Trans–Asian railway

The Trans-Asian Railway (TAR) is a project to create an integrated freight railway network across Europe and Asia. The project is of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP).

Not to be confused with Pan-Asian railway.

The project was initiated in the 1950s, with the objective of providing a continuous 8,750 miles (14,080 km) rail link between Singapore and Istanbul, Turkey, with possible further connections to Europe and Africa. At the time shipping and air travel were not as well developed, and the project promised to significantly reduce shipping times and costs between Europe and Asia. Progress in developing the TAR was hindered by political and economic obstacles throughout the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s. By the 1990s, the end of the Cold War and normalisation of relations between some countries improved the prospects for creating a rail network across the Asian continent.

The TAR was seen as a way to accommodate the huge increases in international trade between Eurasian nations and facilitate the increased movements of goods between countries. It was also seen as a way to improve the economies and accessibility of landlocked countries like Laos, Afghanistan, Mongolia, and the Central Asian republics.

Much of the railway network already exists as part of the Eurasian Land Bridge, although significant gaps remain. A big challenge is the differences in rail gauge across Eurasia. Four major rail gauges (which measures the distance between rails) are in use across the continent: most of Europe, as well as Turkey, Iran, China, and the Koreas use the 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge, known as Standard gauge; Russia and the former Soviet republics use a 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) gauge; Finland uses a 1,524 mm (5 ft) gauge, both known as Russian gauge; the railways in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka use the 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) gauge, known as Indian gauge; and most of Southeast Asia has 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge. For the most part the TAR would not change national gauges; mechanized transfer facilities would be built to transload shipping containers from train to train at the breaks of gauge.

Routes

By 2001, four corridors had been studied:

  • The Northern Corridor will link Europe and Northeast Asia via Germany, Poland, Belarus, Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, North Korea and South Korea, with breaks of gauge at the Polish-Belarusian border (1,435 mm or 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in to 1,520 mm or 4 ft 11+27⁄32 in), the Kazakhstan-Chinese border and the Mongolian-Chinese border (both 1,520 mm to 1,435 mm). The 5,750 miles (9,250 km) Trans-Siberian Railway covers much of this route and currently carries large amounts of freight from East Asia to Moscow and on to the rest of Europe. Due to political problems with North Korea, freight from South Korea must currently be shipped by sea to the port of Vladivostok to access the route.

Connections in Southeast Asia, built (black), projected (yellow) and yet to open (red).

Agreement

The Trans-Asian Railway Network Agreement is an agreement signed on 10 November 2006, by seventeen Asian nations as part of a United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) effort to build a transcontinental railway network between Europe and Pacific ports in China.[2] The plan has sometimes been called the "Iron Silk Road" in reference to the historical Silk Road trade routes.[3] UNESCAP's Transport & Tourism Division began work on the initiative in 1992 when it launched the Asian Land Transport Infrastructure Development project.[4]

The agreement formally came into force on 11 June 2009.[5]

Network

The Trans-Asian Railway system will consist of four main railway routes. The existing Trans-Siberian railway, which connects Moscow to Vladivostok, will be used for a portion of the network in Russia. Another corridor to be included will connect China to Korea, Mongolia, Russia and Kazakhstan.[6] In 2003, the president of Kazakhstan proposed building a standard gauge link from Dostyk (on the Chinese border) to Gorgan in Iran; it has not yet been built.[7]

Standards
Map of the world's railways showing the different gauges in use.
  Meter gauge (1,000 mm)
  Cape gauge (1,067 mm)
  Standard gauge (1,435 mm)
  Russian gauge (1,520 mm)
      Five foot gauge (1,524 mm)
  Irish gauge (1,600 mm)
  Iberian gauge (1,668 mm)
  Indian gauge (1,676 mm)

Complicating the plan is the differences in rail gauges currently in use across the continent. While China, Iran, Laos and Turkey use 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge tracks, tracks of Russia and Central Asia are gauged at 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in). In South Asia, India's and Pakistan's tracks are gauged at 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in). In South East Asia, the tracks of Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and Malaysia are 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge with some dual gauge tracks near the China–Vietnam border and within Bangladesh, and tracks in Indonesia and Japan are mostly 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge.[4] This leads to time-consuming interchanges or transloading to handle the break of gauge at main connecting points in the network.

