Arthur Laurents

Arthur Laurents (July 14, 1917 – May 5, 2011) was an American playwright, theatre director, film producer and screenwriter.[2] With a career spanning seven decades he received numerous accolades including two Tony Awards, and a Drama Desk Award as well as nominations for two Academy Awards, two BAFTA Awards, and a Golden Globe Award.

Arthur Laurents
Laurents in 1983
Laurents in 1983
BornArthur Levine
(1917-07-14)July 14, 1917
New York City, U.S.
DiedMay 5, 2011(2011-05-05) (aged 93)
New York City, U.S.
Resting placeQuogue, New York[1]
Occupation
  • Playwright
  • theatre director
  • film producer
  • screenwriter
LanguageEnglish
Alma materCornell University
Period1945–2011
Notable awards1968 Tony Award for Best MusicalHallelujah, Baby!
1975 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a MusicalGypsy
1977 Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original ScreenplayThe Turning Point
1984 Tony Award for Best Direction of a MusicalLa Cage aux Folles
PartnerTom Hatcher (co. 1954; d. 2006)

After writing scripts for radio shows after college and then training films for the U.S. Army during World War II, Laurents turned to writing for Broadway, producing a body of work that includes West Side Story (1957), Gypsy (1959), and Hallelujah, Baby! (1967), winning the Tony Award for Best Musical for the latter. He directed the musical La Cage aux Folles in 1983 and received the Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical.

Laurents also worked as a screenwriter on Hollywood films such as Alfred Hitchcock's thriller Rope (1948), Anastasia (1956), Bonjour Tristesse (1958) and Sydney Pollack's romance The Way We Were (1973). He received two Academy Award nominations for Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay for Herbert Ross drama film The Turning Point (1977).

Early life

Born Arthur Levine, Laurents was the son of middle-class Jewish parents, his father a lawyer and his mother a schoolteacher, who gave up her career when she married.[3][4] He was born and raised in the Flatbush section of Brooklyn, a borough of New York City, New York, the elder of two children, and attended Erasmus Hall High School.[5][6] His sister Edith suffered from chorea as a child.[7]

His paternal grandparents were Orthodox Jews, and his mother's parents, although born Jewish, were atheists. His mother kept a kosher home for her husband's sake, but was lax about attending synagogue and observing the Jewish holidays. His Bar Mitzvah marked the end of Laurents's religious education and the beginning of his rejection of all fundamentalist religions,[8] although he continued to identify himself as Jewish.[9] However, late in life he admitted to having changed his last name from Levine to the less Jewish-sounding Laurents, "to get a job."[3]

After graduating from Cornell University, Laurents took an evening class in radio writing at New York University. William N. Robson, his instructor, a CBS Radio director/producer, submitted his script Now Playing Tomorrow, a comedic fantasy about clairvoyance, to the network, and it was produced in the Columbia Workshop series on January 30, 1939, with Shirley Booth in the lead role. It was Laurents' first professional credit. The show's success led to him being hired to write scripts for various radio shows, among them Lux Radio Theater.[10] Laurents' career was interrupted when he was drafted into the U.S. Army in the middle of World War II. Through a series of clerical errors, he never saw battle, but instead was assigned to the U.S. Army Pictorial Service located in a film studio in Astoria, Queens, where he wrote training films and met, among others, George Cukor and William Holden. He later was reassigned to write plays for Armed Service Force Presents, a radio show that dramatized the contributions of all branches of the armed forces.[11]

Career

Theatre

Left to right:Harvey Fierstein, Jerry Herman, Arthur Laurents, creators of the musical La Cage Aux Folles, in front of the Palace theater where it is playing, 1983

According to John Clum, "Laurents was always a mirror of his times. Through his best work, one sees a staged history of leftist, gender, and gay politics in the decades after World War II."[12] After graduating from Cornell University in 1937, Laurents went to work as a writer for radio drama at CBS in New York. His military duties during World War II, which consisted of writing training films and radio scripts for Armed Service Force Presents, brought him into contact with some of the best film directors—distinguished director George Cukor directed his first script. Laurents's work in radio and film during World War II was an excellent apprenticeship for a budding playwright and screenwriter. He also had the good fortune to be based in New York City. His first stage play, Home of the Brave, was produced in 1945. The sale of the play to a film studio gave Laurents the entrée he needed to become a Hollywood screenwriter though he continued, with mixed success, to write plays. The most important of his early screenplays is his adaptation of Rope for Alfred Hitchcock.[13]

