Timeline of geopolitical changes (2000–present)

This is a timeline of country and capital changes around the world since 2000. It includes dates of declarations of independence, changes in country name, changes of capital city or name, and changes in territory such as the annexation, cession, concession, occupation, or secession of land. Territorial conquests as a result of war are included on the timeline at the conclusion of military campaigns, but changes in the course of specific battles and day-to-day operations are generally not included. Changes in airspace and maritime territory are included only when they are subject to a dispute.[lower-alpha 1]

Timeline of geopolitical changes

2000s
YearDateEvent
200020 MarchSix weeks after the fall of Grozny, the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria is overthrown as a state following its defeat in the Battle of Komsomolskoye; as an insurgency it continues to resist Russian rule in Chechnya for years.
24 MayIsrael completely withdraws from its occupation zone in southern Lebanon, where it is replaced by United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon peacekeeping forces.
12 JuneSaudi Arabia and Yemen sign a treaty resolving their border dispute.
17 AugustColombia returns its capital city's name from Santa Fe de Bogotá back to Bogotá, Distrito Capital.[1]
5 SeptemberTaloqan, the de facto capital of the Islamic State of Afghanistan, falls to the Taliban's Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The capital moves to Fayzabad.[2]
200116 MarchThe ICJ resolves the territorial dispute between Bahrain and Qatar, awarding Fasht Al Azm, Qit'at Jaradah, and most of the Hawar Islands to Bahrain, and Fasht Dibal, Zubarah, and Janan Island to Qatar.[3]
21 MarchQatar and Saudi Arabia sign a treaty resolving their border dispute.[4]
1 JulyThe temporarily independent Puntland State of Somalia adopts a new constitution explicitly identifying itself as an "independent integral part of Somalia".[5]
11 SeptemberFour coordinated suicide attacks by the Islamist jihadist organisation Al-Qaeda are organized against the United States, via hijacking commercial airliners mid-flight.[6] 2,996 people are killed and the US begins the war on terror.
7 OctoberThe United States and a NATO-led alliance invade Afghanistan, beginning an occupation which continued until 2021.
13 NovemberThe capital of the Islamic State of Afghanistan returns to Kabul with the reconquest of the city by the forces of the Northern Alliance, beginning a cascading collapse of the Taliban forces of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
17 DecemberThe Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is completely overthrown following its defeat in the Battle of Tora Bora. The Taliban soon reemerges as an insurgency.
23 DecemberThe Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros changes its name to the Union of the Comoros.[7]
200214 FebruaryThe State of Bahrain changes its name to the Kingdom of Bahrain.[8]
10 MarchThe Union of the Comoros reabsorbs the de facto independent State of Anjouan and the Democratic Republic of Mohéli. Mutsamudu and Fomboni yield to Moroni as the capital.[9]
20 MayThe Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste gains independence with the promulgation of a constitution and the conclusion of the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor. Dili remains the capital.
21 MayThe United Kingdom changes the title of its British Dependent Territories to that of British Overseas Territories. The citizens of each British Overseas Territory gain full British citizenship.
20034 FebruaryThe Federal Republic of Yugoslavia changes its name to the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.[10]
20 MarchUnited States-led coalition forces invade Iraq, beginning an occupation which lasts for more than eight years.
15 AprilUnited States forces conquer Tikrit, the last stronghold of Ba'athist Iraq.[11]
28 MarchFrance reorganizes the Territorial collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon as the Overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.[12]
France reorganizes the Overseas Territory of Wallis and Futuna as the Overseas collectivity of Wallis and Futuna.[13]
France reorganizes the Overseas Territory of French Polynesia as the Overseas collectivity of French Polynesia.[14]
26 MayThe Rwandese Republic changes its name to the Republic of Rwanda.[15]
20049 JanuaryKazakhstan agrees to a revision of the terms of Russia's lease of the Baikonur Cosmodrome, extending it to 2050 with no established options on further extensions.[16]
27 FebruaryFrance elevates the Overseas collectivity of French Polynesia to the Overseas Country of French Polynesia.[17]
