Tanker War

Tanker Wars
	Part of the Iran–Iraq War
Date	1 February 1984 – 4 August 1988
Location	Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Sea of Oman
Result	United Nations Security Council Resolution 598 Iraqi strategic victory; significant Iranian losses ;
Belligerents
Iran; Supported by:; Pakistan[1][2]	Iraq; Supported by:; United States; Saudi Arabia; Kuwait
Units involved
Iranian Navy; IRGC Navy; Iranian Air Force	Iraqi Navy; Iraqi Air Force; United States Navy; Royal Saudi Air Force

The Tanker War was a protracted series of armed skirmishes between Iran and Iraq against merchant vessels in the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz from 1984 to 1988. The conflict was a part of the larger Iran–Iraq War.

History

Prior to 1984, attacks against shipping had occurred, albeit on a much smaller scale.[3] In December 1980, UN Secretary General Kurt Waldheim appealed to Iran and Iraq to ensure the security of peaceful shipping in the Gulf.[3] At that time, Iran assured other countries that it would keep the Strait of Hormuz open.[3]

The Tanker War was initiated in 1984 by Iraq.[4] Iraq began by attacking the oil terminal and oil tankers at Kharg Island.[5] Iraq's aim in attacking Iranian shipping was to provoke the Iranians to retaliate with extreme measures, such as closing the Strait of Hormuz to all maritime traffic, thereby bringing about foreign intervention against Iran; the United States had threatened several times to intervene if the Strait of Hormuz were closed.[5] Kuwait and Saudi Arabia supported Iraq against Iran, while the United States intervened in the conflict in 1986 to "protect" Kuwaiti tankers and subsequently engaged in a confrontation with Iran.[6]

Both sides had declared an "exclusion zone", meaning areas in which they had warned ships from entering. Iraq declared the area around Iran's Kharg Island to be an exclusion zone.[7] Kharg Island hosted Iran's principal oil shipment port.[8] Iraq gave precise definition, in coordinates, of this exclusion zone and gave advance notification to all countries.[9] However, Iraq did not designate any safe passage routes in this zone.[9] Iran declared all waters adjacent to its coast, up to 40 miles out, to be its exclusion zone. It instructed ships headed for non-Iranian ports to sail west of this line.[8] While Iran also did not designate any safe passages in its exclusion zone, this was unnecessary. Iran's exclusion zone allowed for ships to enter and exit the Gulf, and essentially only kept such foreign ships out of its own waters.[10] Ironically, Iran's exclusion zone made it easier for Iraq to target Iranian ships. It allowed Iraq to assume that any ship in Iran's territorial waters must be going to (or coming from) an Iranian port.[11]

One result was United Nations Security Council Resolution 598, which was adopted unanimously on 20 July 1987, and which engendered Operation Earnest Will (24 July 1987 – 26 September 1988), an ultimately successful United States effort to protect Kuwaiti merchandise and vessels although at the high price of the 17 May 1987 casualties aboard the USS Stark.