Soon after being discharged from the Army, Laurents met ballerina Nora Kaye, and the two became involved in an on-again, off-again romantic relationship. While Kaye was on tour with Fancy Free, Laurents continued to write for the radio but was becoming discontented with the medium. In 1962, Laurents directed I Can Get It for You Wholesale, which helped to turn then-unknown Barbra Streisand into a star. His next project was the stage musical Anyone Can Whistle, which he directed and for which he wrote the book, but it proved to be an infamous flop. He later had success with the musicals Hallelujah, Baby! (written for Lena Horne[14] but ultimately starring Leslie Uggams) and La Cage Aux Folles (1983), which he directed, however Nick & Nora was not successful.

Laurents in 2009

In 2008, Laurents directed a Broadway revival of Gypsy starring Patti LuPone, and in 2009, he tackled a bilingual revival of West Side Story, with Spanish translations of some dialogue and lyrics by Lin-Manuel Miranda. While preparing West Side Story, he noted, "The musical theatre and cultural conventions of 1957 made it next to impossible for the characters to have authenticity."[15] Following the production's March 19 opening at the Palace Theatre, Ben Brantley of The New York Times called the translations "an only partly successful experiment" and added, "Mr. Laurents has exchanged insolence for innocence and, as with most such bargains, there are dividends and losses."[16] The national tour (2011-2012) was directed by David Saint, who was Laurents' assistant director on the Broadway production. The Spanish lyrics and dialog were reduced from about 18% of the total to about 10%.[17]

Hollywood

Laurents' first Hollywood experience proved to be a frustrating disappointment. Director Anatole Litvak, unhappy with the script submitted by Frank Partos and Millen Brand for The Snake Pit (1948), hired Laurents to rewrite it. Partos and Brand later insisted the bulk of the shooting script was theirs, and produced carbon copies of many of the pages Laurents actually had written to bolster their claim. Having destroyed the original script and all his notes and rewritten pages after completing the project, Laurents had no way to prove most of the work was his, and the Writers Guild of America denied him screen credit. Brand later confessed he and Partos had copied scenes written by Laurents and apologized for his role in the deception. Four decades later, Laurents learned he was ineligible for WGA health benefits because he had failed to accumulate enough credits to qualify. He was short by one, the one he failed to get for The Snake Pit.[18]

Upon hearing 20th Century Fox executives were pleased with Laurents' work on The Snake Pit, Alfred Hitchcock hired him for his next project, the film Rope starring James Stewart. Hitchcock wanted Laurents to Americanize the British play Rope (1929) by Patrick Hamilton for the screen. With his then-lover Farley Granger set to star, Laurents was happy to accept the assignment. His dilemma was how to make the audience aware of the fact the three main characters were homosexual without blatantly saying so. The Hays Office kept close tabs on his work, and the final script was so discreet that Laurents was unsure whether co-star James Stewart ever realized that his character was gay.[19] In later years, Hitchcock asked him to script both Torn Curtain (1966) and Topaz (1969), However, Laurents, in both cases unenthused by the material, declined the offers.[20]

Laurents also scripted Anastasia (1956) and Bonjour Tristesse (1958). The Way We Were (1973), in which he incorporated many of his own experiences, particularly those with the HUAC, reunited him with Barbra Streisand, and The Turning Point (1977), inspired in part by his love for Nora Kaye, was directed by her husband Herbert Ross. The Fox animated feature film Anastasia (1997) was based in part on his screenplay of the live-action 1956 film of the same title.[21]

Blacklist

Because of a casual remark made by Russel Crouse, Laurents was called to Washington, D.C., to account for his political views.[22] He explained himself to the House Un-American Activities Committee, and his appearance had no obvious impact on his career, which at the time was primarily in the theatre. When the McCarran Internal Security Act, which prohibited individuals suspected of engaging in subversive activities from obtaining a passport, was passed in 1950, Laurents and Granger immediately applied for and received passports and departed for Paris with Harold Clurman and his wife Stella Adler. Laurents and Granger remained abroad, traveling throughout Europe and northern Africa, for about 18 months.[23]

Years earlier, Laurents and Jerome Robbins had developed Look Ma, I'm Dancin'! (1948), a stage musical about the world of ballet that ran for 188 performances on Broadway, and starred Nancy Walker and Harold Lang. Laurents left the project, however, and the musical was ultimately produced with a book by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee.[24][25] When Robbins approached Paramount Pictures about directing a screen version, the studio agreed as long as Laurents was not part of the package.