29 MarchBulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in the Fifth Enlargement.
1 MayTen more states join the European Union: Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia.
1 SeptemberThe Antarctic Treaty Secretariat administering Antarctica and all lands and waters south of the 60th parallel south establishes its headquarters in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
7 DecemberThe Islamic State of Afghanistan changes its name to the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with the end of the transitional period set out in the new constitution.[18][19][20]
200512 SeptemberIsrael completely withdraws its forces from the Gaza Strip. A Palestinian Civil War leads to Gaza effectively withdrawing from the Palestinian Authority and becoming a separate entity under Hamas by June 2007.
6 NovemberMyanmar moves its capital from Yangon to Naypyidaw.[21]
2006Uzbekistan rejoins the Collective Security Treaty Organisation after previously leaving in 1999.
3 JuneThe Republic of Montenegro secedes from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Podgorica remains the capital.
5 JuneThe Republic of Serbia supersedes the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Belgrade remains the capital.
7 OctoberPalau moves its capital from Koror to Ngerulmud.[22]
20071 JanuaryBulgaria and Romania join the European Union.
15 JanuaryThe Kingdom of Nepal changes its name to the State of Nepal.[23]
21 FebruaryFrance detaches the Overseas collectivity of Saint Barthélemy from Guadeloupe. Gustavia becomes the capital.
France detaches the Overseas collectivity of Saint Martin from Guadeloupe. Marigot becomes the capital.
France integrates the Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean into the French Southern and Antarctic Lands as its fifth district.[24]
22 OctoberThe Republic of Montenegro changes its name to Montenegro.
200817 FebruaryThe Republic of Kosovo declares independence from Serbia, which continues to claim it as the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija; other countries divide on recognizing its declaration. Pristina remains the capital.[25]
4 AugustThe State of Nepal changes its name to the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal.[26]
11 AugustThe separatist forces of South Ossetia, supported by Russia, completely expel the forces of Georgia from the territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast, which Georgia continues to claim in its entirety.
12 AugustThe separatist forces of Abkhazia, supported by Russia, completely expel the forces of Georgia from Upper Abkhazia, the last territory held by Georgia in the region which it continues to claim in its entirety.
14 AugustNigeria completes the transfer of Bakassi to Cameroon, fulfilling the terms of a 2002 ICJ ruling on the disputed territory.[27]
27 AugustRussia recognizes the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia from Georgia. Most countries continue to recognize these territories as part of Georgia.[28]
14 OctoberChina is ceded 174 km2 of land by Russia as part of a treaty delimiting the borders and settling a territorial dispute between the two countries.[29]
20097 FebruaryThe Republic of Bolivia changes its name to the Plurinational State of Bolivia.[30]
1 AprilAlbania and Croatia join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in the Sixth Enlargement.
14 JulyChina is ceded 9 km2 of land by Kyrgyzstan as part of a treaty delimiting the borders between the two countries.[31][32]
1 SeptemberThe British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena and Dependencies changes its name to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Jamestown on Saint Helena remains the capital.
24 NovemberThe United States cedes six uninhabited islands totaling 0.44 km2 in the Rio Grande river to Mexico and Mexico cedes three uninhabited islands and two bancos totaling 0.27 km2 after pending for 20 years.[33]

2010s
YearDateEvent
2010 21 AprilUkraine extends Russia's lease on naval facilities in Sevastopol for an additional twenty-five years beyond the 2017 expiration, until 2042, with further renewal options thereafter.[34]
10 OctoberThe Kingdom of the Netherlands dissolves the Netherlands Antilles.[35] New polities include:
21 OctoberThe Union of Myanmar changes its name to the Republic of the Union of Myanmar.[36]
201111 JanuaryChina is ceded 1322 km2 of land by Tajikistan after the final ratification of boundary treaties between the two countries.[37]
