application to CPTPP is unlikely to gain traction. Although not a member of CPTPP, the U.S. can exercise the "poison pill" within the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement that prevents Canada and Mexico from voting in favor of the Chinese application.[126]

On 16 September 2021, China formally applied to join CPTPP.[127] Reactions from CPTPP members after the Chinese application:

Japan Economy Minister Yasutoshi Nishimura was quoted by Reuters: "Japan believes that it's necessary to determine whether China, which submitted a request to join the TPP-11, is ready to meet its extremely high standards"; indicating that Japan would not support the Chinese application under the current circumstances.[128]

Former Australian Trade Minister Dan Tehan indicated that Australia would oppose China's application until China halts trade strikes against Australian exports and resumes minister-to-minister contacts with the Australian government. Also, Australia has lodged disputes against China in the WTO on restrictions imposed by China on exports of barley and wine.[129]

Taiwan

Taiwan applied to join CPTPP on 22 September 2021.[130]

It had previously expressed interest to join TPP in 2016.[131] After TPP's evolution to CPTPP in 2018, Taiwan indicated its will to continue efforts to join CPTPP.[132] In December 2020, the Taiwanese government stated that it would submit an application to join CPTPP following the conclusion of informal consultations with existing members.[133] In February 2021 again, Taiwan indicated its will to apply to join CPTPP at an appropriate time.[134] A few days after China submitted its request to join the CPTPP, Taiwan sent its own request to join the CPTPP, a move that has been one of the main policy objectives of Tsai Ing-wen's government.[135]

Ecuador

Ecuador filed its application to join the CPTPP trade pact on 29 December 2021 as the country moves to reduce its reliance on oil and diversify its economy through exports.[136][114]

Costa Rica

Costa Rica filed its application to join the CPTPP trade pact on 11 August 2022.[137]

Uruguay

Uruguay filed its application to join the CPTPP trade pact on 1 December 2022.[138]

Ukraine

On 1 May 2023, the Ukrainian government announced its intention for the accession of Ukraine to CPTPP.[139] Ukraine aims to accelerate its efforts to restore its economy severely damaged by the Russian invasion.[140] Canadian Trade Minister Mary Ng expressed support for Ukraine's application.[141] Ukraine submitted a formal request to join the trade bloc on 5 May 2023.[142][143]

South Korea

In January 2021, South Korea’s Moon administration announced it would seek to join CPTPP.[144] The country will examine sanitary and phytosanitary measures, fisheries subsidies, digital trade and guidelines related to state-run enterprises to meet the requirements that CPTPP has suggested.[145] The South Korean government formally announced it will begin its application to join CPTPP in December 2021.[146]

Thailand

Foreign Minister Don Pramudwinai was expected to submit a letter of intent for the country to apply to join the pact to the cabinet for its approval.[147][148] A campaign against joining the pact called "#NoCPTPP" which has gathered 400,000 signatures has demanded the prime minister to not consider joining the pact.[149]

Philippines

The Philippines previously wanted to join the TPP in 2016 under Benigno Aquino, who said that the country stood to gain from becoming a member of the trade pact.[150]

United States

On 25 January 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump in an interview announced his interest in possibly rejoining the TPP if it were a "substantially better deal" for the United States. He had withdrawn the U.S. from the original agreement in January 2017.[151] On 12 April 2018, he told the White House National Economic Council Director Larry Kudlow and U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer to look into joining CPTPP.[152] U.S. Wheat Associates President Vince Peterson had said in December 2018 that American wheat exporters could face an "imminent collapse" in their 53% market share in Japan due to exclusion from CPTPP. Peterson added, "Our competitors in Australia and Canada will now benefit from those [CPTPP] provisions, as U.S. farmers watch helplessly." The National Cattlemen's Beef Association stated that exports of beef to Japan, America's largest export market, would be at a serious disadvantage to Australian exporters, whose tariffs on exports to Japan would be cut by 27.5% during the first year of CPTPP.[153][154]