List of attacks

1984


Date	Vessel attacked			Agent	Result	Ref
Date	Name	Flag	GRT/Date	Agent	Result	Ref
1984-03-01	Charming	United Kingdom	Unknown	Iraqi missile	Unknown	[12]
1984-03-01(?)	Sema-G	Turkey	Unknown	Iraqi missile	Unknown	[12]
1984-03-04	APJ Ambika	India	16000	Iraqi missile	Unknown	[12]
1984-03-29	Iran Dahr	Iran	12257/71	Iraqi missile	damaged	[13]
1984-05-27	Savoy Dean	Liberia	19291/68	Iraqi missile	minor damage	[13]
1984-06-03	Büyük Hun	Turkey	80683/77	Iraqi missiles	severe damage	[13]
1984-06-03	Giant Kirn	Panama	32107/71	Unidentified missile	set afire	[14]
1984-06-06	Dashaki	Liberia	19291/68	Iraqi missile	severe damage	[13]
1984-06-10	Kazimah	Kuwait	160010/82	Unidentified a/c	severe damage	[13]
1984-06-24	Alexander the Great	Greece	152372/73	Iraqi Exocet missile	severe damage	[13]
1984-06-27	Tiburón	Liberia	125389/73	Iraqi missile	severe damage	[13]
1984-07-01	Al Kabeer	Panama	16575/65	Iraqi a/c	aground	[13]
1984-07-01	Sitia Venture	Panama	15991/66	Iraqi a/c	aground	[13]
1984-07-01	Alexandra Dyo	Cyprus	13316/69	Iraqi a/c	attacked	[13]
1984-07-02	Won Jin	South Korea	6164/74	Iraqi missiles	severe damage	[13]
1984-07-05	Primrose	Liberia	122203/76	Unidentified missiles	slight damage	[13]
1984-07-10	British Renown	United Kingdom	122203/76	Iranian a/c	slight damage	[13]
1984-08-18	Endeavour	Panama	47310/76	Unidentified missile	set afire	[14]
1984-08-24	Amethyst	Cyprus	31280/63	Unidentified missile	set afire	[14]
1984-08-27	Cleo 1	Panama	20880/59	Unidentified missile	set afire	[14]
1984-09-11	St. Tobias	Liberia	115025/71	Unidentified missile	minor damage	[14]
1984-09-12	Good Wind	Panama	11525/70	Iraqi missile	set afire	[14]
1984-09-16	Med Heron	Liberia	60655/77	Unidentified missile	Unknown	[14]
1984-09-16	Royal Colombo	South Korea	74474/75	Unidentified missile	Unknown	[14]
1984-10-08	World Knight	Liberia	114573/75	Iraqi missile	severe damage[lower-alpha 1]	[14][15]
1984-10-11	Jag Pari	India	20991/82	Iranian (?) bomb	minor damage	[14][15]
1984-10-12	Gaz Fountain	Panama	23796/69	Unidentified missile	set afire	[14][16]
1984-10-15	Sivand	Iran	108721/71	Iraqi a/c	set afire	[14][17]