2 FebruaryThe Republic of the Fiji Islands changes its name back to the Republic of Fiji.[38]
15 MarchUnrest in Syria leads to the beginning of the Syrian Civil War.
31 MarchImplementing the decision of a March 2009 referendum, France incorporates the Departmental collectivity of Mayotte as the Overseas department and region of Mayotte.[39]
9 JulyFollowing a referendum in January, Southern Sudan gains independence from Sudan as the Republic of South Sudan. Juba remains the capital.[40]
1 SeptemberAmidst a civil war, Muammar Gaddafi moves the capital of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from Tripoli to Sirte, days after the rebel forces of the National Transitional Council, supported by NATO, conquered Tripoli.[41]
16 SeptemberLibya officially supersedes the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, as the United Nations General Assembly seats the representatives of the National Transitional Council and recognizes the country's name change.[42][43]
20 OctoberThe Libyan Arab Jamahiriya is overthrown following its defeat in the Battle of Sirte. The government of Libya declares the end of the civil war three days later.[44]
18 DecemberThe United States ends its occupation of Iraq.[45]
31 DecemberSamoa and Tokelau switch to the western side of the International Date Line, skipping 30 December entirely.[46]
2012Uzbekistan leaves the Collective Security Treaty Organisation for a second time after rejoining the alliance in 2006.
1 JanuaryThe Republic of Hungary changes its name to Hungary.[47]
25 JanuaryThe National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) conquers Aguelhok, the first town to fall under the control of the militant separatist group in northern Mali.[48]
6 AprilThe State of Azawad declares independence from Mali, after the MNLA conquers northern Mali's largest cities between 30 March and 2 April. Timbuktu is proclaimed the capital; Gao serves as the provisional capital.[49]
26 MayGeorgia moves its legislative capital from Tbilisi to Kutaisi. Tbilisi remains the administrative capital.
15 JuneA standoff beginning 8 April over Scarborough Shoal ends with an agreement between China and the Philippines to both withdraw their forces: only the Philippines actually does so, leaving China in effective possession.[50]
12 JulyAnsongo, the last town controlled by the State of Azawad, is conquered by Ansar Dine, a militant group aiming to make Mali an Islamist state which had already conquered Azawad's largest cities on 27–28 June.[51]
20 AugustThe Somali Republic changes its name to the Federal Republic of Somalia.
14 DecemberChina declares an exclusive economic zone in the East China Sea which extends hundreds of kilometres into Japan's maritime claims.
19 NovemberThe ICJ resolves the territorial dispute between Nicaragua and Colombia, upholding Colombia's sovereignty over disputed islands while ceding Nicaragua much of the surrounding maritime territory.[52]
29 NovemberThe United Nations General Assembly votes to upgrade the status of the State of Palestine from "entity" to "non-member observer state," effectively granting it recognition.[53]
20138 JanuaryThe General National Congress changes the provisional name of Libya to the State of Libya, pending the adoption of a new constitution.[54]
1 JulyCroatia joins the European Union.
24 OctoberThe Republic of Cape Verde changes its official English name to the Republic of Cabo Verde,[55] following precedents set by Côte d'Ivoire and Timor-Leste.
11 NovemberThe ICJ clarifies its 1962 ruling on the disputed border between Cambodia and Thailand, awarding the promontory of Preah Vihear to Cambodia and Phu Ma-khuea hill to Thailand.
23 NovemberChina declares an Air Defense Identification Zone over the East China Sea, around half of which overlaps with the previously declared airspace of Japan, South Korea and Taiwan.
