The Stars and Stripes Forever

"The Stars and Stripes Forever" is a patriotic American march written and composed by John Philip Sousa in 1896. By a 1987 act of the U.S. Congress, it is the official National March of the United States of America.[1]

For other uses, see Stars and Stripes Forever (disambiguation).

The Stars and Stripes Forever
National march of the United States
LyricsJohn Philip Sousa, May 1896 (1896-05)
MusicJohn Philip Sousa, December 1896 (1896-12)
Adopted1987 (1987)
Audio sample
Performed by the United States Marine Band
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History

In his 28 autobiography, Marching Along, Sousa wrote that he composed the march on Christmas Day, 1896. He was on board an ocean liner on his way home from a vacation with his wife in Europe and had just learned of the recent death of David Blakely, the manager of the Sousa Band. He composed the march in his head and committed the notes to paper on arrival in the United States.[2] It was first performed at Willow Grove Park, just outside Philadelphia, on May 14, 1897, and was immediately greeted with enthusiasm.[3] Following an Act of Congress in 1987, it was officially adopted as the national march of the United States of America.[4]

Historically, in show business and particularly in theater and the circus, this piece is called "the Disaster March".[5] In the early 20th century, when it was common for theaters and circuses to have house bands, this march was a traditional code signaling a life-threatening emergency.[6] It subtly notified personnel of emergency situations and ideally allowed them to organize the audience's exit without causing the chaos and panic that an overt declaration might. Except for impending disaster, circus bands never played the tune under any circumstances. One memorable example of its use was during the Hartford circus fire of July 6, 1944. At least 168 people were killed, though some estimates are much higher.[7]

Music

"The Stars and Stripes Forever" follows the standard U.S. military march form—of repeated phrasing of different melodies performed in sections called strains: a Sousa legacy. Performances vary according to the arrangements of individual band directors or orchestrators, especially regarding tempo and the number and sequence of strains employed.

Analysis

The march begins with a four-bar introduction, following with the first strain, which is repeated; then the second strain, which is also repeated; and sometimes both are repeated again if (the band is) marching in parade (or the breakstrain may be interjected and repeated). Now follows the dominant woodwinds in the first run of the famous Trio strain—familiar to many for the nonsense lyrics: "Be kind to your web-footed friends..."—which repeats, and later repeats again as the piccolos obligato. (Here, in some performances, Sousa's patriotic lyrics may be sung in a choral overlay.) Then follows the breakstrain, the final strain, and the breakstrain repeated. The final repeats of the Trio (the Grandioso) render the famous obligato of the piccolo players—joined to a subdued but prominent countermelody by the brass section, then bringing everything to a close with once-more repeats of the grand finale.

Sousa explained to the press that the three themes of the final trio were intended to represent the three regions of the United States. The broad melody, or main theme, portrays the North. The South is represented by the famous piccolo obligato, and the West by the bold countermelody of the trombones. The three come together in the climax, representing the Union itself.[8]

Lyrics

Sousa's lyrics

Sousa wrote lyrics to the piece, although they are not as familiar as the music itself.[9] A typical pairing of Sousa's lyrics with various sections of the march—here the First strain and the Grandioso strain—is noted in the colored bars.[10]

First strain
Let martial note in triumph float
And liberty extend its mighty hand
A flag appears 'mid thunderous cheers,
The banner of the Western land.
The emblem of the brave and true
Its folds protect no tyrant crew;
The red and white and starry blue
Is freedom's shield and hope.

Let eagle shriek from lofty peak
The never-ending watchword of our land;
Let summer breeze waft through the trees
The echo of the chorus grand.
Sing out for liberty and light,
Sing out for freedom and the right.
Sing out for Union and its might,
O patriotic sons.

Second strain
𝄆 Other nations may deem their flags the best
And cheer them with fervid elation
But the flag of the North and South and West
Is the flag of flags, the flag of Freedom's nation. 𝄇

Trio
Hurrah for the flag of the free!
May it wave as our standard forever,
The gem of the land and the sea,
The banner of the right.
Let tyrants remember the day
When our fathers with mighty endeavor
Proclaimed as they marched to the fray
That by their might and by their right
It waves forever.

Grandioso
Hurrah for the flag of the free.
May it wave as our standard forever
The gem of the land and the sea,
The banner of the right.
Let tyrants remember the day
When our fathers with mighty endeavor
Proclaimed as they marched to the fray,
That by their might and by their right
It waves forever.

Tidmarsh's additional lyrics

In 1942 the John Church Company published a four-part choral version of the march with a piano arrangement by Elmer Arthur Tidmarsh.[10] This arrangement has additional lyrics written by Tidmarsh for the Breakstrain section of the march.

