List of third-party and independent performances in United States elections

This article contains (a) a list of third-party and independent performances in U.S. Senate elections; and (b) a list of third-party and independent performances in U.S. state legislative elections.

Statistics

Note: Prior to the passage of the 17th Amendment in 1913, most states did not hold direct elections to the Senate.

Legend:   1st 2nd 3rd
Elections with notable third party electoral performances (1900–present)[1]
State Gubernatorial elections Senate elections Total elections
Thres­hold reached Thres­hold candi­dates Third party victory Thres­hold reached Thres­hold candi­dates Third party victory Thres­hold reached Thres­hold candi­dates Third party victory
Alabama 5 6 0 4 4 0 9 10 0
Alaska 9 10 2 6 6 1 15 16 3
Arizona 5 5 0 7 11 0 12 16 0
Arkansas 10 11 0 6 6 1 16 17 1
California 8 10 1 9 11 0 17 21 1
Colorado 4 6 0 4 5 0 8 11 0
Connecticut 7 9 1 4 4 1 11 13 2
Delaware 2 2 0 1 1 0 3 3 0
Florida 3 3 1 3 3 0 6 6 1
Georgia 4 4 0 2 2 0 6 6 0
Hawaii 3 3 0 2 2 0 5 5 0
Idaho 13 16 0 4 5 0 17 21 0
Illinois 4 5 0 2 2 0 6 7 0
Indiana 2 4 0 4 4 0 6 8 0
Iowa 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 2 0
Kansas 7 8 0 5 6 0 12 14 0
Kentucky 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 0
Louisiana 3 3 0 2 2 0 5 5 0
Maine 13 18 3 5 5 2 18 23 5
Maryland 1 1 0 3 3 0 4 4 0
Massachusetts 10 10 0 4 4 0 14 14 0
Michigan 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 0
Minnesota 21 25 5 19 22 5 40 47 10
Mississippi 2 2 0 4 4 0 6 6 0
Missouri 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 2 0
Nebraska 10 10 1 4 5 1 14 15 2
Nevada 6 7 2 7 8 0 13 15 2
New Hampshire 4 4 0 1 1 0 5 5 0
New Jersey 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 0
New Mexico 2 2 0 1 1 0 3 3 0
New York 11 12 0 8 8 1 19 20 1
North Carolina 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
North Dakota 7 8 1 9 11 1 16 19 2
Ohio 3 4 0 3 4 0 6 8 0
Oklahoma 7 7 0 3 3 0 10 10 0
Oregon 6 7 1 9 14 0 15 20 1
Pennsylvania 3 3 0 4 5 0 7 8 0
Rhode Island 7 9 0 1 1 0 8 10 0
South Carolina 0 0 0 2 2 1 2 2 1
South Dakota 7 9 0 5 7 0 12 16 0
Tennessee 7 8 0 4 4 0 11 12 0
Texas 9 12 0 1 1 0 10 13 0
Utah 6 7 0 3 3 0 9 10 0
Vermont 11 11 0 4 4 3 15 15 3
Virginia 4 4 0 14 18 2 18 22 2
Washington 7 8 0 5 6 0 12 14 0
West Virginia 4 4 0 0 0 0 4 4 0
Wisconsin 18 21 3 12 15 2 30 36 5
Wyoming 2 2 0 1 1 0 3 3 0
Total 284 327 21 203 236 21 487 563 42

List of third-party and independent performances in U.S. presidential elections
Main article: List of third party performances in United States presidential elections

List of third-party and independent performances in U.S. gubernatorial elections
Main article: List of third-party performances in United States gubernatorial elections

List of third-party and independent performances in U.S. Senate elections

Listed below are Senate elections since 1905 in which a third party or independent candidate won at least 5.0% of the vote. Winners are shown in bold.

