Terrace, British Columbia

Terrace is a city located near the Skeena River in British Columbia, Canada. The community is the regional retail and service hub for the northwestern portion of British Columbia. With a current population of over 12,000 within municipal boundaries, the city services surrounding communities as well bringing the Greater Terrace Area population to over 18,000 residents.

Terrace
City
City of Terrace
Flag of Terrace
Flag
Terrace is located in British Columbia
Terrace
Terrace
Location of Terrace
Terrace is located in Canada
Terrace
Terrace
Terrace (Canada)
Coordinates: 54°30′59″N 128°35′59″W[1]
CountryCanada
ProvinceBritish Columbia
RegionNorth Coast
Regional districtKitimat–Stikine
Incorporated1911
Government
 • MayorSean Bujtas
 • Terrace City CouncilChris Apps
James Cordeiro
Inder Dhillon
Brian Downie
Dave Gordon
Sarah Zimmerman
Area
 • City57.36 km2 (22.15 sq mi)
 • Metro
73.91 km2 (28.54 sq mi)
Elevation
69 m (226 ft)
Population
 (2021)
 • City12,017[3]
 • Density209.6/km2 (543/sq mi)
 • Urban
15,569[4]
 • Metro
15,723[5]
 • Metro density210.6/km2 (545/sq mi)
 • Immigrant population
1,670 (14%)
 • Demonym
Terracite
Time zoneUTC−08:00 (PST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−07:00 (PDT)
Forward sortation area
V8G
Area code(s)250, 778, 236, 672
Highways Hwy 16 (TCH) Trans-Canada Highway
Hwy 37
Value of building permits (2000)$24.9 million
Business licences issued (2001)1,159
Websitewww.terrace.ca

Terrace was originally called Littleton, but this name was rejected by postal authorities because of possible confusion with Lyttleton, a town in New Brunswick. The new name is descriptive of the manner in which the land rises from the river.[6]

As northwest British Columbia's main services and transportation hub, Terrace is intersected by the Canadian National Railway as well as Highway 16 (running west) and then east to Thornhill to Highway 37 South. Air services are provided at Northwest Regional Airport, with connections to Prince George, Smithers and Vancouver. The Terrace railway station is served by Via Rail's Jasper – Prince Rupert train. Health care in Terrace is administered by Northern Health and provided in part by Mills Memorial Hospital. In 2021, a 33,100 m2 (356,000 sq ft), new hospital project, nearly double the size of the current hospital was announced.[7][8][9]

History and culture
Kalum Street, 1944

Steamboats
Main article: Steamboats of the Skeena River

In 1866 the steamer Mumford made it as far as Kitsumkalum with supplies for the Collins Overland Telegraph line. It took an average of three days to travel from Port Essington (at the mouth of the Skeena River, near Prince Rupert) to Hazelton. It was not until 1891 that the Hudson's Bay Company sternwheeler Caledonia successfully negotiated the Kitselas Canyon and reached Hazelton. A number of other steamers were built around the turn of the century, in part due to the growing fishing industry and the Klondike Gold Rush.[10][11] In honour of its steamboat heritage, Terrace celebrates a festival called Riverboat Days each summer.

George Little

Ontarian George Little arrived in the Skeena River valley in March 1905. While travelling from the Yukon by snowshoe on the Kitimat trail en route to the Bulkley Valley, he liked what he saw in the area, decided to remain, and staked claim later in the year to many acres of what would later be Terrace.[12]

The riverboats operated on the Skeena for only 22 years; the last boat, the Inlander, finished up in September 1912, when the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway took over its function. George Little donated 47 acres (19 ha) to the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. The station stop was originally named "Littleton"; however, as there was already a Littleton in New Brunswick, Little changed the name to "Terrace" in reference to the local geography and the traditional Tsimshian name for the area. Little established a sawmill to accommodate the demand for railway ties. In 1955, Little rode the first CNR train to Kitimat, passing over the same route he had trekked one half century earlier.

Old Skeena Bridge

The Old Skeena Bridge officially opened July 1925, halting the use of the Ferry Island ferry service to Thornhill Creek. Site of Tom Thornhill and Eliza Wright, homestead. In 1944, the Skeena River Highway between Terrace and Prince Rupert was ceremoniously opened with a convoy of Canadian and American army bands that were part of the troops stationed there during World War II. Terrace could now easily transport to anywhere in British Columbia.