In December 2020, a bipartisan group of U.S. policy experts, Richard L. Armitage and Joseph S. Nye Jr., called for Washington to join the CPTPP,[155][156] but this call was rejected by Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo when meeting Japanese government leaders on 15 November 2021. Raimondo stated that the Biden administration would not be joining CPTPP but instead planned to create a new trade framework as an alternative to CPTPP in the Indo-Pacific region.[157]

Enlargement summary
Country Status Application Signature Accession Ref.
 United Kingdom Awaiting accession ratification since 16 July 2023 1 February 2021 16 July 2023 [80][158][53]
 China Formal application is submitted 16 September 2021 [127]
 Taiwan Formal application is submitted
under the name of "The Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (TPKM)."		 22 September 2021 [159][160]
 Ecuador Formal application is submitted 29 December 2021 [136][114]
 Costa Rica Formal application is submitted 11 August 2022 [137][161]
 Uruguay Formal application is submitted 1 December 2022 [138]
 Ukraine Formal application is submitted 5 May 2023 [162][143]
 South Korea Began its application in December 2021 — — — [146]
 Thailand Announced intention to join in 2021 — — — [147][148]
 Philippines Announced interest in February 2021 — — — [163]
 Indonesia Announced interest in 2018 — — — [164]
 Colombia Announced interest in 2018 — — — [165]

Responses

Economist José Gabriel Palma has criticized the treaty for severely restricting the sovereignty of the signatories.[166] Signatories are subject to international courts and have restrictions on what their state-owned enterprises can do.[167] According to Palma the treaty makes it difficult for countries to implement policies aimed to diversify exports thus becoming a so-called middle income trap.[166] Palma also accuses that the treaty is reinforcing unequal relations by being drafted to reflect the laws of the United States.[167]

In the case of Chile, Palma holds the treaty is redundant regarding the possibilities of trade as Chile already has trade treaties with ten of its members.[167] On the contrary, economist Klaus Schmidt–Hebbel consider that the CPTPP "deepening" of already existing trade relations of Chile is a point in favour of it.[168] In the view of Schmidt-Hebbel approving the treaty is important for the post-Covid economic recovery of Chile and wholly in line with the economic policies of Chile since the 1990s.[168]

Before renaming to CPTPP, there are also concerns regarding intellectual property-related terms, as they will likely drop the Antragsdelikt requirements on defining copyright violations, which could affect several fanart communities like Pixiv or Deviantart.[169] In 2016, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said that Doujinshis will be safe even TPP came into force.[170]