1985

1987


Date	Vessel attacked			Agent	Result	Ref
Date	Name	Flag	GRT/Date	Agent	Result	Ref
1987-07-24	SS Bridgeton	United States		Iranian mine	damaged
1987-08-30	Sanandaj	Iran	129770/73	Iraqi a/c	damaged	[18]
1987-09-01	Astro Pegasus	South Korea	42510/75	Iranian w/s g/f	damaged	[18]
1987-09-01	Bigorange XIV	Panama	197/56	Iraqi a/c	sunk	[18]
1987-09-01	Munguia	Spain	140277/77	Iranian PG	set afire	[18]
1987-09-01	Star Ray	Cyprus	99011/70	Iraqi missile	damaged	[18]
1987-09-02	Nisshin Maru	Japan	103099/80	Iranian PG	damaged	[18]
1987-09-02	Dafni	Greece	48473/57	Iranian boats	set afire	[18]
1987-09-02	Diamond Marine	Liberia	101416/74	Iranian boats	holed	[18]
1987-09-02	Jolly Rubino	Italy	19418/78	Iranian boats	minor damage	[18]
1987-09-02	Leonidas Glory	Cyprus	3717/73	Iranian boats	minor damage	[18]
1987-09-09	Haven	Cyprus	109700/73	Iranian PG	damaged	[18]
1987-09-20	Khark 2	Iran	137895/70	Iraqi a/c	damaged	[18]
1987-09-20	Petroship B	Saudi Arabia	25614/75	Iranian PG	minor damage	[18]
1987-09-20	Shirvan	Iran	41439/79	Iraqi a/c	damaged	[18]
1987-09-21	Gentle Breeze	British Hong Kong	57462/70	Iranian PG	severe damage	[18]
1987-09-21	Marissa I	Panama	181/69	Iranian mine	sunk	[18]
1987-09-27	Coral Cape	Cyprus	112825/74	Iraqi missile (2)	damaged	[18]
1987-09-27	Iran Sepah	Iran	19702/76	Iraqi a/c	damaged	[18]
1987-09-27	Merlin	Cyprus	110037/71	Iraqi missile (2)	damaged	[18]
1987-09-27	Shirvan	Iran	41439/79	Iraqi missile	damaged	[18]
1987-09-29	Khark	Iran	127453/73	Iraqi a/c	damaged	[18]
1987-09-29	Koriana	Greece	38629/85	Iranian w/s	slight damage	[18]
1987-09-30	Western City	Liberia	105803/75	Iranian PGs	minor damage	[18]
1987-10-01	Nichiharu Maru	Japan	120694/73	Iranian PGs	minor damage	[18]
1987-10-01	Johar	Pakistan	49635/76	Iranian PGs	minor damage	[18]
1987-10-01	Shenton Bluff	Australia	150/79	Iraqi missile	severe damage	[18]
1987-10-02	Felicity	Cyprus	53226/68	Iraqi missile	set afire	[18]
1987-10-02	Spic Emerald	India	11712/83	Iranian PG	set afire	[18]
1987-10-05	Brazil Star	Panama	77294/72	Iraqi a/c	minor damage	[18]
1987-10-05	Seawise Giant	Liberia	238558/76	Iraqi a/c	minor damage	[18]
1987-10-05	Shining Star	Cyprus	128929/71	Iraqi missile	severe damage	[18]
1987-10-05	World Admiral	Liberia	106673/74	Iraqi missile	minor damage	[18]
1987-10-08	Tomoe 8	Panama	5267/86	Iranian PG	set afire	[18]
1987-10-10	Rova	Liberia	105286/75	Iraqi missiles	severe damage	[18]
1987-10-12	Marianthi M.	Panama	13006/65	Iraqi missile	damaged	[18]
1987-10-13	Atlantic Peace	Liberia	43943/83	Iranian PG g/f	minor damage	[18]
1987-10-14	Pegasus I	Liberia	104918/73	Iraqi a/c	damaged	[18]
1987-10-15	Sungari	Liberia	124085/75	Iranian missile	set afire	[18]
1987-10-16	Sea Isle City	United States	55454/81	Iranian missile	moderate damage	[18]
1987-10-23	Prosperventure L.	Panama	27333/87	Iranian PG	set afire	[18]
1987-11-04	Taftan	Iran	141883/73	Iraqi a/c	damaged	[19]
1987-11-06	Grand Wisdom	Panama	51121/76	Iranian w/s	minor damage	[19]
1987-11-11	Fortuneship L.	Greece	118216/75	Iraqi GM (3)	damaged	[19]
1987-11-11	Liquid Bulk Explorer	Panama	7060/72	Iranian PG	slight damage	[19]
1987-11-12	Yousef[lower-alpha 2]	Iran	584/84	Iraqi a/c	hit	[19]
1987-11-13	Salvital[lower-alpha 3]	Singapore	742/76	Iraqi GM	severe damage	[19]
1987-11-15	Lucy	Liberia	36512/86	Iranian PG	damaged	[19]
1987-11-16	Esso Freeport	Bahamas	122967/74	Iranian PGs	minor damage	[19]
1987-11-16	Filikon L.	Greece	41330/76	Iranian PGs	moderate damage	[19]
1987-11-19	Salvenus[lower-alpha 3]	Singapore	699/78	Iraqi GMs	severe damage	[19]
1987-11-20	Tabriz	Iran	41440/80	Iraqi a/c	damaged	[19]
1987-11-22	Andromeda	Greece	38627/84	Iranian PG	damaged	[19]
1987-11-23	Fundulea	Romania	6253/80	Iranian PGs	damaged	[19]
1987-11-23	Uni-Master	Panama	11648/77	Iranian w/s	slight damage	[19]
1987-11-26	Umm al Jathathel	Kuwait	47169/83	Iranian w/s	Unknown	[19]
1987-11-29	Khark 4	Iran	127450/73	Iraqi a/c	moderate damage	[19]
1987-12-02	Anax	Cyprus	122936/72	Iraqi a/c	slight damage	[19]
1987-12-04	Actinia	Cyprus	109567/75	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	[19]
1987-12-06	Estelle Mærsk	Denmark	28010/87	Iranian PGs	minor damage	[19]
1987-12-06	Norman Atlantic	Singapore	42093/73	Iranian PGs	sunk	[19]
1987-12-08	Alamoot	Iran	163173/77	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	[19]
1987-12-09	Susangird	Iran	111287/73	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	[19]
1987-12-11	Tharaleos	Greece	51372/69	Iranian FF	minor damage	[19]
1987-12-12	Pivot	Cyprus	109700/75	Iranian FF	damaged	[19]
1987-12-15	Mimi M.	Cyprus	16246/74	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	[19]
1987-12-16	Taftan	Iran	141883/73	Iraqi a/c	minor damage	[19]
1987-12-16	World Produce	Greece	17277/84	Iranian PG	moderate damage	[19]
1987-12-17	Island Transporter	Maldives	9714/68	Iranian PGs	damaged	[19]
1987-12-18	Free Enterprise	Malta	113780/72	Iraqi a/c	went aground	[19]
1987-12-18	Happy Kari	Norway	140227/74	Iranian PGs	set afire	[19]
1987-12-18	Saudi Splendour	Liberia	125394/75	Iranian PG	moderate damage	[19]
1987-12-19	Karama Mærsk	Denmark	167728/77	Iranian PGs	slight damage	[19]
1987-12-22	British Respect	Gibraltar	136601/74	Iraqi a/c	set afire	[19]
1987-12-22	Burmah Enterprise	Bermuda	231629/78	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	[19]
1987-12-22	Seawise Giant	Liberia	238558/76	Iraqi a/c	set afire	[19]
1987-12-22	World Petrobras	Liberia	193778/77	Iraqi a/c	damaged	[19]
1987-12-22	Stena Concordia	Liberia	122199/73	Iranian FF	damaged	[19]
1987-12-23	Berge Big	Norway	136364/75	Iranian PGs	set afire	[19]
1987-12-25	Hyundai No. 7	South Korea	11686/78	Iranian PGs	set afire	[19]
1987-12-25	Nejmat el Petrol	Saudi Arabia	12964/64	Iranian PGs	set afire	[19]
1987-12-27	Stilikon	Panama	96747/64	Iraqi GM	set afire	[19]
1987-12-31	Iran Sedaghat	Iran	4474/71	Iraqi a/c	decoy	[19]