It was only then that Laurents learned he officially had been blacklisted, primarily because a review of Home of the Brave had been published in the Daily Worker. He decided to return to Paris, but the State Department refused to renew his passport. Laurents spent three months trying to clear his name, and after submitting a lengthy letter explaining his political beliefs in detail, it was determined they were so idiosyncratic he could not have been a member of any subversive groups. Within a week his passport was renewed, and the following day he sailed for Europe on the Ile de France. While on board, he received a cable from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer offering him a screenwriting assignment. The blacklisting had ended.[26]

Memoirs

Laurents wrote Original Story By Arthur Laurents: A Memoir of Broadway and Hollywood, published in 2000. In it, he discusses his lengthy career and his many gay affairs and long-term relationships, including those with Farley Granger and Tom Hatcher (August 24, 1929 - October 26, 2006). Hatcher was an aspiring actor whom Gore Vidal suggested Laurents seek out at the Beverly Hills men's clothing store Hatcher was managing at the time. The couple remained together for 52 years until Hatcher's death on October 26, 2006.[27]

Laurents wrote Mainly on Directing: Gypsy, West Side Story and Other Musicals, published in 2009, in which he discussed musicals he directed and the work of other directors he admired.

His last memoir titled The Rest of the Story was published posthumously in September 2012.

Death

Laurents died from complications of pneumonia at his home in Manhattan on May 5, 2011, aged 93.[28] Following a long tradition, Broadway theatre lights were dimmed at 8 p.m. on May 6, 2011, for one minute in his memory.[29] His ashes were buried alongside those of Tom Hatcher in a memorial bench in Quogue, Long Island, New York.[1]

Work

Writing

Musicals
Novels
  • The Way We Were – 1972; Harper & Row (New York City)
  • The Turning Point – 1977; New American Library (New York City); OCLC 11014907
Plays

Directing

Additional credits

  • Anna Lucasta (screenwriter)
  • A Clearing in the Woods (playwright)
  • Invitation to a March (playwright, director)
  • The Madwoman of Central Park West (playwright, director)
  • My Good Name (playwright)
  • Jolson Sings Again (playwright)
  • The Enclave (playwright, director)
  • Radical Mystique (playwright, director)
  • Big Potato (playwright)
  • Two Lives (playwright)
  • My Good Name (playwright)
  • Claudia Lazlo (playwright)
  • Attacks on the Heart (playwright)
  • 2 Lives (playwright)
  • New Year's Eve (playwright)
  • Come Back, Come Back, Wherever You Are (playwright, director)
  • Caught (screenwriter)
  • Rope (screenwriter)

Accolades

Year Award Category Work Result Ref.
1977 Academy Awards Best Picture The Turning Point Nominated [30]
Best Screenplay – Written Directly for the Screen Nominated
1957 British Academy Film Awards Best British Screenplay Anastasia Nominated [31]
1958 Bonjour Tristesse Nominated [32]
1975 Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Director of a Musical Gypsy Won [33]
1948 Edgar Allan Poe Awards Best Motion Picture Rope Nominated [34]
1977 Golden Globe Awards Best Screenplay – Motion Picture The Turning Point Nominated [35]
1999 National Board of Review Awards Best Screenplay (for career achievement) Won [36]
1958 Tony Awards Best Musical West Side Story Nominated [37]
1960 Gypsy Nominated [38]
1968 Hallelujah, Baby! Won [39]
1975 Best Direction of a Musical Gypsy Nominated [40]
1984 La Cage aux Folles Won [41]
2008 Gypsy Nominated [42]
1973 Writers Guild of America Awards Best Drama – Written Directly for the Screen The Way We Were Nominated [43]
1977 The Turning Point Won

Honors A new award was established in 2010, The Laurents/Hatcher Foundation Award. This is awarded annually "for an un-produced, full-length play of social relevance by an emerging American playwright." The Laurents/Hatcher Foundation will give $50,000 to the writer with a grant of $100,000 towards production costs at a nonprofit theatre. The first award will be given in 2011.[44]