20144 JanuaryThe Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant captures Fallujah in Iraq, the first significant city the militant group is able to maintain control over.[56]
14 JanuaryAfter having been expelled from the city by Syrian rebels early in the month, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant seizes total control of Raqqa, the largest city to fall under its rule in Syria.[57][58]
27 JanuaryThe ICJ publishes a new boundary resolving the maritime dispute between Chile and Peru.[59]
24 FebruaryRussia begins occupying parts of the Crimea region of Ukraine.
17 MarchThe Republic of Crimea declares independence from Ukraine following a disputed referendum. Sevastopol and Simferopol are the de facto capitals.[60]
18 MarchThe Republic of Crimea is annexed by Russia as two separate federal entities: the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol. Most countries continue to recognize Crimea as part of Ukraine.[61]
26 MarchCrimea is fully occupied by Russia.[62]
12 AprilSerbia and Afghanistan become observer states to the Collective Security Treaty Organisation.[63]
11 MayThe Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic declare independence from Ukraine following referendums. Donetsk and Luhansk become their capitals. Both republics remain completely unrecognized.
10 JuneThe Islamic State completely conquers Mosul, the second largest city in Iraq.
29 JuneAbu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, declares the foundation of a new caliphate, the Islamic State. Raqqa is the de facto capital.[64]
201520 FebruaryThe Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic consolidate their territories with the conquest of Debaltseve from Ukraine, the last major battle of the war in Donbas.
21 MarchAmidst a civil war, the Cabinet of Yemen provisionally moves the capital of Yemen to Aden, while the Supreme Political Council remains in the official capital of Sanaa.[65]
8 MayBurkina Faso and Niger agree to implement the ICJ's 2013 judgment on their frontier dispute case by exchanging 18 towns over the following year (Burkina Faso to gain 14, Niger to gain 4).[66]
31 JulyIndia and Bangladesh exchange 162 enclaves, simplifying their mutual border in the region of the former Cooch Behar princely state; Bangladesh gains a net 40 km2.[67]
26 AugustSyria formally agrees to lease its Khmeimim Air Base to Russia with no time limit.[68]
11 DecemberThe Republic of The Gambia changes its name to the Islamic Republic of The Gambia by presidential decree.[69][70]
16 DecemberThe ICJ cedes 3 km2 to Costa Rica, resolving part of the San Juan River border dispute with Nicaragua.[71]
20165 AprilAfter four days of fighting, Azerbaijan reconquers 8–20 km2 of territory controlled by the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic since 1994.
2 MayThe Czech Republic changes its official English short-form name to Czechia.[72]
1 JulyAustralia incorporates Norfolk Island within its domestic institutions and laws, implementing a March 2015 decision to revoke the territory's self-governing status.[73]
201718 JanuarySyria's lease of Khmeimim Air Base to Russia is amended from having no time limit to 49 years, renewable for subsequent 25-year periods beginning in 2066.[74]
Syria signs a lease granting Russia sovereign jurisdiction over the naval base at the port of Tartus for 49 years, renewable for subsequent 25-year periods beginning in 2066.[75]
19 JanuaryMilitary forces of Senegal, Ghana, Mali, Togo, and Nigeria, members of the ECOWAS group, launch an invasion of The Gambia to enforce the results of the 2016 Gambian presidential election.
29 JanuaryThe Islamic Republic of The Gambia changes its name back to the Republic of The Gambia.[76][77]
21 FebruaryThe unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic changes its name to the Republic of Artsakh after a constitutional referendum.[78][79]
29 MarchTurkey and the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army complete the conquest of a 2055 km2 occupation zone from the Islamic State and the Syrian Democratic Forces, establishing the Northern Syria Security Belt.[80]
9 AprilFollowing a referendum, the partially recognized Republic of South Ossetia changes its name to the Republic of South Ossetia – the State of Alania.[81]
18 MayThe United States establishes a 55 km radius around Al-Tanf effectively under its control, conducting its only attack on pro-government Syrian ground forces of the Syrian Civil War to prevent their advancing into the area.
5 JuneMontenegro joins the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in the Seventh Enlargement.
24 JuneEgypt transfers Sanafir Island and Tiran Island to Saudi Arabia.[82]
20 JulyIraqi government forces, allied militias and the Peshmerga, supported by the US-led Joint Task Force and Iran, complete the reconquest of Mosul from the Islamic State.[83]
10 OctoberThe Generalitat of Catalonia passes a declaration of Independence from Spain which is soon suspended on 30 October of the same year.
