Thulium(III) chloride

Thulium(III) chloride or thulium trichloride is as an inorganic salt composed of thulium and chlorine with the formula TmCl3. It forms yellow crystals. Thulium(III) chloride has the YCl3 (AlCl3) layer structure with octahedral thulium ions.[5] It has been used as a starting material for some exotic nanostructures prepared for NIR photocatalysis.[6][7]

Thulium(III) chloride
Names
IUPAC name
Thulium(III) chloride
Other names
Thulium chloride, thulium trichloride
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ECHA InfoCard 100.033.535
EC Number
  • 236-904-9
RTECS number
  • XP0525000
UNII
  • InChI=1S/3ClH.Tm/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3
  • Cl[Tm](Cl)Cl
Properties
TmCl3
Molar mass 275.292 g/mol
Appearance yellow crystals
Density 3.98 g/cm3
Melting point 824 °C (1,515 °F; 1,097 K)
Boiling point 1,490 °C (2,710 °F; 1,760 K)
heptahydrate: very soluble
Solubility heptahydrate: very soluble in ethanol[1]
Structure
Monoclinic, mS16
C12/m1, No. 12
6[2]
Thermochemistry
-966.6 kJ/mol[3]
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
 Irritant
GHS labelling:[4]
GHS07: Exclamation mark
Warning
H315, H319, H335
P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, P501
Related compounds
Other anions
 Thulium(III) oxide
Other cations
 Erbium(III) chloride
Ytterbium(III) chloride
Thulium(II) chloride
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Preparation

Thulium(III) chloride can be obtained by reacting thulium(III) oxide or thulium(III) carbonate and ammonium chloride:[8]

Tm2O3 + 6 NH4Cl → 2 TmCl3 + 6 NH3 + 2 H2O

The hexahydrate of thulium(III) chloride can be obtained by adding thulium(III) oxide to concentrated hydrochloric acid.[1][8]

2 Tm + 6 HCl → 2 TmCl3 + 3 H2

Thulium(III) chloride can also be obtained by directly reacting thulium and chlorine:[9]

2 Tm + 3 Cl2 → 2 TmCl3

Properties

Thulium(III) chloride is a light yellow powder. Its hexahydrate is a light green hygroscopic solid.[6] Both are soluble in water.[10] Thulium(III) chloride has a monoclinic crystal structure with the space group C2/m (No. 12) corresponding to that of aluminum(III) chloride.[10][8]

Thulium(III) chloride reacts with strong bases to make thulium(III) oxide.

References
  1. Spencer, James F. (1919). "The Metals of the Rare Earths". New York: Longmans, Green, and Co. pp. 152. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
  2. "Chemistry: Periodic Table: Thulium: compound data (thulium (III) chloride)". WebElements. Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
  3. Perry, Dale L.; Phillips, Sidney L. (1995). Handbook of Inorganic Compounds. CRC Press. p. 512. ISBN 0-8493-8671-3. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
  4. "Thulium trichloride". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  5. Wells A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 5th edition Oxford Science Publications ISBN 0-19-855370-6
  6. Sigma-Aldrich Co., Thulium(III) chloride hexahydrate, 99.99% trace metals basis.
  7. Bai, Lijie; Jiang, Wenya; Gao, Chunxiao; Zhong, Shuxian; Zhao, Leihong; Li, Zhengquan; Bai, Song (2016-11-17). "Facet engineered interface design of NaYF4:Yb,Tm upconversion nanocrystals on BiOCl nanoplates for enhanced near-infrared photocatalysis". Nanoscale. 8 (45): 19014–19024. doi:10.1039/C6NR05720A. ISSN 2040-3372. PMID 27808315.
  8. Handbuch der präparativen anorganischen Chemie. 2 (3., umgearb. Aufl ed.). Stuttgart: Enke. 1978. ISBN 978-3-432-87813-3.
  9. Webelements: Thulium
  10. Ans, Jean d'; Lax, Ellen (1998). Taschenbuch für Chemiker und Physiker (in German). Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-60035-0.
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