Notable third-party senatorial performances (1900s–1930)
Year State Party Nominee # Votes  % Votes Place
1905 Oregon (special) Socialist J. D. Stevens 12,485
15.17 / 100
 2nd
Prohibition Hiram Gould 8,224
9.99 / 100
 3rd
1906 Oregon Socialist A. G. Simola 5,608
6.1 / 100
 3rd
1910 Nevada Socialist Jud Harris 1,959
9.62 / 100
 3rd
1912 Arizona (special) – Class I Socialist E. Johnson 1,234
5.68 / 100
 3rd
Arizona (special) – Class III Socialist E. B. Simonton 1,221
5.8 / 100
 3rd
Colorado Progressive Frank D. Catlin 58,649
23.48 / 100
 3rd
Kansas Socialist Allan W. Ricker 25,610
7.32 / 100
 3rd
Montana Progressive Joseph M. Dixon 22,161
32.1 / 100
 2nd
Nevada (special) Socialist G. A. Steele 2,740
13.73 / 100
 3rd
Progressive Sardis Summerfield 1,428
7.15 / 100
 4th
Oklahoma Socialist John G. Wills 40,860
16.3 / 100
 3rd
Oregon Independent[2] Jonathan Bourne Jr. 25,929
19.41 / 100
 3rd
Socialist Benjamin Franklin Ramp 11,093
8.31 / 100
 4th
Progressive A. E. Clark 11,083
8.3 / 100
 5th
Prohibition B. Lee Paget 6,848
5.13 / 100
 6th
1914 Arizona Prohibition Eugene W. Chafin 7,293
15.05 / 100
 3rd
Socialist Bert Davis 3,582
7.39 / 100
 4th
Progressive J. Bernard Nelson 2,608
5.38 / 100
 5th
California Progressive Francis J. Heney 255,232
28.81 / 100
 2nd
Socialist Ernest Untermann 3,582
7.39 / 100
 4th
Colorado Progressive Benjamin Griffith 27,072
10.69 / 100
 3rd
Socialist J. C. Griffiths 13,943
5.51 / 100
 4th
Idaho Progressive Paul Clagstone 10,321
9.54 / 100
 3rd
Socialist Calistus W. Cooper 7,888
7.29 / 100
 4th
Illinois Progressive Raymond Robins 203,027
19.99 / 100
 3rd
Indiana Progressive Albert J. Beveridge 108,581
16.81 / 100
 3rd
Iowa Independent Thomas W. Lawson 24,490
5.73 / 100
 3rd
Kansas Progressive Victor Murdock 116,755
22.94 / 100
 3rd
Nevada Socialist Ashley Grant Miller 5,451
25.28 / 100
 3rd
North Dakota Socialist W. H. Brown 6,231
7.14 / 100
 3rd
Ohio Progressive Arthur Lovett Garford 67,509
6.31 / 100
 3rd
Oklahoma Socialist Patrick S. Nagle 52,259
20.99 / 100
 3rd
Oregon Progressive William Hanley 26,220
10.68 / 100
 3rd
Pennsylvania Progressive Gifford Pinchot 269,265
24.22 / 100
 2nd
Washington Progressive Ole Hanson 83,282
24.12 / 100
 3rd
Socialist Adam H. Barth 30,234
8.76 / 100
 4th
1916 Arizona Socialist W. S. Bradford 2,827
5.24 / 100
 3rd
California Socialist Walter Thomas Mills 49,341
5.25 / 100
 3rd
Minnesota Prohibition Willis Greenleaf Calderwood 78,425
20.58 / 100
 3rd
Montana Socialist Henry La Beau 9,292
5.54 / 100
 3rd
Nevada Socialist Ashley Grant Miller 9,507
28.91 / 100
 3rd
North Dakota Socialist E. R. Fry 8,472
7.91 / 100
 3rd
Washington Socialist Bruce Rogers 21,709
5.95 / 100
 3rd
Wisconsin Socialist Richard Elsner 28,908
6.85 / 100
 3rd
1918 Massachusetts Independent Thomas W. Lawson 21,985
5.26 / 100
 3rd
Minnesota Nationalist Willis Greenleaf Calderwood 137,334
39.95 / 100
 2nd
Montana Nationalist Jeannette Rankin 26,013
23.14 / 100
 3rd
Nevada (special) Independent Anne Henrietta Martin 4,603
18.01 / 100
 3rd
Oregon (special) Socialist Martha Bean 19,014
15.47 / 100
 2nd
South Dakota Independent Orville V. Rafferty 5,560
5.98 / 100
 3rd
1920 California Prohibition James S. Edwards 57,768
6.32 / 100
 3rd
Georgia Independent[3] Harry S. Edwards 6,700
5.1 / 100
 2nd
Maryland Independent George D. Iverson Jr. 21,345
5.46 / 100
 3rd
Nevada Independent Anne Henrietta Martin 4,981
18.16 / 100
 3rd
New York Socialist Jacob Panken 208,155
7.6 / 100
 3rd
Prohibition Ella A. Boole 159,623
5.83 / 100
 4th
Pennsylvania Prohibition Leah C. Marion 132,610
7.44 / 100
 3rd
South Dakota Nonpartisan League Tom Ayres 44,309
24.06 / 100
 2nd
Independent Richard Olsen Richards 10,032
5.45 / 100
 4th
Washington Farmer–Labor C. L. France 99,309
25.8 / 100
 2nd
Wisconsin Progressive Republican[4] James Thompson 235,029
34.71 / 100
 2nd
Socialist Frank J. Weber 66,172
9.77 / 100
 4th
1922 California Independent H. Clay Needham 70,748
7.79 / 100
 3rd
Socialist Upton Sinclair 56,982
6.28 / 100
 4th
Florida Independent Republican W. C. Lawson 6,074
11.73 / 100
 2nd
Minnesota Farmer–Labor Henrik Shipstead 325,372
47.1 / 100
 Elected
Pennsylvania (special) Prohibition Rachel C. Robinson 60,390
6.05 / 100
 2nd
Socialist William J. Van Essen 55,703
5.58 / 100
 3rd
Pennsylvania Progressive William J. Burke 127,180
8.82 / 100
 3rd
Washington Farmer–Labor James A. Duncan 35,326
12.0 / 100
 3rd
1923 Minnesota (special) Farmer–Labor Magnus Johnson 290,165
57.48 / 100
1924 Colorado Farmer–Labor Morton Alexander 16,039
5.04 / 100
 3rd
Colorado (special) Farmer–Labor Charles T. Phelps 17,542
5.52 / 100
 3rd
Minnesota Farmer–Labor Magnus Johnson 380,646
45.5 / 100
 2nd
Oregon Progressive F. E. Coulter 20,379
7.7 / 100
 3rd
South Dakota Farmer–Labor Tom Ayres 23,962
12.2 / 100
 3rd
Independent George W. Egan 14,390
7.23 / 100
 4th
1926 Idaho Progressive H. F. Samuels 37,047
29.6 / 100
 2nd
Illinois Independent Republican Hugh S. Magill 156,245
8.69 / 100
 3rd
New York Independent Republican Franklin W. Cristman 231,906
8.16 / 100
 3rd
North Dakota (special) Nonpartisan League Gerald Nye 79,709
50.2 / 100