Parody lyrics

The exact origin of the parody is unclear, but versions of it were being quoted as early as the 1930s on college campuses,[11] and during the 1940s, where it was sung for entertainment by soldiers at the USO.[12] Some newspapers of that time referred to it as the "Duck Song."[13] In 1954, Charles Grean and Joan Javits composed "Crazy Mixed Up Song", using the theme from "The Stars and Stripes Forever", with lyrics beginning "Be kind to your web-footed friends". It was made somewhat popular by Peter Lind Hayes & Mary Healy in that year.[14] In the early 1960s, it reached a wider audience as a part of Mitch Miller's nationally syndicated sing-along show, Sing Along with Mitch.[15] This version has perhaps the best known lyrics,[16] which were used to end every show:[17][18]

Be kind to your web-footed friends,
For a duck may be somebody's mother.
Be kind to your friends in the swamp,
Where the weather is very, very damp,
Now, you may think that this is the end,
Well, it is!

The last two lines were later used for the theme song of the 1985 television series The Berenstain Bears, but with the lyrics changed to:

You may think that this starts our show,
Well, it does!

Later versions of "Be kind to your web-footed friends" extended the lyrics of the second verse. One popular version goes like this:

Be kind to your web-footed friends
For that duck may be somebody's mother,
She lives in a nest in a swamp
Where the weather is always damp.

You may think that this is the end,
Well it is, but to prove we're all liars,
We're going to sing it again,
Only this time we'll sing a little higher.

[19][20]

And the song repeats itself ad infinitum, getting higher in tone each repeat until the singer is ready for the final as per Mitch Miller:

You may think that this is the end,
Well, it is!

"Well, you're right!" may be substituted for "Well, it is!".

Another version goes like this:

Be kind to your web-footed friends
For a duck may be somebody's mother,
Be kind to your friends in the camp,
Where the weather is always damp.

You may think that this is the end,
Well it's not, we are just teasing.
There's something that you need to know,
We're gonna sing it _______________, here we go.

[21]

The blank may be filled with appropriate adjectives like "low", "high", "silly", "fast", etc., until ready for the finale, when the singer may end with "Well, it is!" as did Mitch Miller.

Soccer chants

"Here We Go", the British soccer chant, consists of the words "here we go" continuously repeated to the tune of The Stars and Stripes Forever. It was described by Auberon Waugh as the national anthem of the working classes.[22] It was the basis of Everton F.C.'s official song for the 1984 FA Cup Final. The tune has been repurposed for many other, similarly repetitive, football chants.

Variations and notable uses

"The Stars and Stripes Forever" is featured in many U.S. musical performances and pop culture:

  • There are several orchestral transcriptions of "The Stars and Stripes Forever", including one by conductor Leopold Stokowski and one by Keith Brion and Loras Schissel. There was also an orchestral arrangement of the march by Carl Davis and David Cullen for the album Carl Conducts...Classical Festival Favourites. Orchestral versions are typically transposed one-half step lower than the original band version, to put the march in a key that is more familiar to string players.[23]
  • The tune is widely used by soccer fans, with the trio/grandioso section sung with the words "Here We Go". The supporters of Spanish side Valencia CF used to sing it with the words "Xe que bó!" which means something like "Oh! How good" in Valencian, and those words have become a symbol for the team. Another version uses the word cheerio repeatedly, normally sung to players or coaches when they have been sent off or occasionally when an underdog has ended its opponent's cup campaign. Finally, certain clubs such as Forest Green or Sunderland use the chant just using the club name; this only works if the name has three syllables. A nickname can instead be used for the chant, such as Gateshead fans chanting "Tynesiders".
  • In the 1933 film Duck Soup, Harpo Marx, playing Pinky, a spy infiltrating a house in the middle of the night, attempts to open what he believes to be a safe, but turns out to be a large radio, which loudly begins playing "The Stars and Stripes Forever" when he turns the knob. Pinky spends the next several moments futilely (and loudly) trying to quell the noise before throwing the radio out a nearby window.
  • The march was used in the 1939 cartoon Officer Duck, after Donald Duck successfully subdues Tiny Tom, played by Pete. It is played by a marching band of police officers who further advance Tom's arrest. On the highest note of the brass, Donald kicks Tom on his rear end.
  • Classic Popeye the Sailor cartoons by Fleischer Studios make frequent use of the tune in the music score accompanying the climactic fight between Popeye and the villain starting with the moment Popeye gets a spinach power boost.
  • Parts of the tune feature in two Laurel and Hardy short films, The Chimp and Come Clean.
  • In show business, as said before, particularly theater and the circus, this piece is called "the Disaster March". It is a traditional code signaling a life-threatening emergency. This helps theater personnel to handle events and organize the audience's exit without panic. Circus bands never play it under any other circumstances. One memorable example of its use was at the Hartford Circus Fire in July 1944, in which at least 160 people were killed.[24][25][26]
  • A 1952 biographical film, Stars and Stripes Forever, gives an account of the composer's life and music.
  • Russian-American pianist Vladimir Horowitz wrote a famous transcription of "The Stars and Stripes Forever" for solo piano to celebrate his becoming an American citizen. In an interview, Horowitz opined that the march, being a military march, is meant to be played at a walking tempo. He complained that many conductors played the piece too fast, resulting in music that is "hackneyed".
  • Timmy Mallett was fond of chanting "Wacaday, Wacaday, Wacaday" to the tune in children's TV show Wacaday, often getting child guests to do the same.
  • In "Evolution", the first episode of the third season of the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, a malfunction in the ship's systems causes the main computer to play Sousa's march on all channels throughout the ship. The episode was first aired on September 25, 1989.
  • The song is usually played for the President of the United States after he gives a speech at a public forum, event, or ceremony, whereas "Hail to the Chief" is played when the President is introduced.
  • The tune of the song appears in the 1970 animated TV special adaptation of Horton Hears a Who! by Dr. Seuss, used as the melody for the song Be Kind To Your Small Person Friends.
  • In 1981, fingerstyle guitarist Guy Van Duser made an arrangement of the march for guitar. It was later performed by guitarists such as Chet Atkins, Rick Foster and Doug Smith.[27]
  • The march was used during the Opening Ceremonies of the 1984, 1996 and 2002 Olympics, all hosted by the United States of America: while in 1984 was immediately played after the USA Olympic Team was introduced at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, both in 1996 and 2002 the tune was played after John Williams Olympic Fanfare (that "introduced" Team USA at the former Centennial Olympic Stadium and six years later at Rice-Eccles Olympic Stadium).
  • The march was adapted for the theme song to The Berenstain Bears 1985 cartoon.
  • An 8-bit version of the song is used in the MS-DOS and Commodore 64 versions of Wheel of Fortune when solving a puzzle correctly.
  • The student band Strindens Promenade Orchester in Trondheim, Norway, has the world record in "speed playing" of "The Stars and Stripes Forever" (absolutely all notes must be played). The band calls their speedy rendering of the march "Stars and Stribes", and performs the march at all solemn occasions at the Trondheim Student Society. Set during the fall term of 1999, the record time is 50.9 seconds (nominal time is 3 minutes 50 seconds). For this, the band is noted in the Norwegian edition of the Guinness Book of Records.
  • The march in a specific rendition is in the soundtrack of the video game Postal 2, where it's performed by the marching band.
  • American composer Robert W. Smith parodied Stars and Stripes Forever along with "Jingle Bells" with his composition "Jingle Bells Forever", published by Alfred Publishing Co.[28]
  • In 2008, the Muppets performed a web version starring Sam the Eagle, Beaker, a clucking chicken, Bobo the Bear, The Swedish Chef, and Crazy Harry.
  • The video game Fallout 3 has the Stars and Stripes Forever as one of the songs on the Enclave Radio.
  • In 2009, Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman used this tune as a jingle in advertising character Ruff Ruffman's "RuffMeal" in the episode "The RuffMeal Needs More Roughage".
  • At the conclusion of WWE's Extreme Rules pay-per-view in 2011, Stars and Stripes Forever played following John Cena announcing the death of Osama Bin Laden.[29] It was also played during the January 5, 2015 episode of WWE Raw from Corpus Christi, Texas, also involving Cena, during the main event segment called John Cena Appreciation Night, where The Authority (Triple H and Stephanie McMahon) thanked Cena for (kayfabe) re-hiring them following the previous year's Survivor Series event's main event match, only to slander him and then (kayfabe) fire his teammates from that night, Dolph Ziggler, Ryback and Erick Rowan. The Big Show, who was also Cena's teammate during the aforementioned match, was not fired since he turned his back on Cena during the match and then joined The Authority. Balloons and confetti then fell from the rafters as Cena and his teammates stood in the ring, dejected, as the song played.[30][31][32]
  • In Argentina, a sensationalist news channel, Crónica TV, always uses the first 22 seconds of this march as a background music on reporting breaking news stories.
  • The Grateful Dead finished their 50th reunion concert on July 4, 2015 with fireworks accompanied by a recording of "The Stars and Stripes Forever", in front of 70,000 people in Soldier Field in Chicago.[33]
  • In 2022, a March Madness-themed commercial from Capital One featured the opening notes of "The Stars and Stripes Forever" being played by a marching band led by Charles Barkley, who claimed to represent a fictional university named "Chuck U". Samuel L. Jackson and Spike Lee are also featured in the commercial.[34]