During the construction of the rail line to Kitimat in the early 1950s, new pilings were poured beside the existing structure and the bridge deck was moved to the new, higher pilings. The original pilings were then used to hold a new rail bridge across the Skeena River for the CNR line to Kitimat. This arrangement is still in place today.

This bridge now shares its load with the Dudley Little Bridges (often referred to as the New Skeena Bridges), a series of two two-way bridges crossing both channels of the Skeena River at Ferry Island and creating a bypass route of downtown Terrace for Highway 16. The new bridges, constructed circa 1975, are fully paved and offer uninterrupted two-way traffic flow, as opposed to the old single-lane bridge controlled by traffic lights. The foundations of the new bridge are prepared for future twinning. The Old Skeena Bridge was once noted for being the largest curved wooden-plank bridge in North America until its decking was replaced with metal grate decking in 2002 due to concerns of safety and upkeep. A concrete-surfaced pedestrian section was installed at the same time, behind an existing divider, to allow for safe bicycle and pedestrian use of the structure with the removal of the solid wooden deck planks.

The bridge is now registered as a national historic site.[13]

Terrace Mutiny
Main article: Terrace Mutiny

During World War II, military units composed primarily of conscripts from central and eastern Canada were stationed in Terrace. Morale was low due to the poor relationship between the soldiers and the local populace, the isolation, the damp weather, lack of recreation, crowded facilities, and the distance from home. In late 1944, because of declining enlistment and heavy casualties, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King was forced to reconsider his promise to not deploy conscripts overseas. Mackenzie King decided to a one-time assignment of conscripts for overseas service. On November 24, 1944, news that conscripts might be sent overseas triggered a mutiny amongst the men stationed in Terrace. It took until November 29 for officers to restore order to the troops. The Terrace Mutiny was the most serious breach of discipline in Canadian military history.

Geography

Terrace and the surrounding Skeena Valley are located in a hybrid coastal-interior rainforest (coastal western hemlock wet submaritime according to the provincial Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification Program[14]) on the Skeena River, approximately 115 km (71 mi) from its mouth at the Pacific Ocean. The lush forests in the area consist primarily of western red cedar, western hemlock, amabilis fir or "balsam" and Sitka spruce. Sediment deposits from glaciers thousands of years ago have produced the natural terraces or "benches" around much of the city, which sits approximately 70 m (230 ft) above sea level and just east of the Skeena and Kitsumkalum rivers' confluence. The dominant soil in Terrace is a well-drained sandy loam with classic podzol profile development where the original forest remains.[15]

The Hazelton Mountains are to the east of the city, while the Kitimat Ranges of the Coast Mountains are to the west. The area sits above an active fault line that runs north–south. The area also boasts several natural and developed hotsprings. Port Edward and Prince Rupert are respectively 136 km (85 mi) and 144 km (89 mi) to the west of Terrace, while Smithers and Prince George are respectively 203 km (126 mi) and 571 km (355 mi) to the east. Kitimat is 63 km (39 mi) to the south. Kitwanga and New Hazelton are 93 km (58 mi) and 136 km (85 mi) to the north east of Terrace respectively.

Climate

Being close to the Pacific Coast, Terrace has a continental climate (Köppen Dfb), closely bordering on an oceanic climate (Cfb) depending on the isotherm used. It has wet, cold winters (though much milder than inland places) and drier, warm summers, with an annual normal mean temperature of 6.6 °C (43.9 °F) varying between average temperature in January of −3.0 °C (26.6 °F) and in July 16.5 °C (61.7 °F). Average summer (June to August) temperatures are around 15.7 °C (60.3 °F), but temperatures over 32 °C (90 °F) have been recorded in every month from May to September and a maximum of 37.3 °C (99.1 °F) has been recorded.[16]

Terrace receives an average annual rainfall of 1,025.3 mm (40.37 in) and snowfall of 331.5 cm (130.51 in), water equivalence of 331.5 mm (13.05 in); totalling 1,340.8 mm (52.79 in) of precipitation, which is enough to sustain the lush vegetation of the area. October to February are the wettest months. Predominant winds are from the west and southwest, but occasional northerners during the winter bring snow in.[16]