 Re-elected
Independent Republican C. P. Stone 19,586
12.33 / 100
 3rd
North Dakota Independent Republican[5] Norris H. Nelson 18,951
12.22 / 100
 2nd
Independent Republican[6] C. P. Stone 9,738
6.28 / 100
 4th
Oregon Independent Robert N. Stanfield 50,246
22.46 / 100
 3rd
South Dakota Farmer–Labor Howard Platt 12,797
7.2 / 100
 3rd
Wisconsin Independent Progressive Republican Charles D. Rosa 111,122
20.37 / 100
 2nd
Socialist Leo Krzycki 31,317
5.74 / 100
 4th
1928 California Prohibition Charles Hiram Randall 92,106
5.94 / 100
 3rd
Minnesota Farmer–Labor Henrik Shipstead 665,169
65.38 / 100
 Re-elected
Wisconsin Independent Republican William H. Markham 81,302
10.95 / 100
 2nd
1930 Alabama Independent James Thomas Heflin 100,952
40.07 / 100
 2nd
Minnesota Farmer–Labor Ernest Lundeen 178,671
22.89 / 100
 3rd
Oregon Independent Llewellyn A. Banks 17,488
7.4 / 100
 3rd
Virginia Independent J. Cloyd Byars 26,091
17.87 / 100
 2nd
Socialist Joe C. Morgan 7,944
5.45 / 100
 3rd
Notable third-party senatorial performances (1931–1960)
Year State Party Nominee # Votes  % Votes Place Notes
1932 Arkansas (special) Independent Rex Floyd 1,752
5.16 / 100
 2nd
California Prohibition Robert P. Shuler 560,088
25.77 / 100
 3rd
Kansas Independent George A. Brown 65,583
9.1 / 100
 3rd
Wisconsin Socialist Emil Seidel 65,807
6.14 / 100
 3rd
1934 California Socialist George Ross Kirkpatrick 108,748
5.29 / 100
 2nd
Minnesota Farmer–Labor Henrik Shipstead 503,379
49.87 / 100
 Re-elected
New York Socialist Norman Thomas 194,952
5.27 / 100
 3rd
Tennessee (special) Independent[7] John Randolph Neal Jr. 49,773
19.91 / 100
 2nd
Wisconsin Progressive Robert M. La Follette Jr. 440,513
47.78 / 100
 Re-elected
1936 Delaware Independent Republican Robert G. Houston 6,897
5.44 / 100
 3rd
Massachusetts Union Thomas C. O'Brien 134,245
7.44 / 100
 3rd
Minnesota (special) Independent Nathaniel John Holmburg 210,364
28.42 / 100
 2nd
Independent Progressive Andrew Olaf Devold 147,858
19.98 / 100
 3rd
Minnesota Farmer–Labor Ernest Lundeen 663,363
62.24 / 100
 Elected
Montana Independent Joseph P. Monaghan 39,655
17.91 / 100
 3rd
Nebraska Independent George W. Norris 258,700
43.82 / 100
 Re-elected
Rhode Island Union Ludger LaPointe 21,495
7.01 / 100
 3rd
1937 Arkansas (special) Independent John E. Miller 65,802
60.5 / 100
 Elected
1938 Connecticut Socialist Bellani Trombley 99,282
15.75 / 100
 3rd
North Dakota Independent[8] William Langer 112,007
42.56 / 100
 2nd
Wisconsin Progressive Herman Ekern 249,209
26.58 / 100
 2nd
1940 California Prohibition Fred Dyster 366,044
13.51 / 100
 2nd
Minnesota Farmer–Labor Elmer Austin Benson 310,875
25.7 / 100
 2nd
North Dakota Progressive Republican[9] William Lemke 92,593
35.06 / 100
 2nd
Wisconsin Progressive Robert M. La Follette Jr. 605,609
45.26 / 100
 Re-elected
1942 Minnesota (special) Farmer–Labor Al Hansen 177,008
26.66 / 100
 2nd
Minnesota Farmer–Labor Elmer Austin Benson 213,965
28.21 / 100
 2nd
Independent Progressive Martin A. Nelson 109,226
14.4 / 100
 3rd
Nebraska Independent George W. Norris 108,899
28.64 / 100
 2nd
Virginia Socialist Lawrence S. Wilkes 5,690
6.53 / 100
 2nd
1944 North Dakota Independent Lynn U. Stambaugh 44,596
21.19 / 100
 3rd
Wisconsin Progressive Harry Sauthoff 73,089
5.82 / 100
 3rd
1946 North Dakota Independent Arthur E. Thompson 38,804
23.46 / 100
 2nd
North Dakota (special) Independent Gerald Nye 20,848
15.24 / 100
 3rd
Tennessee Independent John Randolph Neal Jr. 11,516
5.27 / 100
 3rd
1948 Arkansas Independent Arthur E. Thompson 15,821
6.81 / 100
 2nd
1950 Alabama Independent John G. Crommelin 38,477
23.46 / 100
 2nd
New Hampshire Independent (write-in) Wesley Powell 11,958
6.28 / 100
 2nd
1952 California Progressive Reuben W. Borough 542,270
11.95 / 100
 2nd
Maine Independent Democrat Earl S. Grant 15,294
6.45 / 100
 3rd
New York Liberal George Counts 489,775
7.02 / 100
 3rd
North Dakota Independent (write-in) Fred G. Aandahl 24,741
10.4 / 100
 3rd
Virginia Independent Democrat H.M. Vise, Sr. 69,133
12.92 / 100
 2nd
Social Democratic Clarke T. Robb 67,281
12.57 / 100
 3rd
1954 South Carolina Independent Democrat (write-in) Strom Thurmond 143,444
63.13 / 100
 Elected
Virginia Independent Democrat Charles W. Lewis Jr. 32,681
10.66 / 100
 2nd
Social Democratic Clarke T. Robb 28,922
9.44 / 100
 3rd
1958 Utah Independent J. Bracken Lee 77,013
26.44 / 100
 3rd
Virginia Independent Louise Wensel 120,224
26.27 / 100
 2nd
1960 Virginia Independent Democrat James W. Respess 88,718
14.27 / 100
 2nd
Notable third-party senatorial performances (1961–1990)
Year State Party Nominee # Votes  % Votes Place Notes
1964 Virginia Independent James W. Respess 95,526
10.29 / 100
 3rd
1966 Mississippi Independent Clifton R. Whitley 30,502
7.74 / 100
 3rd
Virginia (special) Independent John W. Carter 57,692
7.91 / 100
 3rd
Virginia Independent F. Lee Hawthorne 58,251
7.94 / 100
 3rd
1968 Alabama National Democratic Robert Schwenn 72,699
7.97 / 100
 3rd
Alaska Democratic (write-in) Ernest Gruening 14,118
17.44 / 100
 3rd
Maryland American Independent George P. Mahoney 148,467
13.09 / 100
 3rd