See also

References
  1. "36 U.S. Code § 304 – National march". United States Code. United States: Cornell Law School. August 12, 1998. Retrieved November 2, 2006. The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled 'The Stars and Stripes Forever' is the national march.
  2. "The Story of 'Stars and Stripes Forever'". Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on June 6, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
  3. Van Outryve, Karen. "Appreciating An Old Favorite: Sousa's All-Time Hit". Music Educators Journal 92.3 (2006): 15.
  4. "To designate 'The Stars and Stripes Forever' as the national march of the United States of America" (PDF). United States Government Publishing Office. December 11, 1987.
  5. Cavanaugh, Jack (July 3, 1994). "The Hartford Fire, 50 Years Later". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  6. O'Nan, Stewart (2000). The Circus Fire: A True Story (1st ed.). New York: Doubleday. p. 70. ISBN 0-385-49684-2. OCLC 42049262.
  7. Michael Skidgell, The Hartford Circus Fire: Tragedy Under the Big Top (Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press, 2014) p. 43 ISBN 978-1-625-84522-1.
  8. Bierley, Paul E., The Works of John Philip Sousa (Westerville, Ohio: Integrity Press, 1984), p. 43, as cited in "The Stars and Stripes Forever" (1896).
  9. Bierley, Paul E., The Works of John Philip Sousa, Integrity Press, Westerville, Ohio, 1984.
  10. Sousa, John Philip, & Tidmarsh, Elmer A. (1942.) "The Stars and Stripes Forever." USA: The John Church Company.
  11. Henry Jova. "Berry Patch." Cornell Daily Sun (Ithaca NY), December 12, 1939, p. 4.
  12. "Bits of Local Fare for the Men Over There." Wakefield (MI) Daily News, January 7, 1944, p. 4.
  13. "Miami Herald Song Parade." Miami Herald, May 29, 1943, p. 8.
  14. "1954 Hits Archive: Crazy Mixed Up Song (Be Kind To Your Web-Footed Friends) – Peter and Mary". YouTube. 1954.
  15. Jennifer Gavin (July 23, 2009). "Be Kind to Your Web-Posting Friends". United States Library of Congress.
  16. Scott Deveaux and Gary Giddins (2015). Jazz. W. W. Norton & Company; Second edition (February 1, 2015). p. 70. ISBN 978-0393937060.
  17. Gale, Emily Margot (2014). Sounding Sentimental: American Popular Song From Nineteenth-Century Ballads to 1970s Soft Rock (PDF) (PhD). University of Virginia.
  18. "Be Kind to Your Web Footed Friends". Sony. 1958. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021.
  19. "Be Kind to Your Webfooted Friends Song lyrics midi".
  20. "Be Kind to Your Webfooted Friends".
  21. Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Be Kind to Your Web Footed Friends by The Learning Station". YouTube.
  22. Kuper, Simon (1996) [1994]. Football Against The Enemy. London: Phoenix Books. p. 215. ISBN 1857994698.
  23. "Carl Conducts... Classical Festival Favourites".
  24. On This Day in Connecticut History, by Gregg Mangan, page 159.
  25. "The Hartford Circus Fire". www.history.com. Archived from the original on March 8, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
  26. "Tragic Circus Fire in America: 160 die". Examiner. July 8, 1944. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
  27. Van Duser, Guy (September 1, 2014). ""The Stars and Stripes Forever" for Solo Guitar". Berklee. Retrieved September 17, 2022.
  28. "Jingle Bells Forever by Robert W. | J.W. Pepper Sheet Music".
  29. John Cena reveals news of Osama bin Laden at Extreme Rules 2011, archived from the original on December 21, 2021, retrieved August 21, 2021
  30. "The Authority pays tribute to John Cena: photos". WWE. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
  31. Fowler, Matt (January 7, 2015). "Wrestling Wrap Up: John Cena Gets Everyone Fired". IGN Southeast Asia. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
  32. "WWE RAW Results – 1/5/15 (The Authority resumes power) -". January 6, 2015. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
  33. "The Grateful Dead Bids Fare Thee Well to Fans After Fifty Years". The Huffington Post. July 7, 2015.
  34. "Capital One March Madness Commercial: "Chuck U" (2022) – YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved May 16, 2022.

Further reading
  • Bierley, Paul E., John Philip Sousa: American Phenomenon. Miami, Florida: Warner Bros. Publications, 2001.
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