See also

References
  1. "Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership" (PDF). Government of New Zealand. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
  2. "大筋合意に至ったTPP11 包括的及び先進的な環太平洋パートナーシップ協定" (PDF) (in Japanese). Mizuho Research Institute. 13 November 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  3. Benson, Simon (25 January 2018). "$13.7 trillion TPP pact to deliver boost in GDP". The Australian. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  4. Blanco, Daniel (23 January 2018). "Se alcanza acuerdo en texto final del TPP11". El Financiero (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  5. "Australia ratifies the TPP-11, Media release, 31 October 2018, Australian Minister for Trade, Tourism and Investment, Senator the Hon Simon Birmingham". trademinister.gov.au. Archived from the original on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  6. Torrey, Zachary (3 February 2018). "TPP 2.0: The Deal Without the US". The Diplomat. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  7. The Canadian Press (30 March 2023). "Britain set to join trans-Pacific trade pact". CBC News. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  8. "UK signs treaty to join vast Indo-Pacific trade group as new data shows major economic benefits". GOV.UK. 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  9. "Britain signs deal to join £12 trillion Indo-Pacific trade bloc". CNBC. 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  10. "'A significant milestone for UK trade': Britain signs deal to join £12trn Indo-Pacific trading block". Sky News. 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  11. Riley, Charles (23 January 2017). "Trump's decision to kill TPP leaves door open for China". CNN Money. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  12. Jegarajah, Sri; Dale, Craig; Shaffer, Leslie (21 May 2017). "TPP nations agree to pursue trade deal without US". CNBC. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  13. Staff writers (21 May 2017). "Saving the Trans-Pacific Partnership: What are the TPP's prospects after the US withdrawal?". The Straits Times. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  14. Goodman, Matthew P. (8 July 2022). "Shinzo Abe's Legacy as Champion of the Global Economic Order". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022.
  15. Funabashi, Yoichi (22 February 2018). "In America's absence, Japan takes the lead on Asian free trade". Washington Post.
  16. Kim, Eunseo (4 May 2018). "The CPTPP and Its Implications for Japan". The Diplomat.
  17. "日本主導のＴＰＰ大筋合意…韓国自動車産業にマイナスの影響". 中央日報 - 韓国の最新ニュースを日本語でサービスします.
  18. Dwyer, Colin (8 March 2018). "The TPP Is Dead. Long Live The Trans-Pacific Trade Deal". The Two-Way. NPR. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  19. Goodman, Matthew P. (8 March 2018). "From TPP to CPTPP". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  20. AP Staff (8 March 2018). "11 nations to sign Pacific trade pact as US plans tariffs". New York Daily News. Associated Press. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  21. Swick, Brenda C.; Augruso, Dylan E. (19 January 2018). "Canada Reaches Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement". The National Law Review. Dickinson Wright PLLC. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  22. "Pacific trade pact to start at end-2018 after six members ratify". Reuters. 31 October 2018.
  23. O'Sullivan, Fran (16 January 2023). "New Zealand's objectives for CPTPP". bilaterals.org. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  24. "'We weren't ready' to close deal: Trudeau defends Canada's actions on TPP". CBC News. 11 November 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  25. "Canada reaches deal on revised Trans-Pacific Partnership". CBC News. 23 January 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  26. "Minister Carr calls on Manitoba businesses to expand their horizons with the help of the CPTPP". Government of Canada. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  27. "Mexico's senate ratifies sweeping Asia-Pacific trade deal". Reuters. 25 April 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  28. "CPTPP law in the House as Mexico first to ratify". The Beehive. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  29. "[Press Releases] Notification of Completion of Domestic Procedures for the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement ." Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  30. "Japan, world's third largest economy, ratifies CPTPP". The Beehive. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  31. "CPTPP". Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore). Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  32. "Singapore becomes third nation to ratify CPTPP". The Beehive. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  33. "Australia becomes fourth signatory country to ratify CPTPP". vietnamplus.vn. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  34. Customs Amendment (Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership Implementation) Bill 2018 Australian Parliament
  35. Customs Tariff Amendment (Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership Implementation) Bill 2018 Australian Parliament