1988

1988-01-01 to 1988-03-27
Date	Vessel attacked			Agent	Result	Ref
Date	Name	Flag	GRT/Date	Agent	Result	Ref
1988-01-01	Alga	Malta	16134/72	Iraqi GM	slight damage	[19]
1988-01-10	Khark 3	Iran	137895/71	Iraqi a/c	minor damage	[19]
1988-01-12	United Venture	Cyprus	13161/69	Iranian GM	severe damage	[19]
1988-01-14	Petrobulk Pioneer	Liberia	20446/80	Iranian w/s	damaged aft	[19]
1988-01-15	Atlantic Charisma	Liberia	23127/87	Iranian w/s	damaged	[19]
1988-01-15	Igloo Espoo	Norway	10105/85	Iranian PGs	damaged	[19]
1988-01-16	Rainbow	Liberia	7589/82	Iranian PGs	severe damage	[19]
1988-01-22	Havpil[lower-alpha 4]	Singapore	10977/69	Iranian PG	minor damage	[19]
1988-01-22	Topaz	Panama	85690/76	Iranian PGs	minor damage	[19]
1988-01-22	Torm Rottina	Denmark	20036/76	Iranian PGs	attacked	[20]
1988-01-27	Coral Cape	Cyprus	112825/74	Iraqi imissile	damaged	[20]
1988-01-29	Khark	Iran	116404/75	Iraqi a/c	minor damage	[20]
1988-01-29	Khark 5	Iran	138394/75	Iraqi a/c	minor damage	[20]
1988-01-30	Mare[lower-alpha 4]	Panama	9111/72	Iranian PGs	sunk	[20]
1988-02-03	Makran	Iran	16000/74	Iraqi missile	set afire	[20]
1988-02-03	Petrobulk Ruler	Norway	20505/75	Iranian PG	damaged	[20]
1988-02-05	Tavistock	Panama	87464/71	Iranian PGs	damaged	[20]
1988-02-07	Khark 5	Iran	138394/75	Iraqi a/c	set afire	[20]
1988-02-07	Diane	Liberia	38241/87	Iranian FF	set afire	[20]
1988-02-09	Shir Kooh	Iran	140465/73	Iraqi a/c	damaged	[20]
1988-02-09	Veronique	Liberia	38795/76	Iranian FF	damaged aft	[20]
1988-02-11	Happy Kari	Norway	38795/76	Iranian PGs	set afire	[20]
1988-02-12	Kate Mærsk[lower-alpha 4]	Denmark	167207/76	Iraqi a/c	set afire	[20]
1988-02-15	Soleiman	Iran	1019/84	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	[20]
1988-03-08	Tenacity	Malta	41195/65	Iraqi a/c	minor damage	[20]
1988-03-15	Trade Fortitude	Liberia	113950/72	Iraqi a/c	damaged	[20]
1988-03-18	Berge Lord	Norway	138008/73	Iranian PGs	minor damage	[20]
1988-03-18	Kyrnicos	Cyprus	41922/67	Iraqi a/c	moderate damage	[20]
1988-03-18	Maria 2	Panama	22845/80	Iranian PGs	set afire	[20]
1988-03-18	Neptune Subaru	Singapore	22845/80	Iranian PGs	minor damage	[20]
1988-03-19	Avaj	Iran	162028/75	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	[20]
1988-03-19	Sanandaj	Iran	129770/73	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	[20]
1988-03-20	Atlantic Peace	Liberia	43943/83	Iranian PGs	minor damage	[20]
1988-03-21	Fumi	Liberia	36674/84	Iranian PGs	set afire	[20]
1988-03-21	Iberian Reefer	Spain	7949/85	Iranian PGs	minor damage	[20]
1988-03-22	Havglimt	Singapore	28941/78	Iranian w/s	minor damage	[20]
1988-03-22	Stavros G.L.	Greece	163810/76	Iranian PGs	set afire	[20]
1988-03-23	Odysseas H.	Cyprus	18876/72	Iranian PGs	severe damage[lower-alpha 1]	[20]
1988-03-27	Jainarayan Vyas	India	15035/75	Iranian PGs	moderate damage	[20]