New York Conservative James L. Buckley 1,139,402
17.31 / 100
 3rd
1970 Connecticut Independent Thomas J. Dodd 266,497
24.46 / 100
 3rd
Mississippi Independent William R. Thompson 37,593
11.6 / 100
 2nd
New York Conservative James L. Buckley 2,288,190
38.95 / 100
 Elected
Virginia Independent Harry F. Byrd Jr. 506,237
53.54 / 100
 Re-elected
1972 Louisiana Independent John McKeithen 250,161
23.06 / 100
 2nd
1974 Florida American Independent John Grady 282,659
15.7 / 100
 3rd
Hawaii People's James D. Kimmel 42,767
17.09 / 100
 2nd
New York Conservative Barbara A. Keating 822,584
15.93 / 100
 3rd
Utah American Bruce Bangerter 24,966
5.94 / 100
 3rd
1976 Minnesota American Independent Paul Helm 125,612
6.57 / 100
 3rd
Virginia Independent Harry F. Byrd Jr. 890,778
57.2 / 100
 Re-elected
1978 Alabama Prohibition Jerome B. Couch 34,951
6.01 / 100
 2nd
Arkansas Independent John J. Black 37,488
7.18 / 100
 3rd
Maine Independent Hayes E. Gahagan 27,824
7.42 / 100
 3rd
Mississippi Independent Charles Evers 133,646
22.64 / 100
 3rd
1980 New York Liberal Jacob Javits 664,5444
11.1 / 100
 3rd
1982 Washington Independent King Lysen 72,297
5.28 / 100
 3rd
1984 Tennessee Independent Ed McAteer 87,234
5.29 / 100
 3rd
1990 Virginia Independent Nancy B. Spannaus 196,755
18.16 / 100
 2nd
Notable third-party senatorial performances (1991–2020)
Year State Party Nominee # Votes  % Votes Place Notes
1992 Alaska Green Mary Jordan 20,019
8.35 / 100
 3rd
Arizona Independent Evan Mecham 145,361
10.52 / 100
 3rd
Hawaii Green Linda B. Martin 49,921
13.73 / 100
 3rd
Louisiana Independent Jon Khachaturian 74,785
8.87 / 100
 2nd
Ohio Independent[10] Martha Grevatt 331,125
6.89 / 100
 3rd
1994 Arizona Libertarian Scott Grainger 75,493
6.75 / 100
 3rd
Minnesota Independence Dean Barkley 95,400
5.38 / 100
 3rd
Ohio Independent Joseph J. Slovenec 252,031
7.33 / 100
 3rd
Vermont Independent Gavin T. Mills 12,465
5.89 / 100
 3rd
Virginia Independent Marshall Coleman 235,324
11.44 / 100
 3rd
1996 Alaska Green Jed Whittaker 29,037
12.52 / 100
 2nd
Minnesota Reform Dean Barkley 152,333
6.98 / 100
 3rd
2000 Arizona Independent William Toel 109,230
7.82 / 100
 2nd
Green Vance Hansen 108,926
7.8 / 100
 3rd
Libertarian Barry J. Hess, II 70,724
5.06 / 100
 4th
Massachusetts Libertarian Carla Howell 308,860
11.88 / 100
 3rd
Minnesota Independence James Gibson 140,583
6.98 / 100
 3rd
2002 Alaska Green Jim Sykes 16,608
7.24 / 100
 3rd
Kansas Libertarian Steven A. Rosile 70,725
9.1 / 100
 2nd
Reform George Cook 65,050
8.37 / 100
 3rd
Massachusetts Libertarian Michael E. Cloud 369,807
18.43 / 100
 2nd
Mississippi Reform Shawn O'Hara 97,226
15.42 / 100
 2nd
Oklahoma Independent James Germalic 65,056
6.39 / 100
 3rd
Virginia Independent Nancy B. Spannaus 145,102
9.74 / 100
 2nd
Independent[11] Jacob G. Hornberger Jr. 106,055
7.12 / 100
 3rd
2004 Oklahoma Independent Sheila Bilyeu 86,663
5.99 / 100
 3rd
2006 Connecticut Connecticut for Lieberman Joe Lieberman 564,095
49.71 / 100
 Re-elected
Indiana Libertarian Steve Osborn 168,820
12.59 / 100
 2nd
Maine Independent William H. Slavick 29,230
5.37 / 100
 3rd
Vermont Independent Bernie Sanders 171,638
65.41 / 100
 Elected
2008 Arkansas Green Rebekah Kennedy 207,076
20.47 / 100
 2nd
Idaho Independent Rex Rammell 34,510
5.35 / 100
 3rd
Minnesota Independence Dean Barkley 437,505
15.15 / 100
 3rd
Oregon Constitution Dave Brownlow 92,565
5.24 / 100
 3rd
2010 Alaska Republican (write-in) Lisa Murkowski 101,091
39.49 / 100
 Re-elected
Florida Independent Charlie Crist 1,607,549
29.71 / 100
 2nd
Indiana Libertarian Rebecca Sink-Burris 94,330
5.41 / 100
 3rd
South Carolina Green Tom Clements 121,472
9.21 / 100
 3rd
Utah Constitution Scott N. Bradley 35,937
5.67 / 100
 3rd
2012 Indiana Libertarian Andy Horning 145,374
5.67 / 100
 3rd
Maine Independent Angus King 370,580
52.89 / 100
 Elected
Maryland Independent Rob Sobhani 430,934
16.37 / 100
 3rd
Missouri Libertarian Jonathan Dine 165,468
6.07 / 100
 3rd
Montana Libertarian Dan Cox 31,892
6.56 / 100
 3rd
Vermont Independent Bernie Sanders 209,053
71.04 / 100
 Re-elected
2014 Kansas Independent Greg Orman 368,372
42.53 / 100
 2nd
South Dakota Independent Larry Pressler 47,741
17.09 / 100
 3rd
Wyoming Independent Curt Gottshall 13,311
7.9 / 100
 3rd
2016 Alaska Libertarian Joe Miller 90,825
29.16 / 100
 2nd
Independent Margaret Stock 41,194
13.23 / 100
 3rd
Arizona Green Gary Swing 138,634
5.48 / 100
 3rd
Idaho Constitution Ray J. Writz 41,677
6.14 / 100
 3rd
Indiana Libertarian Lucy Brenton 149,481
5.47 / 100
 3rd
Kansas Libertarian Robert Garrard 63,428
5.52 / 100
 3rd
2018 Maine Independent Angus King 337,378
54.5 / 100
 Re-elected
New Mexico Libertarian Gary Johnson 105,916
15.4 / 100
 3rd
Vermont Independent Bernie Sanders 183,529
67.32 / 100
 Re-elected
2020 Alaska Independent Al Gross[12] 146,068
41.20 / 100
 2nd
Arkansas Libertarian Ricky Dale Harrington Jr. 399,390
33.47 / 100
 2nd
Minnesota Legal Marijuana Now Kevin O'Connor 190,154
5.90 / 100
 3rd
Nebraska Democratic (write-in) Preston Love Jr. 58,411
6.28 / 100
 3rd
Libertarian Gene Siadek 55,115
5.93 / 100
 4th