16 OctoberThe Iraqi National Army retakes control of Kirkuk from the Kurdistan Regional Government
17 OctoberThe Syrian Democratic Forces, supported by the US-led Joint Task Force, complete the reconquest of Raqqa from the Islamic State.[84]
20181 JanuaryBelgium and the Netherlands exchange territory along the Meuse River, swapping Belgian Presqu'ile de L'llal and Presqu'ile d'Eijsden for Dutch Presqu'ile Petit-Gravier; the Netherlands gains a net 0.1 km2.[85][86]
2 FebruaryThe International Court of Justice (ICJ) awards the Laguna Los Portillos and its barrier beach to Nicaragua and the remainder of the disputed territory on Isla Portillos to Costa Rica.[87]
24 MarchTurkey and the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army complete the conquest from the Kurdish People's Protection Units of over 2000 km2 of Afrin, which is added to their Northern Syria Security Belt.
19 AprilThe Kingdom of Swaziland changes its name to the Kingdom of Eswatini.[88]
30 AprilThe United Arab Emirates occupy the Yemeni archipelago of Socotra, amidst an ongoing civil war.
14 MayThe United Arab Emirates return control of the occupied Socotra archipelago to Yemen, amidst an ongoing civil war.
9 JulyEthiopia ends its occupation of Badme and returns the town to Eritrea following a peace summit, ending their twenty-year border conflict.[89]
16 DecemberGeorgia moves its legislative capital from Kutaisi back to Tbilisi.[90]
201916 JanuaryBurundi moves its capital from Bujumbura to Gitega.[91]
12 FebruaryThe Republic of Macedonia changes its official and constitutional name to the Republic of North Macedonia as part of the Prespa agreement (2018), under which Greece will no longer veto the country's accession to NATO and the EU.[92][93]
23 MarchKazakhstan changes the name of its capital from Astana to Nur-Sultan.[94]
The Syrian Democratic Forces, supported by the US-led Joint Task Force and the Iraqi and Syrian governments, conquers the last territory controlled by the Islamic State in Syria or Iraq, though it continues as an insurgency.[95]
29 OctoberTurkey and the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army complete the conquest from the predominantly-Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces of a 4820 km2 "safe zone", expanding their Northern Syria Security Belt.[96]
27 NovemberTurkey and the Libyan Government of National Accord sign a maritime boundary treaty, establishing exclusive economic zones which are rejected by Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, and the United Arab Emirates.[97]

2020s
YearDateEvent
2020 31 JanuaryThe United Kingdom withdraws from the European Union, entering a transition period in which it continues under EU laws and institutions until 31 December.[98]
27 MarchNorth Macedonia joins the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in the Eighth Enlargement.
6 AugustEgypt and Greece sign a maritime boundary treaty, establishing exclusive economic zones in the Mediterranean Sea which overlap with the claims made by Libya and Turkey in November 2019.[99]
18 AugustA coup d'état overthrows the government of Mali.
27 SeptemberBeginning of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War between Azerbaijan, and Armenia and the disputed Republic of Artsakh.[100][101]
10 NovemberArmenia and Azerbaijan impose a ceasefire ending the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war; by 15 December the Republic of Artsakh surrenders over 72% of its territory to Azerbaijan, and Russian forces are deployed to the remainder.[102][103][104][105]
2021 1 FebruaryThe Tatmadaw overthrows the elected government of Myanmar after baselessly alleging electoral fraud in the 2020 general election.[106] Military rule is restored after a 10-year period of civilian rule. Start of mass protests and a civil war.
12 MayAzerbaijani soldiers cross several kilometers into Armenia in the provinces of Syunik and Gerharhunik, occupying about 41 square kilometres (16 sq mi) of Armenian territory.[107][108]
24 MayA coup d'état overthrows the leadership of Mali.
25 JulyThe Tunisian President Kais Saied conducts a self-coup.
15 AugustThe Islamic Republic of Afghanistan collapses, while the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan governed by the Taliban restores its power in Kabul, ending the 2001–2021 War in Afghanistan. Fifteen days later, the United States Armed Forces complete their withdrawal from the country.