1988-03-28 to 1988-08-04
Date	Vessel attacked			Agent	Result	Ref
Date	Name	Flag	GRT/Date	Agent	Result	Ref
1988-03-28	Karama Mærsk	Denmark	167728/77	Iranian PGs	minor damage	[20]
1988-03-28	Golar Kansai	Liberia	98905/72	Iranian PGs	minor damage	[20]
1988-03-30	Anax	Cyprus	122936/72	Iraqi a/c	disabled	[20]
1988-03-31	Haven	Cyprus	109700/73	Iraqi FF	aground	[20]
1988-04-12	Sagheera	Saudi Arabia	20817/81	Iranian PGs	set afire	[21]
1988-04-18	Omnium Pride	Cyprus	13858/71	Iranian PGs	set afire	[21]
1988-04-18	Willi Tide	United States	283/79	Iran	attacked	[21]
1988-04-18	York Marine	British Hong Kong	60814/75	Iranian w/s	set afire	[21]
1988-04-19	Fal V	United Arab Emirates	7214/72	Iranian PGs	damaged	[21]
1988-04-24	Sea Trader	Liberia	19482/76	Iranian PGs	minor damage	[21]
1988-05-11	Khark	Iran	116404/75	Iraqi a/c	damaged	[21]
1988-05-11	Iran Nahad	Iran	11205/70	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	[21]
1988-05-12	Sea Sapphire[lower-alpha 5]	Panama	11205/70	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	[21]
1988-05-14	Argosy	Cyprus	71080/70	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	[21]
1988-05-14	Barcelona	Spain	122770/72	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	[21]
1988-05-14	Beaufort[lower-alpha 6]	Belgium	475/78	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	[21]
1988-05-14	Safir[lower-alpha 6]	Belgium	475/78	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	[21]
1988-05-14	Scan Partner[lower-alpha 6]	Panama	499/79	Iraqi a/c	sunk	[21]
1988-05-14	Seawise Giant	Liberia	238558/79	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	[21]
1988-05-14	Burmah Endeavour	Bahamas	231269/77	Iraqi a/c	minor damage	[21]
1988-05-16	Bisoton	Iran	112445/72	Iraqi a/c	minor damage	[21]
1988-05-18	Ace Chemi	Panama	112445/72	Iranian PGs	set afire	[21]
1988-05-19	Barge Strand	Norway	43849/82	Iranian PGs	minor damage	[21]
1988-05-26	Mundogas Rio	Liberia	12251/67	Iranian PGs	damaged	[21]
1988-05-26	Don Miguel	Malta	10526/76	Iranian PGs	damaged	[21]
1988-06-04	Shoush	Iran	113788/72	Iraqi a/c	Unknown	[21]
1988-06-09	Salverve[lower-alpha 2]	Singapore	742/76	Iraqi a/c	damaged	[21]
1988-06-11	Dhaulagiri	West Germany	7895/82	Iranian PGs	minor damage	[21]
1988-06-11	Esso Demetia	United Kingdom	125293/73	Iranian PGs	minor damage	[21]
1988-06-11	Iran Fallahi	Iran	17716/72	Iraq a/c	Unknown	[21]
1988-06-14	Neptune Subaru	Singapore	51894/86	Iranian PGs	moderate damage	[21]
1988-07-01	Khark 4	Iran	127450/73	Iraqi a/c	damaged	[21]
1988-07-01	Fortuneship L	Greece	118216/75	Iraqi a/c	damaged	[21]
1988-07-03	Berge Strand	Norway	43849/82	Iranian PGs	minor damage	[21]
1988-07-07	Fellowship L	Greece	118215/74	Iraqi a/c	set afire	[21]
1988-07-08	Star Ray	Cyprus	107432/70	Iraqi a/c	set afire	[21]
1988-07-12	Universal Monarch	Panama	40840/81	Iranian PGs	damaged	[21]
1988-07-15	Sea Victory	Liberia	43456/69	Iranian PGs	minor damage	[21]
1988-08-04	Berge Lord	Norway	138008/73	Iranian PGs	minor damage	[21]

