Typhoon Malakas (2016)

Typhoon Malakas (ma-la-KAS, [mɐlɐˈkas]), known in the Philippines as Typhoon Gener, was a powerful tropical cyclone which affected Taiwan and Japan in mid September 2016. It was the sixteenth named storm and the sixth typhoon of the annual typhoon season in 2016.

This article is about the 2016 typhoon. For other storms of the same name, see List of storms named Malakas.
Typhoon Malakas (Gener)
Malakas at peak intensity and nearing Taiwan on September 16
Meteorological history
FormedSeptember 11, 2016
ExtratropicalSeptember 20, 2016
DissipatedSeptember 23, 2016
Very strong typhoon
10-minute sustained (JMA)
Highest winds175 km/h (110 mph)
Lowest pressure930 hPa (mbar); 27.46 inHg
Category 4-equivalent typhoon
1-minute sustained (SSHWS)
Highest winds215 km/h (130 mph)
Lowest pressure937 hPa (mbar); 27.67 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities1
Areas affectedMariana Islands, Taiwan, Japan
IBTrACS
Part of the 2016 Pacific typhoon season

Meteorological history
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

During September 11, both the JMA and the JTWC started to monitor Tropical Depression 18W approximately 58 km (36 mi) south of Hagåtña, Guam.[1][2] Due to decent organization and improved banding, JTWC upgraded 18W to a tropical storm.[3][4] 18W was fully upgraded to a named tropical storm by the JMA few hours later and was named Malakas.[5] By September 13, Malakas had improved in its organization and was already strengthening with deep convection wrapping into its LLCC;[6] the JMA upgraded Malakas to a severe tropical storm thereafter.[7] In the same time, Malakas had entered the Philippine area of Responsibility, with PAGASA assigning the local name Gener.[8] Later, it was reported that Malakas was located in marginal conditions for further development due to wind shear caused by the proximity of the outflow of Typhoon Meranti.[9] However the JMA upgraded Malakas to a typhoon three hours later.[10] With improving conditions, it was reported that a cold dense overcast was forming and the JTWC upgraded Malakas to a Category 1 typhoon during the next day.[11]

By September 15, Malakas was over in very favorable conditions of Sea surface temperature (SSTs) of nearly 30 °C (86 °F) and was later upgraded to a Category 2 typhoon.[12][13] After maintaining this intensity for six hours, satellite imagery depicted an improved deep convection and a well-defined 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) eye feature, as Malakas rapidly intensified into a Category 4 typhoon.[14] Malakas reached its peak intensity with 1-minute sustained winds of 215 km/h (134 mph) and a minimum pressure of 930 hPa (27 inHg). The JMA had 10-minute sustained winds of 175 km/h (109 mph) on midnight of September 17.[15] Shortly thereafter, its eye became cloud-filled and ragged and weakened to a Category 3 typhoon.[16] Later in that same day, Malakas further weakened to a Category 2 as satellite imagery depicted warming cloud tops, decreasing convection and SSTs of only around 28 °C (82 °F).[17] However, by September 18, Malakas started to re-intensify as it moved east-northeastward.[18] Malakas reached its secondary peak intensity on September 19, but only as a Category 3 typhoon.[19] Malakas then started to weaken due to land interaction with Japan.[20] On September 20, the JTWC downgraded Malakas to a tropical storm,[21] while the JMA downgraded it to a severe tropical storm,[22] because at around 00:00 JST on September 20 (15:00 UTC on September 19), Malakas made landfall over the Ōsumi Peninsula in Japan.[23] It subsequently crossed Cape Muroto at around 11:00 JST (02:00 UTC) and made landfall over Tanabe at around 13:30 JST (04:30 UTC).[24][25] Both agencies issued their final advisory later that day as it became extratropical.[26][27]

Impact

Taiwan

Malakas passed about 81 mi (130 km) to the east of Taipei on September 17,[28] producing heavy rain and strong winds to northern Taiwan.[29] Meanwhile, Taitung City was affected by Foehn wind. At 15:11 TST (07:11 UTC), a weather station recorded the temperature of 36.1 °C (97.0 °F).[30] Overall, damages from Malakas to Taiwan was minimal.