Senate elections (by legislature)

Prior to the passage of the 17th Amendment, most states did not hold direct elections to the Senate, with senators instead being elected by the state legislatures. The results listed below are cases in which a third-party candidate won at least 5.0% of the legislative vote. Winners are shown in bold.

List of third-party and independent performances in U.S. House of Representatives elections
Main article: List of third-party performances in United States House elections

List of third-party and independent performances in U.S. state legislative elections

Listed below are State Legislature elections in which a third party or independent candidate won at least 5.0% of the vote in their state legislature districts. Winners are shown in bold. Candidates are only included if they ran under one party.

1901–1920
Notable third party state legislature performances (1901–1920)
Year State District Party Nominee # Votes % Votes Place
1902 Colorado 16th Senate District[14] Socialist Charles P. McCary 872
18.56 / 100
 3rd
1904 Florida Manatee County[15] Socialist Andrew Jackson Pettigrew 240
31.3 / 100
 2nd
1906 395
52.1 / 100
 Elected
New York 4th Senate District[16] Independence League A. Stewart Walsh 6,458
22.09 / 100
 3rd
1908 20th Senate District[17] Socialist John J. Coyle 1,749
8.16 / 100
 3rd
Independence League Isidore P. Thomas 1,314
6.13 / 100
 4th
1910 California 17th Assembly District[18] Prohibition Grove L. Johnson 509[19]
15.5 / 100
 2nd
Socialist E. L. Macy 223[20]
6.8 / 100
 3rd
30th Assembly District[18][21] Robert Larkins 120
10.5 / 100
 3rd
Colorado 16th Senate District[22] Robert S. Clark 990
9.41 / 100
 3rd
New York 16th Senate District[23] Ernest Ramm 2,173
10.18 / 100
 3rd
1912 Colorado 19th Senate District[24] Progressive William G. White 1,244
26.27 / 100
 2nd
Socialist James A. Morris 514
10.85 / 100
 3rd
1914 New York 16th Senate District[25] George I. Steinhardt 2,079
10.89 / 100
 3rd
20th Senate District[26] Fred Gaa 1,924
12.26 / 100
 3rd
40th Senate District[27] Prohibition N. Horace Gillette 1,310
15.5 / 100
 3rd
1916 Colorado 16th Senate District[28] Socialist Robert B. Fyre 1,047
14.02 / 100
 3rd
New York 20th Senate District[29] Edward F. Cassidy 3,654
21.22 / 100
 3rd
36th Senate District[30] Progressive Oswald P. Backus 1,937
26.27 / 100
 3rd
1918 Wisconsin 5th Senate District[31] Socialist Rudolph Beyer 6,874
40.48 / 100
 Elected
25th Senate District[32] Christ Bloom 3,794
42.85 / 100
 2nd
1920 California 33rd Senate District[33] Prohibition Marie C. Brehm 13,060
37.56 / 100
 2nd
Illinois 6th House District[34] Socialist Lewis W. Hardy 10,829
21.22 / 100
 4th
15th House District[35] John Joseph Jelinek 2,391
8.93 / 100
 4th

1921–1940
Notable third party state legislature performances (1921–1940)
Year State District Party Nominee # Votes % Votes Place
1922 New York 9th Senate District[36] Socialist Samuel Block 5,406
8.11 / 100
 3rd
10th Senate District[37] Prohibition James B. Davis 3,029
9.30 / 100
 3rd
18th Senate District[38] Socialist Joseph D. Cannon 5,414
14.54 / 100
 3rd
21st Senate District[39] Prohibition Andrew Loundsberry 5,598
11.90 / 100
 3rd
1930 10th Senate District[40] Socialist Sam L. Mailman 1,509
5.60 / 100
 3rd
21st Senate District[41] Louis Hendin 8,496
17.69 / 100
 2nd
1932 9th Senate District[42] Samuel Block 5,406
8.11 / 100
 3rd
20th Senate District[43] Max Delson 4,400
5.02 / 100
 3rd
1934 8th Senate District[44] Roger Cornell 10,002
8.71 / 100
 3rd
1936 California 21st Senate District[45] Edward V. Peterson 4,123
12.04 / 100
 2nd
1938 30th Senate District[46] Independent Percy C. Church 2,930
5.39 / 100
 3rd
36th Senate District[47] Communist George C. Sandy 2,618
5.12 / 100
 2nd
40th Senate District[48] Bessie A. Keckler 6,523
7.06 / 100
 2nd
Colorado 18th Senate District[49] Independent William Hartsook 1,675
18.06 / 100
 3rd