Climate data for Terrace (Northwest Regional Airport Terrace-Kitimat)
WMO ID: 71951; coordinates 54°27′59″N 128°34′39″W; elevation: 217.3 m (713 ft); 1981–2010 normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high humidex 8.4 12.6 16.4 28.0 34.6 38.0 39.3 38.5 34.1 23.3 14.5 12.5 39.3
Record high °C (°F) 9.4
(48.9)		 12.7
(54.9)		 16.9
(62.4)		 26.0
(78.8)		 34.6
(94.3)		 36.5
(97.7)		 37.3
(99.1)		 36.2
(97.2)		 32.2
(90.0)		 21.4
(70.5)		 13.4
(56.1)		 11.3
(52.3)		 37.3
(99.1)
Average high °C (°F) −1.1
(30.0)		 1.7
(35.1)		 5.8
(42.4)		 10.8
(51.4)		 15.7
(60.3)		 19.1
(66.4)		 21.4
(70.5)		 21.1
(70.0)		 16.0
(60.8)		 9.0
(48.2)		 2.6
(36.7)		 −0.8
(30.6)		 10.1
(50.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.0
(26.6)		 −0.9
(30.4)		 2.4
(36.3)		 6.3
(43.3)		 10.6
(51.1)		 14.2
(57.6)		 16.5
(61.7)		 16.3
(61.3)		 12.1
(53.8)		 6.4
(43.5)		 0.7
(33.3)		 −2.6
(27.3)		 6.6
(43.9)
Average low °C (°F) −5.0
(23.0)		 −3.4
(25.9)		 −1.1
(30.0)		 1.7
(35.1)		 5.5
(41.9)		 9.2
(48.6)		 11.6
(52.9)		 11.5
(52.7)		 8.2
(46.8)		 3.7
(38.7)		 −1.1
(30.0)		 −4.5
(23.9)		 3.0
(37.4)
Record low °C (°F) −25.0
(−13.0)		 −25.0
(−13.0)		 −19.4
(−2.9)		 −8.3
(17.1)		 −2.2
(28.0)		 0.6
(33.1)		 3.3
(37.9)		 2.8
(37.0)		 −1.4
(29.5)		 −13.5
(7.7)		 −25.3
(−13.5)		 −26.7
(−16.1)		 −26.7
(−16.1)
Record low wind chill −40.8 −35.9 −30.3 −14.5 −6.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 −4.4 −24.0 −41.7 −42.2 −42.2
Average precipitation mm (inches) 173.5
(6.83)		 110.6
(4.35)		 92.3
(3.63)		 73.7
(2.90)		 56.4
(2.22)		 50.8
(2.00)		 52.8
(2.08)		 61.2
(2.41)		 111.5
(4.39)		 190.3
(7.49)		 187.1
(7.37)		 180.9
(7.12)		 1,340.8
(52.79)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 91.7
(3.61)		 61.8
(2.43)		 58.8
(2.31)		 64.7
(2.55)		 55.7
(2.19)		 50.8
(2.00)		 52.8
(2.08)		 61.2
(2.41)		 111.5
(4.39)		 185.2
(7.29)		 132.2
(5.20)		 99.0
(3.90)		 1,025.3
(40.37)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 88.4
(34.8)		 51.9
(20.4)		 34.3
(13.5)		 8.5
(3.3)		 0.4
(0.2)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 4.8
(1.9)		 56.0
(22.0)		 87.1
(34.3)		 331.5
(130.5)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 20.6 15.3 17.5 15.4 14.8 14.7 14.1 13.4 16.6 21.8 21.9 20.9 206.8
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 11.7 10.0 13.3 14.4 14.8 14.7 14.1 13.4 16.6 21.7 16.8 11.1 172.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 14.6 9.7 8.9 3.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 11.4 15.6 65.1
Average relative humidity (%) 79.9 72.3 63.9 54.1 50.5 51.6 53.7 55.2 65.3 78.2 84.3 83.5 66.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 46.8 74.1 110.7 159.3 201.3 203.3 214.4 203.0 132.2 73.4 36.5 31.5 1,486.5
Percent possible sunshine 19.0 27.1 30.2 37.8 40.5 39.5 41.6 43.9 34.5 22.4 14.2 13.7 30.4
Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010[16]

Demographics
Historical populations
YearPop.±%
198110,914—    
198610,532−3.5%
199111,433+8.6%
199612,779+11.8%
200112,109−5.2%
200611,320−6.5%
201111,486+1.5%
201611,643+1.4%
202112,017+3.2%

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Terrace had a population of 12,017 living in 4,873 of its 5,200 total private dwellings, a change of 3.2% from its 2016 population of 11,643. With a land area of 57.33 km2 (22.14 sq mi), it had a population density of 209.6/km2 (542.9/sq mi) in 2021.[17]