Japan

Malakas passed over the Yaeyama Islands on September 17, producing heavy rain and hurricane-force winds, especially in Taketomi. Malakas also caused widespread damage to the Japanese archipelago, Yamakawa Station to Makurazaki Station of the Ibusuki Makurazaki Line have to be closed due to falling trees.[31] In Nobeoka City, the recorded rainfall on September 20 during the previous 24 hours was 444.5 mm (17.50 in). Heavy rains caused flooding to these areas.[32] In Tokushima Prefecture, the weather station also recorded the rainfall of 85.5 mm (3.37 in).[33] Malakas also brought heavy rains to Kansai region. In Sumoto City, the weather station recorded the rainfall of 85.5 mm (3.37 in) in 1 hour.[33] Agricultural damage were about JP¥26.18 billion (US$257 million).[34] Overall damage nationwide were at US$300 million.[35]

See also

References
  1. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-11-12. Retrieved 2017-08-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. "Tropical Depression 18W (Eighteen) Warning Nr 001". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. September 11, 2016.
  3. "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 18W (Eighteen) Warning Nr 03". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. September 12, 2016.
  4. "Tropical Storm 18W (Eighteen) Warning Nr 003". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. September 11, 2016.
  5. "TS 1616 MALAKAS (1616) UPGRADED FROM TD". Japan Meteorological Agency. September 12, 2016.
  6. "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 06". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. September 13, 2016.
  7. "STS 1616 MALAKAS (1616) UPGRADED FROM TS". Japan Meteorological Agency. September 13, 2016.
  8. "Severe Weather Bulletin #1: Severe Tropical Storm "GENER" (MALAKAS)". PAGASA. September 13, 2016.
  9. "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 08". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. September 13, 2016.
  10. "TY 1616 MALAKAS (1616) UPGRADED FROM STS". Japan Meteorological Agency. September 13, 2016.
  11. "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 14". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. September 14, 2016.
  12. "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 15". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. September 15, 2016.
  13. "Typhoon 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 016". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. September 15, 2016.
  14. "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 21". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. September 16, 2016.
  15. "TY 1616 MALAKAS (1616)". Japan Meteorological Agency. September 17, 2016.
  16. "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 22". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. September 17, 2016.
  17. "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 25". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. September 17, 2016.
  18. "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 28". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. September 18, 2016.
  19. "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 30". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. September 19, 2016.
  20. "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 32". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. September 19, 2016.
  21. "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 35". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. September 20, 2016.
  22. "STS 1616 MALAKAS (1616) DOWNGRADED FROM TY". Japan Meteorological Agency. September 20, 2016.
  23. "平成２８年 台風第１６号に関する情報 第８９号" (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. September 19, 2016. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
  24. "平成２８年 台風第１６号に関する情報 第１０２号" (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. September 20, 2016. Archived from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
  25. "平成２８年 台風第１６号に関する情報 第１０６号" (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. September 20, 2016. Archived from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
  26. "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 37". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. September 20, 2016.
  27. "DEVELOPED LOW FORMER 1616 MALAKAS (1616)". Japan Meteorological Agency. September 20, 2016.
  28. Everton Fox (September 19, 2016). "Thousands evacuated as Typhoon Malakas clips Taiwan". Al Jazeera. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
  29. 唐鎮宇 (September 17, 2016). "馬勒卡走直線 北部風雨「正要開始」". Apple daily (in Chinese). Retrieved October 16, 2016.
  30. 盧太城 (September 17, 2016). "颱風馬勒卡過境 台東吹焚風". Central News Agency (in Chinese). Retrieved October 16, 2016.
  31. "台風１６号被害 全半壊９５棟、浸水４５４棟 鹿児島県内" (in Japanese). 南日本新聞社. September 22, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
  32. "台風１６号 住宅浸水、車水没 宮崎・延岡で北川氾濫" (in Japanese). 毎日新聞. September 20, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
  33. "台風16号、太平洋沿岸横断 各地で記録的大雨" (in Japanese). 中国新聞アルファ. September 20, 2016. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
  34. "平成28年台風第16号による被害状況" (in Japanese). Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. April 28, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
  35. Global Catastrophe Recap October 2016 (PDF) (Report). Aon Benfield. November 9, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
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