1961–1980
Notable third party state legislature performances (1961–1980)
Year State District Party Nominee # Votes % Votes Place
1970 California 36th Senate District[50] American Independent Nial D. Meadows 28,353
17.66 / 100
 2nd
1972 1st Senate District[51] Peace and Freedom Toni Novak-Sutley 19,044
9.51 / 100
 3rd
1974 Delaware 36th House District[52] American Independent Charles J. Rogers 476
14.27 / 100
 2nd
4th Senate District[53] Erle V. Peterson 401
6.25 / 100
 2nd
5th Senate District[54] Robert G. LoPresti 339
7.23 / 100
 2nd
1978 California 33rd Assembly District[55] Independent Grant W. Jensen 6,281
8.56 / 100
 3rd
1980 1st Senate District[56] Libertarian Steve Sparling 16,259
5.84 / 100
 3rd
11th Senate District[57] John R. Redding 13,393
6.10 / 100
 3rd

1981–2000
Notable third party state legislature performances (1981–2000)
Year State District Party Nominee # Votes % Votes Place
1982 Delaware 19th Senate District[58] American Independent Donald L. Donovan 258
5.03 / 100
 2nd
New York 96th Assembly District[59] Conservative (NY) Patricia DeFreest 2,035
6.74 / 100
 3rd
1983 Alabama 38th House District[60] Independent Bill Fuller 3,010
47.37 / 100
 Elected
Dorothy W. Morris 1,391
21.89 / 100
 3rd
1986 Delaware 23rd House District[61] American Independent Nancy S. Kelsch 184
6.56 / 100
 2nd
New York 14th Assembly District[62] Right to Life Jean Ryan 1,926
5.64 / 100
 3rd
1988 California 17th Senate District Peace and Freedom Shoshana Towers 5,826
5.15 / 100
 3rd
1990 New York 35th Assembly District[63] Conservative (NY) Nicholas Narducci 551
7.29 / 100
 2nd
34th Senate District[64] Right to Life Thomas Byrne 2,522
8.70 / 100
 2nd
1992 California 14th Assembly District[65] Peace and Freedom Marsha Feinland 27,468
17.86 / 100
 2nd
1st Senate District[66] Green Kent Smith 32,717
9.47 / 100
 3rd
13th Senate District[67] Libertarian John H. Webster 19,258
8.31 / 100
 3rd
1994 Georgia 3rd House District[68] Independent Charles C. Proctor, Sr. 3,626
41.90 / 100
 2nd
Kansas 46th House District[69] Libertarian Ena J. Wheeler 609
9.79 / 100
 3rd
1996 California 14th Assembly District[70] Green Hank Chapot 12,851
9.41 / 100
 3rd
Delaware 1st House District[71] Libertarian J. Burke Morrison 522
9.67 / 100
 2nd
4th House District[72] Natural Law Jacqueline Kossoff 282
8.61 / 100
 2nd
1998 Kansas 30th House District[73] Libertarian Michael Kerner 808
15.16 / 100
 2nd
2000 Florida 13th House District[74] Independent Susan Eldridge 8,420
20.87 / 100
 2nd