5 SeptemberA coup d'état overthrows the government of Guinea. A military junta is established.
12 OctoberThe International Court of Justice rules in favor of Somalia in its dispute with Kenya over a maritime border rich in gas and oil. Kenya does not recognize the ruling.[109]
25 OctoberThe Sudanese military take control of the government in the 2021 Sudanese coup d'état.
3 NovemberQatar and Saudi Arabia demarcate their border, expanding Qatar's territory to include the southern shore of the Khawr al Udayd.[110]
30 NovemberBarbados becomes a republic, severing ties with the British monarchy and ceasing to be a Commonwealth realm, but still remaining a part of the Commonwealth of Nations.[111]
2022 5 JanuaryCivil unrest in Kazakhstan leads to the deployment of Collective Security Treaty Organization peacekeepers.[112]
23 JanuaryA coup d'état overthrows the government of Burkina Faso.
21 FebruaryRussia recognizes the independence of the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic from Ukraine, the first UN member to do so. Most countries continue to recognize these territories as part of Ukraine.[113]
24 FebruaryRussia launches a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, including troops from its military crossing from Belarus and the mostly unrecognised Luhansk People's Republic and Donetsk People's Republic.[114]
31 MayThe Republic of Turkey changes its official English name to the Republic of Türkiye.[115]
11 JuneDenmark and Canada agree to partition the disputed Hans Island, following negotiations.[116] Both sovereign states cease to be single land border sovereign states while Greenland gains its first land border.[117]
26 AugustRussian peacekeepers leave the Lachin corridor. Azerbaijan regains control of Zubukh, Sus, and Lachin.[118]
17 SeptemberKazakhstan changes the name of its capital from Nur-Sultan back to Astana.[119][120]
22 SeptemberA series of border clashes break out between Azerbaijan and Armenia that last until 24 September. Azerbaijan occupy multiple strategic heights in the border area inside Armenia.
29 SeptemberRussia recognizes the independence of Kherson Oblast and Zaporizhzhia Oblast from Ukraine as a precursor to annexation.[121]
30 SeptemberThe occupied Ukrainian territories of Kherson Oblast, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Donetsk Oblast and Luhansk Oblast, including the mostly unrecognized Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic, are annexed by Russia following disputed referendums that the United Nations have deemed illegal under international law.[122][123] At the time of annexation, Russia did not control all of the territory that it claimed, with significant portions remaining under Ukrainian control.[123] The recognition of Donetsk PR, Luhansk PR, Kherson Oblast and Zaporizhzhia Oblast as independent states (by Russia and others) is nullified as a result of their accession to Russia.
A coup d'état overthrows the government of Burkina Faso, the second in the country within a year.
11 OctoberIsrael reaches an agreement with Lebanon on a US-brokered deal solving a dispute over their maritime boundaries.[124]
2023 4 AprilFinland joins the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in the alliance's ninth enlargement.
15 AprilA war breaks out in Sudan between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Rapid Support Forces. Both sides claim control over key sites, including Khartoum International Airport and the Presidential Palace.
7 MaySyria is readmitted to the Arab League after being suspended since 2011.
26 JulyA coup d'état overthrows the government of Niger, establishing a military junta.
30 AugustA coup d'état overthrows the government of Gabon.
20 SeptemberThe unrecognized Republic of Artsakh begins negotiations to reintegrate into Azerbaijan after a renewed military offensive. The state will be dissolved on 1 January 2024.[125]
7 OctoberA war breaks out between Israel and Palestinian militant groups led by Hamas after the latter launches a large-scale invasion and offensive against Israel from the Gaza Strip.

See also

Notes
  1. Lists of non-disputed maritime claims can be found in the articles on exclusive economic zones and maritime boundary treaties.

References
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