Other standards to consider include allowing for interoperability:

Participating nations

Transportation and railway ministers from forty one nations participated in the week-long conference[9] held in Busan, South Korea, where the agreement was formulated. The proposed 80,900-km railway network will originate from the Pacific seaboard of Asia and end on the doorsteps of Europe. The agreement's cosigners included the following participating countries:[2]

The 28 countries that did not sign the agreement at the conference had until 31 December 2007, to join and ratify the agreement.[10]

On 5 May 2007, officials in Bangladesh announced that the nation will sign on to the agreement at an upcoming meeting in New York City. The plan for the network includes three lines between India and Myanmar that traverse Bangladesh.[11] India made a similar announcement on 17 May 2007. As part of the agreement, India will build and rehabilitate rail links with neighboring Myanmar in projects that are estimated to cost more than ₹ 29.41 billion (US$730 million).[12] Bangladesh finally signed the agreement on 10 November 2007.[13]

India's Look-East connectivity policy has resulted in the launch of several connectivity projects with China and ASEAN nations.

Progress

The Northern Corridor was in operation as early as the 1960s, although at first only for Soviet Union-China trade. The Southern corridor has progressively opened up after 2000. Successes so far include:

Northern Line
  • Rail link from China to Kazakhstan (Turkestan–Siberia Railway and Lanxin railway, with break-of-gauge) has been completed since 1990, allowing cargo services such as Yiwu–London and Chongqing–Xinjiang–Europe lines
  • Second link from China to Kazakhstan (line Zhetigen–Khorgos, completed in December 2011).
  • Direct freight service between Germany and China through Russia and Mongolia or Kazakhstan, operating from the first decade of the 2000s (transloading of container at break-of-gauge).

Southern Line
  • The Eurasia Marmaray Tunnel connecting European Turkey and Asian Turkey, opened in 2013. At that time the tunnel was isolated from rail network but finally got connected with the completion of Marmaray project in 2019. The first international freight train transporting magnesite and connecting Çukurhisar (in Tepebaşı, Eskişehir) to Austria ran through the tunnel last week of October 2019. Before this, there was a freight-train ferry there.
  • A train ferry across Lake Van, from 1970s allowing rail services between Turkey and Iran.
  • Link from Iran to Central Asia (Trans-Caspian railway; branch Tejen–Sarakhs–Mashhad, completed in 1996).
  • Link from Iran to Herat in Afghanistan completed 2013.
  • Iran-Pakistan: A Bam–Zahedan link, with a break-of-gauge at Zahedan (Pakistan railway uses broad gauge 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) and Iran railway uses standard gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)). In August 2009 a goods train carrying containers traveled from Islamabad, Pakistan to Istanbul, Turkey; by April 2011, trains were running regularly.[14]
  • In 2016, Bangladesh decided to connect to the network with a rail line from Dohazari to Gundum near Myanmar border.[15]

Southeast Asia

North–South Transport Corridor
  • Agreement in 2014 between Iran, Azerbaijan and Russia on completing the north–south corridor.[16] The missing link is Astara–Rasht, 167 km. On 7 January 2017, it was announced that construction on this section would start in 2017.[17]

See also

References
  1. Trans-Asian rail connectivity: South Asian perspective, Daily Pioneer, 14 September 2021.
  2. "Countries sign agreement on Trans-Asian railway plan". VietNamNet. 11 November 2006. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
  3. "'Iron Silk Road' UN Treaty" (Press release). UNESCAP (reprinted by National Union of Rail, Maritime & Transport Workers [RMT] Bristol Rail Branch). 6 October 2006. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
  4. Chartier, Pierre, UNESCAP (1 November 2005). "Trans-Asian Railway network nears agreement". Railway Gazette International. Retrieved 15 November 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. "Trans-Asian Railway Network Agreement comes into force". Railway Gazette International. 11 June 2009.
  6. "Trans-Asian rail network agreement to be signed on Nov 10". Interfax China. 7 November 2006. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
  7. Kanat K Zhangaskin (1 August 2004). "Trans-Kazakhstan link will complete standard-gauge transcontinental artery". Railway Gazette International.
  8. Adapter piece
  9. "Nepal signs deal to build trans-Asian railway network". The Rising Nepal. 13 November 2006. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
  10. "TRANS-ASIA RAILWAY NETWORK AGREEMENT: Dhaka fails to sign deal for lack of cabinet approval". World Prout Assembly. 7 November 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
  11. "Bangladesh To Join 8,750-Mile Trans-Asian Railway Network". 6 May 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 7 May 2007.
  12. "India to join the Trans-Asian railway network". 17 May 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
  13. "Bangladesh joins Trans-Asian Railway Network Agreement". 10 November 2007. Archived from the original on 12 November 2007. Retrieved 12 November 2007.
  14. "Connecting China and Europe". Railway Gazette International. 25 April 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
  15. "Bangladesh-Myanmar rail connectivity". The Daily Star. 21 April 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  16. Caspian corridor agreement
  17. "'Construction of Rasht-Astara railway to be launched this year'".
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