See also

References

  1. John M. Clum. The Works of Arthur Laurents: Politics, Love, and Betrayal. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2014.
  2. "Obituaries: Arthur Laurents". The Daily Telegraph. May 6, 2011.
  3. "When You’re a Shark You’re a Shark All the Way". New York.
  4. Hawtree, Christopher (May 6, 2011). "Arthur Laurents obituary: Playwright and screenwriter who wrote the book for West Side Story". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
  5. Hutchinson, Bill (May 6, 2011). "Playwright Behind 'West Side Story' and 'Gypsy,' Arthur Laurents, Dies at Age 93". Daily News.
  6. Arnold, Laurence (May 5, 2011). "Arthur Laurents, Writer of 'West Side Story,' 'Gypsy' Scripts, Dies at 93". Bloomberg News.
  7. Laurents, Arthur. "Beginnings" Original Story By Arthur Laurents: A Memoir of Broadway and Hollywood, Hal Leonard Corporation, 2001, ISBN 1-55783-467-9, pp. 10–11, 34–35.
  8. Laurents, Arthur. Original Story By. New York: Alfred A. Knopf (2000). ISBN 0-375-40055-9, pp. 6–7.
  9. Laurents, p. 133.
  10. Laurents, pp. 12–13.
  11. Laurents, pp. 22–28.
  12. Clum, John, "The Works of Arthur Laurents: Politics, Love, and Betrayal", November 2014, Cambria Press, ISBN 1604978848
  13. Clum, John, "The Works of Arthur Laurents: Politics, Love, and Betrayal"
  14. Laurents, p. 93.
  15. Jones, Kenneth (July 16, 2008). "'West Side Story', This Time With Bilingual Approach, Will Return to Broadway in February 2009" Archived 2008-09-07 at the Wayback Machine. Playbill.
  16. Brantley, Ben (March 20, 2009). "Our Gangs". The New York Times.
  17. Berson, M. (January 8, 2012). "'West Side Story': A classic revived" Archived January 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Seattle Times.
  18. Laurents, pp. 106–120.
  19. Laurents, pp. 115–116, 124–131.
  20. Laurents, p. 136.
  21. ""West Side Story Author Arthur Laurents Dies, 93" Archived July 9, 2012, at archive.today forum.bcdb.com. May 4, 2011.
  22. Laurents, p. 29.
  23. Laurents, pp. 165–190.
  24. Vaill, Amanda (2006). Somewhere: The Life of Jerome Robbins, Random House, Inc. p. 135. ISBN 0-7679-0420-6.
  25. "'Look Ma, I'm Dancin' listing". Internet Broadway Database.
  26. Laurents, pp. 286–289.
  27. "Backstage.com obituary, November 1, 2006". Backstage.
  28. Berkvist, Robert (May 5, 2011). "Arthur Laurents, Playwright and Director on Broadway, Dies at 93". The New York Times.
  29. Jones, Kenneth (May 6, 2011). "Broadway Lights Will Dim May 6 in Memory of Arthur Laurents" Archived October 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Playbill.
  30. "The 50th Academy Awards (1978) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
  31. "BAFTA Awards: Film in 1958". BAFTA. 1958. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  32. "BAFTA Awards: Film in 1959". BAFTA. 1959. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  33. "Nominees and Recipients – 1975 Awards". dramadesk.org. Drama Desk Awards. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  34. "Category List – Best Motion Picture". Edgar Awards. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
  35. "The Turning Point – Golden Globes". HFPA. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  36. "1999 Award Winners". National Board of Review. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  37. "1958 Tony Awards". Tony Awards. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  38. "1960 Tony Awards". Tony Awards. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  39. "1968 Tony Awards". Tony Awards. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  40. "1975 Tony Awards". Tony Awards. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  41. "1984 Tony Awards". Tony Awards. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  42. "2008 Tony Awards". Tony Awards. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  43. "Awards Winners". wga.org. Writers Guild of America. Archived from the original on 2012-12-05. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
  44. Gans, Andrew (June 3, 2010). "New Award Named for Arthur Laurents and His Partner, the Late Tom Hatcher" Archived June 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Playbill.

Further reading

  • Laurents, Arthur (2000). Original Story by Arthur Laurents: A Memoir of Broadway and Hollywood. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40055-9.
  • Laurents, Arthur (2009). Mainly on Directing: Gypsy, West Side Story, and Other Musicals. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-307-27088-2.
  • Clum, John (2014). The Works of Arthur Laurents: Politics, Love, and Betrayal. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press. ISBN 978-1-60497-884-1.
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