Religion
Religious groups in the City of Terrace
(1991−2021)
Religious
group		 2021[3] 2011[18] 2001[19] 1991[20]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Irreligion 6,520 55.14% 5,185 45.86% 3,995 33.24% 3,105 27.41%
Christianity 4,410 37.29% 5,745 50.82% 7,505 62.44% 7,470 65.93%
Sikhism 390 3.3% 265 2.34% 350 2.91% 610 5.38%
Hinduism 145 1.23% 0 0% 40 0.33% 65 0.57%
Indigenous 65 0.55% 0 0% N/A N/A N/A N/A
Buddhism 45 0.38% 35 0.31% 25 0.21% 20 0.18%
Islam 40 0.34% 0 0% 20 0.17% 15 0.13%
Judaism 30 0.25% 0 0% 10 0.08% 0 0%
Other 185 1.56% 70 0.62% 90 0.75% 50 0.44%
Total
responses		 11,825 98.4% 11,305 98.42% 12,020 99.27% 11,330 99.1%
Total
population		 12,017 100% 11,486 100% 12,109 100% 11,433 100%

Ethnicity

As of the 2021 census in the Terrace census agglomeration area, the panethnic breakdown is European (68.28%), Indigenous (25.76%), South Asian (3.29%), East Asian (1.02%), Southeast Asian (1.07%), African (0.29%), Latin American (0.21%), and Middle Eastern (0.08%).[21]

Panethnic groups in the City of Terrace
(1986−2021)
Panethnic
group		 2021[3] 2016[22][23] 2011[24][25] 2006[26] 2001[19] 1996[27] 1991[20][28] 1986[29][30][31]: 110 
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
European[lower-alpha 1] 7,940 67.15% 7,820 68.6% 8,080 71.44% 7,930 70.84% 9,525 79.24% 10,475 82.74% 9,025 79.66% 8,475 81.1%
Indigenous 2,600 21.99% 2,690 23.6% 2,560 22.63% 2,380 21.26% 1,775 14.77% 1,280 10.11% 1,390 12.27% 1,440 13.78%
South
Asian		 700 5.92% 375 3.29% 385 3.4% 690 6.16% 475 3.95% 560 4.42% 690 6.09% 435 4.16%
East
Asian[lower-alpha 2]		 255 2.16% 120 1.05% 90 0.8% 100 0.89% 45 0.37% 145 1.15% 90 0.79% 40 0.38%
Southeast
Asian[lower-alpha 3]		 195 1.65% 195 1.71% 145 1.28% 40 0.36% 95 0.79% 105 0.83% 115 1.02% 40 0.38%
African 60 0.51% 95 0.83% 15 0.13% 30 0.27% 70 0.58% 75 0.59% 10 0.09% 15 0.14%
Latin
American		 20 0.17% 60 0.53% 10 0.09% 20 0.18% 25 0.21% 0 0% 10 0.09% 5 0.05%
Middle
Eastern[lower-alpha 4]		 10 0.08% 15 0.13% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
Other
[lower-alpha 5]		 20 0.17% 10 0.09% 0 0% 0 0% 15 0.12% 0 0% N/A N/A N/A N/A
Total
responses		 11,825 98.4% 11,400 97.91% 11,310 98.47% 11,195 98.9% 12,020 99.27% 12,660 99.07% 11,330 99.1% 10,450 99.22%
Total
population		 12,017 100% 11,643 100% 11,486 100% 11,320 100% 12,109 100% 12,779 100% 11,433 100% 10,532 100%

Economy
Terrace's welcome sign

Terrace was once the cedar pole capital of the world. Over 50,000 poles were manufactured annually to supply many parts of North America with telephone and electric power poles. The world's tallest pole, 50 m (160 ft) long, was cut in Terrace and stands in New York City. For many years, logging was the region's major industry, but shrank considerably in the years after 2005; however, forestry is still a major economic driver in the region with one medium-sized sawmill (Skeena Sawmills, owned by ROC Holdings) and log exports supporting a modestly busy sector. Terrace's employment includes a large public sector workforce, recently supplemented with an influx of private companies arriving to support Liquified Natural Gas projects in the region. Many people in Terrace also commute to Kitimat to work at Alcan. The city has continually tried to reinvent itself as a service hub for northwestern British Columbia.