2001–2020
Notable third party state legislature performances (2001–2020)
Year State District Party Nominee # Votes % Votes Place
2002 California 6th Senate District[75] Libertarian Jason Sewell 44,972
26.91 / 100
 2nd
22nd Assembly District[76] T.J. Campbell 6,478
5.83 / 100
 3rd
36th Assembly District[77] Herbert G. Peters 10,840
5.65 / 100
 3rd
10th Senate District[78] American Independent Ivan Chou 11,871
5.66 / 100
 3rd
Florida 5th House District[79] Libertarian Ricardo Meijas 5,988
14.58 / 100
 2nd
17th House District[80] Ty Price 8,573
20.92 / 100
 2nd
64th House District[81] Michael Krech 8,878
25.10 / 100
 2nd
77th House District[82] Scott Hudmon 6,644
19.57 / 100
 2nd
81st House District[83] John Roszman 12,306
24.35 / 100
 2nd
119th House District[84] Mark Eckert 7,190
27.77 / 100
 2nd
Illinois 8th House District[85] Green Julie Samuels 3,355
9.66 / 100
 3rd
2004 Georgia 76th House District[86] Libertarian Ken Parmalee 1,487
9.48 / 100
 2nd
2006 California 12th Senate District[87] Constitution C. Bert Linthicum 34,895
28.90 / 100
 2nd
30th Senate District[88] Libertarian Karl N. Dickey 15,683
12.21 / 100
 2nd
Florida 81st House District[89] Green Kristina Wright 4,699
5.17 / 100
 3rd
1st Senate District[90] Constitution Louis Jack Tart 30,207
18.79 / 100
 2nd
Kansas 46th House District[91] Libertarian Marcus Kirby 876
13.71 / 100
 2nd
2008 Florida 81st House District[92] Green Kristina Wright 4,699
5.17 / 100
 3rd
1st Senate District[93] Constitution Louis Jack Tart 30,207
18.79 / 100
 2nd
Illinois 12th House District[94] Green Tim Quirk 7,100
15.57 / 100
 2nd
21st House District[95] Rita Maniotis 3,464
8.73 / 100
 3rd
2010 Alabama 29th House District[96][97] Independent Harri Anne Smith 23,800
55.21 / 100
 Reelected as Independent.
California 22nd Assembly District[98] Libertarian T.J. Campbell 6,478
5.83 / 100
 3rd
36th Assembly District[99] Herbert G. Peters 10,840
5.65 / 100
 3rd
10th Senate District[100] American Independent Ivan Chou 11,871
5.66 / 100
 3rd
2011 Mississippi 13th Senate District[101] Independent Clayton Barksdale 2,358
21.20 / 100
 2nd
2012 Delaware 14th House District[102] Libertarian Margaret V. Melson 925
10.08 / 100
 2nd
Illinois 52nd House District[103] Independent Dee Beaubien 18,392
40.7 / 100
 2nd
Nevada 1st Senate District[104] Constitution Gregory Hughes 13,221
31.3 / 100
 2nd
New Mexico 10th Senate District[105] Independent Joseph Carraro 8,474
45.7 / 100
 2nd
Texas 26th House District[106] Green Chris Christal 10,588
6.0 / 100
 3rd
Libertarian N. Ruben Flores Perez 22,989
5.3 / 100
 2ns
48th House District[107] Joe Edgar 4,134
5.3 / 100
 3rd
51st House District[108] Arthur DiBianca 4,411
11.8 / 100
 2nd
2014 Alabama 29th House District[109] Independent Harri Anne Smith 17,830
52.38 / 100
 Reelected
Florida 5th House District[110] Libertarian Karen Schoen 11,813
23.6 / 100
 2nd
12th House District[111] Green Karen Lea Morian 20,496
31.7 / 100
 2nd
Texas 4th House District[112] Libertarian Rick Stralow 3,253
10.9 / 100
 2nd
8th House District[113] John Wilford 3,581
12.1 / 100
 2nd
48th House District[107] Ben Easton 11,126
21.9 / 100
 2nd
51st House District[108] Arthur DiBianca 3,105
12.6 / 100
 2nd
2015 Mississippi 51st Senate District[114] Boyd T. Kendall 1,746
16.95 / 100
 2nd
2016 Alaska District F[115] Independent Tim Hale 4,750
27.89 / 100
 2nd
District L[116] Tom Johnson 1,088
7.40 / 100
 3rd
California 1st Assembly District[117] Libertarian Donn Coenen 52,871
26.24 / 100
 2nd
2nd Assembly District[118] Ken Anton 51,245
27.08 / 100
 2nd
37th Assembly District[119] Independent Edward Fuller 71,944
35.92 / 100
 2nd
51st Assembly District[120] Libertarian Mike Everling 17,724
13.87 / 100
 2nd
62nd Assembly District[121] Baron Bruno 8,958
5.59 / 100
 3rd
Connecticut 39th House District[122] Green Ronna Stuller 440
8.23 / 100
 2nd
71st House District[123] Independent Danielle Albert 1,588
20.13 / 100
 2nd
84th House District[124] Green Matt Went 678
14.09 / 100
 2nd
122nd House District[125] Angela Capinera 1,440
13.80 / 100
 2nd
125th House District[126] Hector Lopez 1,288
12.21 / 100
 2nd
15th Senate District[127] Independent James K. Russell 4,407
17.83 / 100
 2nd
Florida 1st House District[128] Bill Fetke 17,192
23.56 / 100
 2nd
5th House District[129] Jamey Westbrook 24,443
32.05 / 100
 2nd
31st House District[130] Robert Rightmyer 20,380
26.79 / 100
 2nd
90th House District[131] Libertarian Artie Lurie 13,088
20.46 / 100
 2nd
Hawaii 13th House District[132] Green Nick Nikhilananda 2,773
12.21 / 100
 2nd
Kansas 19th House District[133] Libertarian John Taube 806
5.85 / 100
 3rd
Nevada 36th Assembly District[134] Dennis Hof 10,675
39.24 / 100
 2nd
40th Assembly District[135] Constitution John Wagner 2,173
7.24 / 100
 3rd
3rd Senate District[136] Libertarian Jonathan Friedrich 2,889
8.22 / 100
 3rd
7th Senate District[137] Kimberly Schjang 12,454
30.46 / 100
 2nd
New York 45th Assembly District[138] Conservative (NY) Boris Gintchanski 4,692
20.77 / 100
 2nd
47th Assembly District[139] Malka Shahar 2,416
11.35 / 100
 2nd
81st Assembly District[140] Alah H. Reed 3,010
8.26 / 100
 2nd
88th Assembly District[141] Anthony Decintio Jr. 7,643
15.23 / 100
 2nd
101st Assembly District[142] Maria E. Kelso 5,322
10.56 / 100
 3rd
103rd Assembly District[143] Jack Hayes 12,105
22.37 / 100
 2nd
114th Assembly District[144] Green Robin M. Barkenhagen 7,562
15.02 / 100
 2nd
127th Assembly District[145] Conservative (NY) Michael J. Becallo 4,064
6.23 / 100
 3rd
45th Senate District[146] Green Stephen Matthew Ruzbacki 12,553
11.92 / 100
 2nd
South Dakota 5th House District[147] Independent Chuck Haan 1,882
11.65 / 100
 4th
15th House District[148] Mike Myers 1,784
20.89 / 100
 3rd
Eric Leggett 1,719
20.13 / 100
 4th
Texas 51st House District[108] Green Kat Gruene 6,162
5.77 / 100
 2nd
127th House District[149] Libertarian Scott Ford 7,486
12.33 / 100
 2nd
Green Joseph McElligott 3,501
5.77 / 100
 3rd
Utah 16th House District[150] Libertarian Brent Zimmerman 1,214
8.45 / 100
 3rd
46th House District[151] Lee Anne Walker 3,932
23.86 / 100
 2nd
68th House District[152] Constitution Kirk Pearson 1,597
10.56 / 100
 3rd
2018 Alabama 1st House District[153] Independent Bobby James Dolan III 4,336
30.45 / 100
 2nd
California 4th Assembly District[154] Libertarian Brandon Z. Nelson 40,398
24.78 / 100
 2nd
6th Senate District[155] Independent Eric Frame 93,217
30.45 / 100
 2nd
Delaware 15th House District[156] Libertarian Amy Merlino 1,011
12.12 / 100
 2nd
Florida 87th House District[157][158] Green Samson LeBeau Kpadenou 4,622
15.41 / 100
 2nd
Georgia 29th House District[159][160] Independent Nancy Stead 4,595
32.08 / 100
 2nd
Nevada 13th Assembly District[161] Constitution Leonard Foster 9,228
35.2 / 100
 2nd
New York 61st Assembly District[162] Working Families Patricia Kane 2,956
9.9 / 100
 2nd
Green Daniel Falcone 1,672
5.6 / 100
 3rd
66th Assembly District[163] Working Families Cynthia Nixon 8,013
17.5 / 100
 2nd
62nd Senate District[164] Green Peter Diachun 10,539
15.41 / 100
 2nd
Ohio 14th House District[165] Libertarian Ryan McClain 9,143
28.03 / 100
 2nd
Texas 127th House District[149] Ryan Woods 10,981
19.8 / 100
 2nd
Wyoming 55th House district Bethany Baldes 1,592[166]
49.01 / 100
 2nd of 2
2020 Arkansas 14th House District[167] Independent Christia Jones 954
8.0 / 100
 3rd
50th House District[168] Libertarian Stephen Edwards 3,469
32.5 / 100
 2nd
California 7th Assembly District[169] James O. Just 52,543
26.06 / 100
 2nd
58th Assembly District[170] Green Margaret Villa 41,100
9.09 / 100
 2nd
Illinois 18th House District[171] Independent Sean Matlis 16,699
27.7 / 100
 2nd
55th House District[172] Libertarian Glenn Olofson 12,000
27.4 / 100
 2nd
87th House District[173] Green Angel Sides 7,666
15.5 / 100
 2nd
92nd House District[174] Libertarian Chad Grimm 9,890
25.5 / 100
 2nd
Maine 22nd House District[175] Green Michael Barden III 937
16.6 / 100
 3rd
42nd House District[176] Carolyn Silvius 567
11 / 100
 3rd
62nd House District[177] Independent John Michael 1,519
48.6 / 100
 2nd
68th House District[178] Patrick Scully 2,726
47.1 / 100
 2nd
Texas 4th House District[112] Libertarian K. Nicole Sprabary 17,437
20.9 / 100
 2nd
8th House District[113] R. Edwin Adams 8,271
14.1 / 100
 2nd
127th House District[149] Neko Antoniou 25,653
29.7 / 100
 2nd
Wyoming 38th House district Shawn Johnson 1,068[179]
24.47 / 100
 2nd
39th House district Marshall Burt 1,696[179]
53.60 / 100
 1st
47th House district Lela Konecny 886[179]
21.10 / 100
 2nd
55th House district Bethany Baldes 2,026[179]
49.44 / 100
 2nd
58th House district Joseph Porambo 646[179]
19.04 / 100
 2nd
30th Senate district Wendy Degroot 1,762[180]
22.43 / 100
 2nd