  36. "New Zealand ratifies CPTPP during trade minister's trip to Ottawa and Washington". The Beehive. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  37. "LEGISinfo - House Government Bill C-79 (42-1)". www.parl.ca. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  38. "Senate of Canada on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  39. Canada, Global Affairs (29 October 2018). "Statement by Minister Carr on Canada's Ratification of Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership". gcnws. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  40. McGregorl, Janyce (29 October 2018). "Canada ratifies, Pacific Rim trade deal set to take effect by end of year". CBC. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  41. Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada (20 February 2018). "Timeline of discussions". GAC. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  42. "Trans-Pacific trade agreement submitted to NA for approval". THE VOICE OF VIETNAM. 2 November 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  43. "NA ratifies CPTPP trade deal". THE VOICE OF VIETNAM. 12 November 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  44. "Viet Nam seventh nation to ratify CPTPP". New Zealand Government. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  45. "Pleno aprueba Tratado Integral y Progresista de Asociación Transpacífico". Congreso. 14 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  46. "MALAYSIA RATIFIES THE CPTPP" (PDF). Malaysia Ministry Of International Trade And Industry. 5 October 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  47. "Malaysia ratifies the CPTPP". Bernama. 10 May 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  48. "Comisiones concluyen el análisis del TPP11 y pasa a Sala - Senado - República de Chile". Senado (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  49. Paranhos, Simona; Reyes, Carlos (11 October 2022). "Senado aprueba TPP11, con votos en contra de parlamentarios oficialistas". La Tercera. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  50. Espina, Raúl (12 October 2022). "El último gallito del Gobierno con el TPP11 después de su aprobación en el Senado". El Mostrador (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  51. Portes, Ignacio (23 February 2023). "Chile formally joins TPP-11 multilateral trade alliance". The Brazilian Report. Retrieved 23 February 2023. Chile formally joined the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP-11) multilateral trade alliance this week, after a decree signed by President Gabriel Boric was published in the country's official gazette on Tuesday.
  52. "Brunei becomes 11th nation to ratify CPTPP trade deal". NIKKEI Asia. 16 May 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  53. "'A significant milestone for UK trade': Britain signs deal to join £12trn Indo-Pacific trading block". Sky News. 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  54. Elms, Deborah Kay (23 January 2019). "The Unsexy Challenge of CPTPP". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  55. "CPTPP will come into effect for Malaysia on Nov 29, says Azmin". The Edge Markets. The Edge. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  56. "CCPTPP member countries are 100% operational". World Nation News. 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  57. "Mexico's senate ratifies sweeping Asia-Pacific trade deal". Access to Energy. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  58. "Japan's lower house passes TPP-11, pushing related trade bills". The Japan Agrinews. 30 May 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  59. "Japanese Senate Ratifies CPTPP Protocol". Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  60. "Trans-Pacific Partnership: parliamentary steps to ratification". Parliament of New Zealand. 31 October 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2018. This paper sets out the framework for parliamentary involvement in the process leading up to the ratification of an international multilateral trade treaty
  61. "Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (CPTPP) Amendment Bill". New Zealand Parliament. 24 October 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  62. "Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (CPTPP) Amendment Bill - Third Reading - Video 15". In The House Youtube Channel. 24 October 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  63. "House Government Bill (C-79)". LEGISinfo, Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  64. "Landmark TPP-11 passes through House of Representatives". Australian DFAT. 19 September 2018. Archived from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  65. "TPP passes the Senate, Australian exporters to win: PM Scott Morrison". Australian Financial Review. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  66. "National Assembly passes resolution ratifying CPTPP". Nhân Dân. 12 November 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
  67. Vu, Khanh (12 November 2018). "Vietnam becomes seventh country to ratify Trans-Pacific trade pact". Reuters. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
