Tesamorelin

Tesamorelin (INN) (trade name Egrifta SV) is a synthetic form of growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) which is used in the treatment of HIV-associated lipodystrophy, approved initially in 2010. It is produced and developed by Theratechnologies, Inc. of Canada. The drug is a synthetic peptide consisting of all 44 amino acids of human GHRH with the addition of a trans-3-hexenoic acid group.[2]

Tesamorelin
Clinical data
Trade namesEgrifta SV
AHFS/Drugs.comMultum Consumer Information
MedlinePlusa611035
Routes of
administration		Subcutaneous injection
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • US: ℞-only
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability≤4%[1]
MetabolismProteolysis
Elimination half-life26–38 min
ExcretionRenal/proteolysis
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC221H366N72O67S
Molar mass5135.86 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • CCC[C@@H](C(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(cc1)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc2ccccc2)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc3ccc(cc3)O)NC(=O)C/C=C/CC
  • InChI=1S/C220H364N72O67S/c1-24-28-30-54-162(307)259-144(92-119-55-59-121(298)60-56-119)197(342)254-115(20)178(323)275-149(96-168(315)316)198(343)255-116(21)179(324)290-171(110(15)26-3)213(358)283-146(91-118-44-31-29-32-45-118)205(350)292-173(117(22)297)214(359)284-148(95-161(229)306)204(349)288-154(104-296)209(354)279-145(93-120-57-61-122(299)62-58-120)202(347)267-130(52-41-84-247-219(239)240)186(331)266-126(47-34-36-79-222)196(341)289-170(109(13)14)211(356)282-140(87-105(5)6)182(327)251-100-165(310)257-133(64-71-156(224)301)189(334)277-143(90-108(11)12)201(346)287-151(101-293)207(352)256-114(19)177(322)263-129(51-40-83-246-218(237)238)185(330)265-125(46-33-35-78-221)188(333)276-142(89-107(9)10)200(345)278-141(88-106(7)8)199(344)272-137(67-74-159(227)304)194(339)281-150(97-169(317)318)206(351)291-172(111(16)27-4)212(357)274-139(77-86-360-23)195(340)286-152(102-294)208(353)268-131(53-42-85-248-220(241)242)187(332)270-135(65-72-157(225)302)191(336)269-132(63-70-155(223)300)181(326)250-99-164(309)258-134(68-75-166(311)312)190(335)285-153(103-295)210(355)280-147(94-160(228)305)203(348)273-136(66-73-158(226)303)192(337)271-138(69-76-167(313)314)193(338)264-124(48-37-80-243-215(231)232)180(325)249-98-163(308)252-112(17)175(320)261-127(49-38-81-244-216(233)234)183(328)253-113(18)176(321)262-128(50-39-82-245-217(235)236)184(329)260-123(43-25-2)174(230)319/h28-32,44-45,55-62,105-117,123-154,170-173,293-299H,24-27,33-43,46-54,63-104,221-222H2,1-23H3,(H2,223,300)(H2,224,301)(H2,225,302)(H2,226,303)(H2,227,304)(H2,228,305)(H2,229,306)(H2,230,319)(H,249,325)(H,250,326)(H,251,327)(H,252,308)(H,253,328)(H,254,342)(H,255,343)(H,256,352)(H,257,310)(H,258,309)(H,259,307)(H,260,329)(H,261,320)(H,262,321)(H,263,322)(H,264,338)(H,265,330)(H,266,331)(H,267,347)(H,268,353)(H,269,336)(H,270,332)(H,271,337)(H,272,344)(H,273,348)(H,274,357)(H,275,323)(H,276,333)(H,277,334)(H,278,345)(H,279,354)(H,280,355)(H,281,339)(H,282,356)(H,283,358)(H,284,359)(H,285,335)(H,286,340)(H,287,346)(H,288,349)(H,289,341)(H,290,324)(H,291,351)(H,292,350)(H,311,312)(H,313,314)(H,315,316)(H,317,318)(H4,231,232,243)(H4,233,234,244)(H4,235,236,245)(H4,237,238,246)(H4,239,240,247)(H4,241,242,248)/b30-28+/t110-,111-,112-,113-,114-,115-,116-,117+,123-,124-,125-,126-,127+,128-,129-,130-,131-,132-,133-,134-,135-,136-,137-,138-,139-,140-,141-,142-,143-,144-,145-,146-,147-,148-,149-,150-,151-,152-,153-,154-,170-,171-,172-,173-/m0/s1
  • Key:VQFDKKWXORFBDI-VAVVJCQZSA-N

Mechanism of action

Tesamorelin is the N-terminally modified compound based on 44 amino acids sequence of human GHRH.[3] This modified synthetic form is more potent and stable than the natural peptide. It is also more resistant to cleavage by the dipeptidyl aminopeptidase than human GHRH.[4] It stimulates the synthesis and release of endogenous GH, with an increase in level of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). The released GH then binds with the receptors present on various body organs and regulates the body composition. This regulation is mainly because of the combination of anabolic and lipolytic mechanisms. However, it has been found that the main mechanisms by which Tesamorelin reduces body fat mass are lipolysis followed by reduction in triglycerides level.[5]

Contraindication

Tesamorelin therapy may cause glucose intolerance and increase the risk of type 2-diabetes, so it is contraindicated in pregnancy.[6] It is also contraindicated in pregnancy (category X) because it may cause harm to fetus. It is also contraindicated in patients affected by hypothalamic-pituitary axis disruption due to pituitary gland tumor, head irradiation and hypopituitarism.[7]

Adverse effects

Injection site erythema, peripheral edema, injection site pruritus and diarrhea.[8]

See also

References
  1. "Egrifta (tesamorelin for injection) for Subcutaneous Use. U.S. Full Prescribing Information" (PDF). EMD Serono, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 December 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  2. "FDA Application Chemistry Review" (PDF).
  3. Dhillon S (May 2011). "Tesamorelin: a review of its use in the management of HIV-associated lipodystrophy". Drugs. 71 (8): 1071–1091. doi:10.2165/11202240-000000000-00000. PMID 21668043. S2CID 195681455.
  4. Ferdinandi ES, Brazeau P, High K, Procter B, Fennell S, Dubreuil P (January 2007). "Non-clinical pharmacology and safety evaluation of TH9507, a human growth hormone-releasing factor analogue". Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. 100 (1): 49–58. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00008.x. PMID 17214611.
  5. Benedini S, Terruzzi I, Lazzarin A, Luzi L (2008). "Recombinant human growth hormone: rationale for use in the treatment of HIV-associated lipodystrophy". BioDrugs. 22 (2): 101–112. doi:10.2165/00063030-200822020-00003. PMID 18345707. S2CID 34340539.
  6. Patel A, Gandhi H, Upaganlawar A (April 2011). "Tesamorelin: A hope for ART-induced lipodystrophy". Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences. 3 (2): 319–320. doi:10.4103/0975-7406.80763. PMC 3103937. PMID 21687371.
  7. DeRuiter J, Holston PL. "Review of Selected NMEs 2011". www.uspharmacist.com. Auburn: Health Information Designs, Inc. Retrieved 2019-06-22.
  8. Falutz J, Potvin D, Mamputu JC, Assaad H, Zoltowska M, Michaud SE, et al. (March 2010). "Effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor, in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized placebo-controlled trial with a safety extension". Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 53 (3): 311–322. doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e3181cbdaff. PMID 20101189. S2CID 13613924.
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