2021–present
Notable third party state legislature performances (2021–present)
Year State District Party Nominee # Votes % Votes Place
2021 Pennsylvania 22nd Senate district Green Marlene Sebastianelli 5,373[181]
9.09 / 100
 3rd of 4
2022 California 8th Assembly District[182] Libertarian Thomas Nichols 28,013
25.7 / 100
 2nd
11th Assembly District[183] Independent Jenny Callison 48,620
40.5 / 100
 2nd
59th Assembly District[184] Leon Sit 27,302
28.0 / 100
 2nd
Florida 55th House District[185] Constitution Charles Hacker Jr. 16,708
22.4 / 100
 2nd
11th Senate District[186] Green Brian Moore 63,914
25 / 100
 2nd
Delaware 30th House District[187] Libertarian Justin Brant 655
9.8 / 100
 2nd
West Virginia 12th Senate District Austin

Lynch

 8,488[188]
31.29 / 100
 2nd
House of Delegates, 91st District ACT S. Marshall Wilson 1,637[189]
39.79 / 100
 2nd

List of third-party and independent performances in U.S. mayoral elections
Main article: List of third-party performances in United States mayoral elections

See also

Notes and references
  1. The threshold is >5% of the vote.
  2. Listed on ballot as "Popular Government Candidate"
  3. Listed on ballot as "Pro-League Independent Party"
  4. Listed on ballot as "La Follette Progressive Republican National Platform"
  5. Listed on ballot as "Agricultural Relief Republican"
  6. Listed on ballot as "Republican for Beer and Wine"
  7. Listed on ballot as "Good Government and Clean Elections"
  8. Listed as "Nonpartisan, Progressive, Old Age Pension"
  9. Listed as "Progressive Republican for Clean Government"
  10. Affiliated with the Workers World Party
  11. Affiliated with the Libertarian Party
  12. Also listed as the de facto Democratic nominee.
  13. Technically designation is Unknown
  14. "CO Senate 16". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
  15. Griffin, R. (2006). Workers of the Sunshine State Unite!: The Florida Socialist Party during the Progressive Era, 1900-1920 (PDF) (Thesis). pp. ix, 104–105.
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  18. "November 8, 1910: General Election". JoinCalifornia. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  19. "Grove L. Johnson". JoinCalifornia.
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