In 2001, the community was significantly affected by problems with and the eventual closure of the largest local employer, the former Skeena Cellulose Inc. sawmill. The mill was bought by Terrace Lumber Co., a group of local owners, and reopened in late August 2005, but did not prosper and closed in mid-2006. By the end of 2006, the remaining equipment was auctioned off and the mill was torn down. The mill's former site is now a vacant lot has been cleared and is ready for new development .

Current economic prospects are linked to tourism, mineral developments to the north and northwest, construction of a power line towards Iskut and energy-related developments in Kitimat. The latter include the LNG Canada liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant and terminal project planned in Kitimat, which has been formally confirmed early October 2018 by its shareholders, led by Royal Dutch Shell, with completion planned for 2024–2025, as well as from the related Coastal GasLink Pipeline project of TransCanada Corporation.

To the west of Terrace, the Prince Rupert ocean container port expansion has resulted in increased rail traffic by CN Rail in recent years. In 2004, a Wal-Mart centre was built in Terrace (store 5834). The Skeena mall underwent a large-scale renovation that was completed in 2013. The ski resort Northern Escape Heli-skiing is based in Terrace.

Outdoors

During the summer, Terrace offers many outdoor activities, such as fishing for a wide range of freshwater fish, mountain biking, hiking, kiting and hunting in the surrounding areas. In the fall, many of Terrace's inhabitants go out to search for pine mushrooms (Tricholoma magnivelare), and pick berries. There is a variety of winter sports available in Terrace and the surrounding region including skiing and snowboarding at nearby Shames Mountain, as well as snowmobiling, ice fishing, curling, and ice skating.

Education

Terrace is in School District 82 Coast Mountains, along with Kitimat, Stewart, and Hazelton. There is one senior secondary school in Terrace, Caledonia Senior Secondary School,[32] which serves grades 10, 11 and 12. Terrace is also home to a distance education school, North Coast Distance Education School, which serves all grades from kindergarten to grade 12 and adults. There is one middle school, Skeena Middle School, and one public Francophone primary school, école Jack-Cook, operated by the Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique.[33] Centennial Christian School is also within the town limits, and provides classes from preschool to grade 12.

The main campus of the Coast Mountain College[34] is in Terrace, where it was established in 1975. The college includes the Freda Diesing School of Northwest Coast Art, which offers courses related to First Nations art.

The University of Northern British Columbia (UNBC)[35] has a regional campus at 4837 Keith Avenue, the Northwest Campus.[36]

Media

Newspapers

Radio

Television

Notable people

Bibliography
  • Bennett, Norma (1997). Pioneer Legacy: Chronicles of the Lower Skeena River. Dr. REM Lee Hospital Foundation. ISBN 0-9683026-0-2.
  • Downs, Art (1971). Paddlewheels on the Frontier. Vol. one. ISBN 0-88826-033-4.
  • de Leeuw, Sarah. "Unmarked". Unmarked: Landscapes Along Highway 16.

References
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  2. "Terrace". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
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  4. Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and population centres, 2011 and 2006 censuses: British Columbia. Statistics Canada. Retrieved March 17, 2013
  5. "Terrace [Census agglomeration], British Columbia and British Columbia [Province]". 12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved November 7, 2019.
  6. Hamilton, William (1978). The Macmillan Book of Canadian Place Names. Toronto: Macmillan. p. 51. ISBN 0-7715-9754-1.
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  9. "Opinion: Bad choice for proposed inland rail port". Prince George Citizen. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
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  11. Bennett, Norma (1997). Pioneer Legacy: Chronicles of the Lower Skeena River. Dr. REM Lee Hospital Foundation. ISBN 0-9683026-0-2.
  12. "OUR FOUNDER OF TERRACE". Terracelibrary.ca. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  13. "Old Skeena Bridge". Canada's Historic Places. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
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  24. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-01-23). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Aboriginal Identity (8), Age Groups (20), Registered or Treaty Indian Status (3) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census divisions and Census subdivisions, 2011 National Household Survey". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
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  28. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-03-29). "Data tables, 1991 Census Population by Ethnic Origin (24), Showing Single and Multiple Origins (2) - Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions Terrace, C". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
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  34. "Coast Mountain College". Coastmountaincollege.ca.
  35. "University of Northern British Columbia". Unbc.ca.
  36. "UNBC Northwest Campus". University of Northern British Columbia. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  37. "Terrace Standard - Home". Terracestandard.com. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  38. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2022-02-17. Retrieved 2022-02-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    1. Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an aboriginal identity.
    2. Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
    3. Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
    4. Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
    5. Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.
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