  68. "Peruvian Congress ratifies the Trans-Pacific Partnership Treaty". The Rio Times. 15 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  69. "Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) - Joint Ministerial Statement on the occasion of the Fifth Commission Meeting" (PDF). 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  70. "Miti: Malaysia on track to ratify CPTPP". Malay Mail. 8 September 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  71. "CPTPP: An opportunity lost in 2021". Bernama. 20 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  72. Azzopardi, Tom (17 April 2019). "Chile's Lower House Ratifies Trans-Pacific Trade Deal". Bloomberg Law. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
  73. "CÁMARA APROBÓ ACUERDO TRANSPACÍFICO-11". Cámara de Diputados de la República de Chile (in Spanish). 17 April 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
  74. "チリによるＴＰＰ１１発効のための国内手続完了の通報" (PDF). 内閣官房TPP等政府対策本部. 23 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  75. "Legislatura Sesión: 65 / 370 Martes 11 de Octubre de 2022 a las 20:32". 11 October 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  76. Wilson, José Miguel (26 September 2022). "TPP11: Senado votará este miércoles el tratado a pesar de resistencia oficialista". La Tercera (in Spanish).
  77. "CPTPP: only Brunei has yet to ratify the agreement". Opportimes. 11 January 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  78. "CCPTPP member countries are 100% operational". World Nation News. 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  79. "Accession of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership". GOV.UK. 31 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  80. "Joint Ministerial Statement on the UK's accession process to the CPTPP" (PDF). Cabinet Secretariat, Japan. 31 March 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  81. "'A significant milestone for UK trade': Britain signs deal to join £12trn Indo-Pacific trading block". Sky News. 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  82. "News First CPTPP Commission Meeting". 21 January 2019. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  83. "TPP Commission". Prime Minister's Official Residence (Japan). 19 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  84. "Decision by the Commission of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans‐Pacific Partnership regarding Administration for Implementation of the CPTPP" (PDF). 19 January 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  85. "Decision by the Commission of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans‐Pacific Partnership regarding Accession Process of the CPTPP" (PDF). 19 January 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  86. "Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans‐Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) Accession Process" (PDF). 19 January 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  87. "Decision by the Commission of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans‐Pacific Partnership regarding SSDS Rules of Procedures for Panels" (PDF). 19 January 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  88. "RULES OF PROCEDURE UNDER CHAPTER 28 (DISPUTE SETTLEMENT) OF THE COMPREHENSIVE AND PROGRESSIVE AGREEMENT FOR TRANS-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP" (PDF). 19 January 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  89. "ANNEX I CODE OF CONDUCT FOR STATE-STATE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT UNDER CHAPTER 28 (DISPUTE SETTLEMENT) OF THE COMPREHENSIVE AND PROGRESSIVE AGREEMENT FOR TRANS-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP" (PDF). 19 January 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  90. "Decision by the Commission of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans‐Pacific Partnership regarding ISDS Code of Conduct" (PDF). 19 January 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  91. "CODE OF CONDUCT FOR INVESTOR-STATE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT UNDER CHAPTER 9 SECTION B (INVESTOR-STATE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT) OF THE COMPREHENSIVE AND PROGRESSIVE AGREEMENT FOR TRANS-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP" (PDF). 19 January 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  92. "Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership Ministerial Statement Tokyo, Japan, January 19, 2019" (PDF). 19 January 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  93. "COMMISSION REPORT CPTPP/COM/2019/REPORT" (PDF). 19 October 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
  94. "Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) 2nd CPTPP Commission, Auckland, 9 October 2019 Concluding Joint Statement" (PDF). 19 October 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
  95. "Third CPTPP Commission Meeting". 6 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  96. "Decision by the Commission of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership regarding the United Kingdom's Formal Request to Commence the Accession Process" (PDF). 2 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  97. "Decision by the Commission of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership regarding the Establishment of a Committee on Electronic Commerce" (PDF). 1 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  98. "Sixth CPTPP Commission Meeting". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 8 October 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  99. "Seventh CPTPP Commission Meeting & United Kingdom Accession to the CPTPP". Australia GOV. 17 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  100. "CPTPP: Joint Ministerial Statement on the Occasion of the Seventh Commission Meeting" (PDF). UK.GOV. 17 July 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  101. "Kemi Badenoch signs treaty for UK to join Indo-Pacific trade bloc". The Guardian. 16 July 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  102. "CPTPP: Joint Ministerial Statement on the Occasion of the Seventh Commission Meeting" (PDF). GOV.UK. 17 July 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  103. "As UK joins CPTPP hopefuls, S. Korea hurries to prepare application". english.hani.co.kr. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  104. Gregory, Julia (3 January 2018). "Britain exploring membership of the TPP to boost trade after Brexit". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  105. Lowe, Sam (5 January 2018). "TPP: The UK is having a Pacific pipe dream". Prospect. Retrieved 3 November 2018. For one, unless we are planning on assigning far greater significance to the Pitcairn Islands (which form the last British overseas territory in the region) the UK is not a Pacific power, so the name of the trade deal would need to change.
  106. "US needs to join the Pacific trade deal". Washington Examiner.
  107. McCurry, Justin (8 October 2018). "UK welcome to join Pacific trade pact after Brexit, says Japanese PM". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  108. Truss, Liz (28 April 2020). "Enemies of free trade must not be allowed to use coronavirus to bring back protectionism". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  109. "Formal Request to Commence UK Accession Negotiations to CPTPP". GOV.UK. 1 February 2021.
  110. "UK applying to join Asia-Pacific free trade pact CPTPP". BBC News. 30 January 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  111. "Brexit: Japan 'would welcome' UK to TPP says Abe". BBC News. 8 October 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  112. "Britain to apply to join CPTPP Asia-Pacific free trade bloc". Japan Times. 31 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  113. "UK begins process to join Asia-Pacific trade bloc". BBC News. 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  114. "Ecuador applies for CPTPP membership to diversify trade". Nikkei Asia.
  115. "Britain secures agreement to join Indo-Pacific trade bloc". Politico. 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  116. "Joint Ministerial Statement on the UK's accession process to the CPTPP" (PDF). 31 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  117. "Conclusion of Negotiations on the Accession of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership". GOV.UK. 31 March 2023.
  118. "Bailiwick of Guernsey to participate in UK's CPTPP free trade agreement". Gov.gg. 31 March 2023.
  119. "Jersey included in UK's agreement with the CPTPP". Gov.je. 31 March 2023.
  120. "Guernsey disappointed with UK's CPTTP deal delay". bbc.co.uk. 31 March 2023.
  121. "Britain signs deal to join £12 trillion Indo-Pacific trade bloc". CNBC. 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  122. "'A significant milestone for UK trade': Britain signs deal to join £12trn Indo-Pacific trading block". Sky News. 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  123. "Signing of the Protocol on the Accession of the United Kingdom to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan. 16 July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  124. "Premier Sends 'Powerful' Signal for China to Join Asia-Pacific's Largest Trade Pact". Caixin Global Limited. 9 May 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  125. "With eye on China, Japan refuses to ease TPP rules for new members". Nikkei Asia. 16 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  126. "Will China Actually Join the CPTPP". The Diplomat. 17 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  127. "China officially applies to join CPTPP trade pact". Reuters. 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  128. "China applies to join Pacific trade pact to boost economic clout". Reuters. 16 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  129. "Australia to oppose China's bid to join trade pact until it halts strikes against exports". the Guardian. Australian Associated Press. 18 September 2021.
  130. "Taiwan submits application to join CPTPP trade deal - Focus Taiwan". focustaiwan.tw (in Chinese). Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  131. "President Tsai meets delegation led by US Senate Armed Services Committee Chairman John McCain". President of Taiwan. 5 June 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  132. Matthew Strong (7 December 2018). "Taiwan will continue CPTPP efforts despite comments by Japan". Taiwan News. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  133. "Taiwan on track to apply to join trans-Pacific trade pact". The Japan Times. 14 December 2020.
  134. Shirley Lin (2 February 2021). "Taiwan will apply to join CPTPP at the right time: Foreign ministry". RTI. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  135. Miaojung Lin, Bryce Baschuk and James Mayger (22 September 2021). "Taiwan Applies to Join Pacific Trade Deal Just Days After China". Bloomberg. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  136. "Ecuador applies to join CPTPP trade pact | NHK WORLD-JAPAN News". NHK WORLD.
