Titanium butoxide

Titanium butoxide
	; gas phase structure
Names
	IUPAC name titanium(4+) butan-1-olate
	Other names Titanium(IV) butoxide, titanium n-butoxide, titanium tetrakis(butoxide), butyl titanate, tetrabutoxy titanium, titanium tetrabutoxide, tetrabutoxytitanium, tetrabutyltitanate, tetrabutyl orthotitanate, titanium tetrabutanolate,[1][2] TYZOR TBT
Identifiers
CAS Number	5593-70-4;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	13836735;
ECHA InfoCard	100.024.552
EC Number	227-006-8;
PubChem CID	21801;
UNII	FJS8Q2MX9I;
UN number	2920
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID6041262 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/4C4H9O.Ti/c41-2-3-4-5;/h42-4H2,1H3;/q4*-1;+4 Key: YHWCPXVTRSHPNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N;
	SMILES CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].[Ti+4];
Properties
Chemical formula	C16H36O4Ti
Molar mass	340.32164
Odor	weak alcohol-like[1]
Density	0.998 g/cm3[1]
Melting point	-55 °C[1]
Boiling point	312 °C[1]
Solubility in water	decomposes[1]
Solubility	most organic solvents except ketones[1]
Refractive index (nD)	1.486[1]
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C)	711 J/(mol·K)[2]
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	-1670 kJ/mol[2]
Hazards
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	3122 mg/kg (rat, oral) and 180 mg/kg (mouse, intravenal).[1]
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Titanium butoxide is a metal-organic chemical compound with the formula Ti(OBu)₄ (Bu = CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃). It is a colorless odorless liquid, although aged samples are yellowish with a weak alcohol-like odor. It is soluble in many organic solvents.[1][3] It hydrolyzes to give titanium dioxide, which allows deposition of TiO₂ coatings of various shapes and sizes down to the nanoscale.[4][5]

Structure and synthesis

Structure of a typical titanium alkoxide, e.g. titanium ethoxide (organic substituents removed for clarity).

Like most titanium alkoxides (exception: titanium isopropoxide), Ti(OBu)₄ is not a monomer but exists as a cluster (see titanium ethoxide). Nonetheless it is often depicted as a simple monomer.

It is produced by treating titanium tetrachloride with butanol:

TiCl₄ + 4 HOBu → Ti(OBu)₄ + 4 HCl

The reaction requires base to proceed to completion.

Reactions

Like other titanium alkoxides, titanium butoxide exchanges alkoxide groups:

Ti(OBu)₄ + HOR → Ti(OBu)₃(OR) + HOBu

Ti(OBu)₃(OR) + HOR → Ti(OBu)₂(OR)₂ + HOBu

etc. For this reason, titanium butoxide is not compatible with alcohol solvents.

Analogous to the alkoxide exchange, titanium butoxide hydrolyzes readily. The reaction details are complex, but can be summarized with this balanced equation.

Ti(OBu)₄ + 2 H₂O → TiO₂ + 4 HOBu

Pyrolysis also affords the dioxide:

Ti(OBu)₄ → TiO₂ + 2 Bu₂O

Reactions and hazard

leftSEM (top) and TEM (bottom) images of chiral TiO₂ nanofibers produced by depositing titanium butoxide on carbon nanofibers. Carbon was removed by heating in air.[4]

Tetrabutyl orthotitanate reacts with alkylcyclosiloxanes. With ocatamethylcyclotetrasiloxane it produces dibutoxydimethylsilane, 1,5-dibutoxyhexamethyltrisiloxane, 1,7-dibutoxyoctamethyltetrasiloxane, 1,3-dibutoxytetramethyldisiloxane and polymers. With hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane it also produces dibutoxydimethylsilane.[6]

References

Butyl titanate. pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Tetrabutyl titanate. nist.gov
Pohanish, Richard P.; Greene, Stanley A. (2009). Wiley Guide to Chemical Incompatibilities. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1010. ISBN 978-0-470-52330-8.
Wang, Cui (2015). "Hard-templating of chiral TiO₂ nanofibres with electron transition-based optical activity". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 16 (5): 054206. Bibcode:2015STAdM..16e4206W. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/16/5/054206. PMC 5070021. PMID 27877835.
Wu, Limin; Baghdachi, Jamil (2015). Functional Polymer Coatings: Principles, Methods, and Applications. Wiley. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-118-88303-7.
K. A. Andrianov; Sh. V. Pichkhadze; V. V. Komarova; Ts. N. Vardosanidze (1962). "Reactions of organocyclosiloxanes with tetrabutyl orthotitanate". Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Division of Chemical Science. 11 (5): 776–779. doi:10.1007/BF00905301. ISSN 0568-5230.

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[r1-1] Butyl titanate. pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

[r2-2] Tetrabutyl titanate. nist.gov

[r3-3] Pohanish, Richard P.; Greene, Stanley A. (2009). Wiley Guide to Chemical Incompatibilities. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1010. ISBN 978-0-470-52330-8.

[chiral-4] Wang, Cui (2015). "Hard-templating of chiral TiO₂ nanofibres with electron transition-based optical activity". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 16 (5): 054206. Bibcode:2015STAdM..16e4206W. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/16/5/054206. PMC 5070021. PMID 27877835.

[r4-5] Wu, Limin; Baghdachi, Jamil (2015). Functional Polymer Coatings: Principles, Methods, and Applications. Wiley. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-118-88303-7.

[6] K. A. Andrianov; Sh. V. Pichkhadze; V. V. Komarova; Ts. N. Vardosanidze (1962). "Reactions of organocyclosiloxanes with tetrabutyl orthotitanate". Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Division of Chemical Science. 11 (5): 776–779. doi:10.1007/BF00905301. ISSN 0568-5230.