Tremellales

Tremellales
	Gelatinous fruit body of Phaeotremella frondosa
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Tremellomycetes
Order:	Tremellales; Fr.
Families
	Bulleraceae; Bulleribasidiaceae; Carcinomycetaceae; Cryptococcaceae; Cuniculitremaceae; Naemateliaceae; Phaeotremellaceae; Rhynchogastremaceae; Sirobasidiaceae; Tremellaceae; Trimorphomycetaceae;

The Tremellales are an order of fungi in the class Tremellomycetes. The order contains both teleomorphic and anamorphic species, most of the latter being yeasts. All teleomorphic species in the Tremellales are parasites of other fungi, though the yeast states are widespread and not restricted to hosts. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies), when produced, are gelatinous.

The order currently comprises 11 families, containing around 250 valid species. Significant genera include Tremella, one species of which is edible and commercially cultivated,[1] and the yeast genus Cryptococcus, several species of which are human pathogens.[2]

History

The order Tremellales was created (as 'Tremellinae') by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1821 for fungi having gelatinous fruit bodies. it was amended in 1922 by English mycologist Carleton Rea to include all species, gelatinous or not, in which the basidia were "tremelloid" (globose to ellipsoid with vertical or diagonal septa). Rea placed within it one family, the Tremellaceae, having the same characteristics as the order.[3]

Rea's circumscription was generally accepted until the 1980s. In 1945, however, G.W. Martin proposed a substantial extension of the order to include all the species within the (now obsolete) class Heterobasidiomycetes except for the rusts and the smuts. Martin therefore included within the Tremellales not only the Tremellaceae, but also the Auriculariaceae, Dacrymycetaceae, Hyaloriaceae, Phleogenaceae, Septobasidiaceae, Sirobasidiaceae, and Tulasnellaceae (including Ceratobasidium).[4] This extended version of the order was not widely adopted, but was used in a number of publications by Martin himself[5] and, as late as the 1970s, by his student Bernard Lowy.[6]

A more precise revision was undertaken in 1984, when Robert Bandoni used transmission electron microscopy to investigate the ultrastructure of the septal pore apparatus in species of the Tremellales. This revealed that Tremella and its allies were distinct from Exidia and its allies, despite both groups having tremelloid basidia. Bandoni referred the latter group to the Auriculariales, restricting the Tremellales to the Tremellaceae, Sirobasidiaceae, and Tetragoniomycetaceae.[7]

Current status

Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, confirms Bandoni's split between the tremelloid and exidioid fungi and extends the circumscription of the tremelloid group by including several yeast genera whose status was formerly uncertain. Molecular research has also indicated that the genus Cryptococcus should be included within the group, even though species do not have tremelloid basidia.[8]

References

Hanelt P, Buttner, R. (2001). Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: (Except Ornamentals). Santa Clara, CA: Springer-Verlag TELOS. p. 23. ISBN 978-3-540-41017-1. Retrieved 2010-04-21.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Perfect JR. (2004). "Genetic requirements for virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans". In Domer JE, Kobayashi GS (eds.). Human Fungal Pathogens (The Mycota). Berlin: Springer. p. 89. ISBN 978-3-540-42629-5. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
Rea C (1922). British Basidiomycetaceae. A handbook of the larger British fungi. Cambridge University Press. p. 799.
Martin GW. (1945). "The classification of the Tremellales". Mycologia. 37 (5): 527–542. doi:10.2307/3754690. JSTOR 3754690.
Martin GW. (1952). "Revision of the North Central Tremellales". University of Iowa Studies in Natural History. 19 (3): 1–112.
Lowy B. (1971). Flora Neotropica 6: Tremellales. New York: Hafner. ISBN 978-0-89327-220-3.
Bandoni RJ. (1984). "The Tremellales and Auriculariales: an alternative classification". Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan. 25: 489–530.
Liu XZ, Wang QM, Göker M, Groenewald M, Kachalkin AV, Lumbsch HT, Millanes AM, Wedin M, Yurkov AM, Boekhout T, Bai FY (2015). "Towards an integrated phylogenetic classification of the Tremellomycetes". Studies in Mycology. 81: 85–147. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2015.12.001. PMC 4777781. PMID 26955199.

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[Hanelt2001-1] Hanelt P, Buttner, R. (2001). Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: (Except Ornamentals). Santa Clara, CA: Springer-Verlag TELOS. p. 23. ISBN 978-3-540-41017-1. Retrieved 2010-04-21.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Domer2004-2] Perfect JR. (2004). "Genetic requirements for virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans". In Domer JE, Kobayashi GS (eds.). Human Fungal Pathogens (The Mycota). Berlin: Springer. p. 89. ISBN 978-3-540-42629-5. Retrieved 2010-04-21.

[Rea1922-3] Rea C (1922). British Basidiomycetaceae. A handbook of the larger British fungi. Cambridge University Press. p. 799.

[Martin1945-4] Martin GW. (1945). "The classification of the Tremellales". Mycologia. 37 (5): 527–542. doi:10.2307/3754690. JSTOR 3754690.

[Martin1952-5] Martin GW. (1952). "Revision of the North Central Tremellales". University of Iowa Studies in Natural History. 19 (3): 1–112.

[Lowy_1971-6] Lowy B. (1971). Flora Neotropica 6: Tremellales. New York: Hafner. ISBN 978-0-89327-220-3.

[Bandoni1984-7] Bandoni RJ. (1984). "The Tremellales and Auriculariales: an alternative classification". Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan. 25: 489–530.

[Liu2015-8] Liu XZ, Wang QM, Göker M, Groenewald M, Kachalkin AV, Lumbsch HT, Millanes AM, Wedin M, Yurkov AM, Boekhout T, Bai FY (2015). "Towards an integrated phylogenetic classification of the Tremellomycetes". Studies in Mycology. 81: 85–147. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2015.12.001. PMC 4777781. PMID 26955199.