  137. "Costa Rica seeks entry to trans-Pacific trade bloc". Reuters. 11 August 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
  138. "Uruguay presentó formalmente la solicitud de ingreso al Acuerdo Transpacífico". Zelmar Michelini. 1 December 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  139. "Ukraine's delegation to the negotiations on accession to Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership appointed". Gov.ua. 1 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  140. "Ukraine planning to apply for membership in major Pacific trade pact". The Japan Times. 22 April 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  141. "Canada backs Ukraine's application to join trans-Pacific trade pact". Reuters. 27 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  142. "Ukraine asks to join CPTPP trade pact". Reuters. 7 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  143. "Ukraine Submits Request to Join CPTPP Trade Pact". The Japan News. 7 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  144. "Expanding the CPTPP: A form guide to prospective members". www.lowyinstitute.org. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  145. Han-na, Park (11 January 2021). "Seoul will actively pursue CPTPP: finance minister". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  146. "South Korea to apply for CPTPP free trade pact membership". The Japan Times. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  147. "Minister to submit letter on CPTPP" – via www.bangkokpost.com.
  148. "Thailand plans to join talks on trans-Pacific trade pact membership". 22 November 2021 – via www.reuters.com.
  149. "เครือข่าย #NoCPTPP ออกจดหมายเปิดผนึก จี้นายกฯ ยุติถกร่วม CPTPP". Thai PBS (in Thai). 2 December 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  150. Canivel, Roy Stephen (25 March 2021). "PH wants to join mega free trade pact". Inquirer.net. The Philippines previously wanted to join the TPP, with the Department of Finance even saying in 2016 under the Aquino administration that the country stood to gain from becoming a member of the trade pact.
  151. "Trump: I would reconsider a massive Pacific trade deal if it were 'substantially better'". CNBC. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  152. Rowland, Geoffrey (12 April 2018). "Trump to explore entering Pacific trade pact he once called 'a disaster'". TheHill. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  153. "Pacific trade pact takes off with tariffs cut in six nations". 30 December 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2018 – via www.reuters.com.
  154. "US farmers 'helpless' as TPP boosts Aust". SBS News. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  155. "U.S. experts urge rejoining Pacific free trade deal amid China's rise". Kyodo News. 8 December 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  156. "The U.S.-Japan Alliance in 2020 – An Equal Alliance with a Global Agenda". CSIS. 7 December 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  157. "US will not join CPTPP, but pursue specific trade tie-ups with allies: Gina Raimondo". The Star. 17 November 2021. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  158. "UK signs treaty to join vast Indo-Pacific trade group as new data shows major economic benefits". GOV.UK. 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  159. "台灣已申請加入CPTPP 王美花23日對外說明". Central News Agency. 22 September 2021.
  160. "Taiwan applies to join Pacific trade pact week after China". Reuters. 22 September 2021.
  161. "中米コスタリカがTPP加盟申請". 共同通信. 17 August 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
  162. "Ukraine asks to join CPTPP trade pact". Reuters. 7 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  163. Crismundo, Kris (31 March 2021). "PH secures support of TPP members as it eyes joining deal". Philippine News Agency. Republic of the Phlippines. Philippine Trade Secretary Ramon Lopez has sent a letter to New Zealand Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade Damien O'Connor on February 3, formally inquiring about the process to join the CPTPP deal.
  164. "TPP countries to start accession talks for new members in 2019". The Japan Times. 19 July 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  165. "TPP countries to start accession talks for new members in 2019". The Japan Times. 19 July 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
  166. Palma, José Gabriel (26 March 2019). "El TPP-11 y sus siete mentiras: de democracia protegida a corporaciones protegidas". Ciper (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  167. Palma, José Gabriel (26 January 2021). "Todo lo que siempre quiso saber sobre el TPP-11 (pero nunca se atrevió a preguntar)". Ciper (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  168. Schmidt-Hebbel, Klaus (31 March 2021). "Columna Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel: "Chile: mucho mejor con el TPP-11"". Universidad del Desarrollo (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  169. "Governo japonês cita efeitos negativos do TPP na cultura doujin". Crunchyroll. 23 May 2015.
  170. "[JAPAN] Prime Minister Shinzou Abe assures that Doujinshi will be safe under TPP". sojapan. 12 April 2016.
Library resources about
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership


This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.