Notes

constructive loss
tug
salvage tug
hit in error
tug towing Iran Nahad
tugs damaged by explosion of Barcelona

References

Footnotes

Allam, Shah (October–December 2004). "Iran-Pakistan Relations: Political and Strategic Dimensions" (PDF). Strategic Analysis. The Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 28 (4): 526. doi:10.1080/09700160408450157. S2CID 154492122. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
Mir, Furrukh (2011). Half Truth. [u.s.]: iUniverse. ISBN 978-1450286459.
Boczek 1989, p. 244.
Roach, J. Ashley; Greenwood, Christopher J.; Lagoni, Rainer; Meron, Theodor (20–23 April 1988), "Missiles on Target; The Law of Targeting and the Tanker War", Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), 82: 154–169, doi:10.1017/S0272503700072980, JSTOR 25658421, S2CID 159309793
Karsh, Efraim (2002). The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988. Osprey Publishing. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-84176-371-2.
Dudley, William S. (2007), "Navies, Great Powers – United States, 1775 to the Present – The tanker war", in Hattendorf, John J. (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195130751.001.0001, ISBN 9780195307405
Leckow 1988, p. 636.
Trainor, Bernard E. (14 August 1987). "GULF RISKS: MINES AND SUICIDE BOATS". The New York Times.
Leckow 1988, p. 637.
Leckow 1988, p. 639.
Post 1992, p. 191.
Herman, Arthur (7 March 1984), "Two cargo ships were hit by Iraqi missiles", United Press International
Silverstone 1984, 21 (4)
Silverstone 1985b, 22 (2)
"Iranians Bomb Tanker From India in the Gulf", The New York Times, Associated Press, 13 October 1984
"Liquefied Gas Ship Set Ablaze in Gulf", The New York Times, Reuters, 14 October 1984
Middleton, Drew (21 October 1984), "Gulf War: Iran's Push is Limited", The New York Times
Silverstone 1988a, 25 (1)
Silverstone 1988b, 25 (2)
Silverstone 1988c, 25 (4)
Silverstone 1989, 26 (1)

Sources

Boczek, Boleslaw Adam (1989). "Law of Warfare at Sea and Neutrality:Lessons from the Gulf War". Ocean Development and International Law. 20 (3): 239–271. doi:10.1080/00908328909545892.
Leckow, Ross (July 1988). "The Iran-Iraq Conflict in the Gulf: The Law of War Zones". International & Comparative Law Quarterly. 37 (3): 629–644. doi:10.1093/iclqaj/37.3.629.

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Silverstone, Paul H. (1986), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 23 (4): 378, JSTOR 44889078
Silverstone, Paul H. (1987), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 24 (1): 71, JSTOR 44889099
Silverstone, Paul H. (1987), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 24 (2): 164, JSTOR 44894620
Silverstone, Paul H. (1987), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 24 (4): 358, JSTOR 44891264
Silverstone, Paul H. (1988), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 25 (1): 37, JSTOR 44889197
Silverstone, Paul H. (1988), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 25 (2): 195, JSTOR 44891248
Silverstone, Paul H. (1988), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 25 (4): 402, JSTOR 44892028
Silverstone, Paul H. (1989), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 26 (1): 83, JSTOR 44892063
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