Typhoon Nock-ten

Typhoon Nock-ten, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Nina, was the strongest Christmas Day tropical cyclone worldwide in terms of 1-minute sustained winds.[1][2] Forming as a tropical depression southeast of Yap and strengthening into the twenty-sixth tropical storm of the annual typhoon season on December 21, 2016, Nock-ten intensified into the thirteenth typhoon of the season on December 23. Soon afterwards, the system underwent explosive intensification and became a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon early on December 25. Nock-ten weakened shortly afterwards before making eight landfalls over the Philippines.[3] The typhoon weakened rapidly due to the landfalls as it entered the South China Sea on December 26, turned southwest, and ultimately dissipated on December 28 due to the winter monsoon.

This article is about the 2016 typhoon. For other storms of the same name, see List of storms named Nock-ten and List of storms named Nina.

Typhoon Nock-ten (Nina)
Nock-ten approaching the Philippines at peak intensity on Christmas Day
Meteorological history
FormedDecember 20, 2016
DissipatedDecember 28, 2016
Violent typhoon
10-minute sustained (JMA)
Highest winds195 km/h (120 mph)
Lowest pressure915 hPa (mbar); 27.02 inHg
Category 5-equivalent super typhoon
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds260 km/h (160 mph)
Lowest pressure918 hPa (mbar); 27.11 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities13
Damage$123 million (2016 USD)
Areas affectedCaroline Islands, Philippines, Vietnam
IBTrACS
Part of the 2016 Pacific typhoon season

Nock-ten was the third typhoon to have caused significant impacts in the Philippines, after typhoons Sarika and Haima only two months prior, both of which struck similar areas at a similar intensity. 13 people were known to have been killed by Nock-ten. Damage totals were estimated upwards of US$127.5 million, and because of this, the names Nock-ten and Nina were retired by the Japan Meteorological Agency and PAGASA name lists, respectively.

Meteorological history
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On December 20, the Japan Meteorological Agency started to monitor a tropical depression that had formed about 1,090 km (675 mi) to the southeast of Yap Island in the Federated States of Micronesia.[4][5] The broad and poorly organized system was being affected by moderate to high vertical wind shear, which was being offset by warm sea surface temperatures.[5] Soon, the JTWC upgraded the system to a tropical depression, with the designation of 30W, based on improved environmental conditions and an ASCAT image.[6] Late on the same day, when central convection was increasing and consolidating over a defined low-level circulation center (LLCC), both the JMA and the JTWC upgraded it to a tropical storm, with the former assigning the name Nock-ten.[7][8] One day later, late on December 22, the JMA upgraded the system to a severe tropical storm, and Nock-ten started to form an eye revealed by microwave imagery.[9][10]

Tracking west-northwestward and then westward along the southern periphery of a deep-layered subtropical ridge, Nock-ten intensified into a typhoon at noon UTC on December 23.[11][12] Immediately after that, explosive intensification commenced with a sharp eye embedded in a symmetric central dense overcast feature.[13] At 06:00 UTC on December 24, Nock-ten reached its peak intensity with estimated ten-minute maximum sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph) and the central pressure at 915 hPa (27.02 inHg); therefore, it was the latest-forming typhoon of such intensity or stronger on record.[14] The JTWC also upgraded Nock-ten to a Category 4-equivalent super typhoon, when the system was in an area of low vertical wind shear, excellent dual-channel outflow, and sea surface temperatures of 29 °C.[15] Although the eye became cloud-filled in the afternoon, it cleared again late on the same day and while the JMA did not raise its intensity estimate further, the JTWC did so.[16][17]

On December 25, the JTWC reported that the Dvorak technique analyses at 03:00 UTC from "all reporting agencies" indicated a T-number of 7.0;[18] therefore, the JTWC added a non-synoptic entry to the operational best track for that time, indicating one-minute maximum sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph), equivalent to Category 5 on the Saffir–Simpson scale.[19] However, land interaction soon impacted the typhoon, as its convective cloud tops had become warmer.[18] Later, Nock-ten made landfall over the Philippines eight times: Bato, Catanduanes at 18:30 PST (10:30 UTC) and Sagñay, Camarines Sur at 21:30 PST (13:30 UTC) on December 25; San Andres, Quezon at 02:00 PST (18:00 UTC), Torrijos, Marinduque at 04:30 PST (20:30 UTC), Verde Island, Batangas at 09:15 PST (01:15 UTC), Tingloy, Batangas at 10:10 PST (02:10 UTC), Calatagan, Batangas at 11:40 PST (03:40 UTC), and Lubang Island, Occidental Mindoro at 13:00 PST (05:00 UTC) on December 26.[20]

The eight landfalls significantly eroded Nock-ten, and the structure became much more asymmetric and ragged.[21] Thus, when Nock-ten emerged into the South China Sea early on December 26, it had weakened into a minimal typhoon.[22] Subsequently, although Nock-ten's structure briefly improved, it was downgraded to a severe tropical storm by the JMA and a tropical storm by the JTWC early on December 27, as its LLCC had started to become exposed.[23][24] Poleward outflow was no longer offsetting the effects of strong vertical wind shear, leading to rapid weakening.[25] After the JMA downgraded the system to a tropical storm at 09:00 UTC, Nock-ten further weakened to a tropical depression late on the same day.[26][27] Influenced by a Northeast Monsoon surge, the system accelerated southwestward, and convection was unable to develop over the fully exposed LLCC due to high vertical wind shear and colder dry air.[28] The JTWC issued its final warning for the system early on December 28, and the tropical depression dissipated in the afternoon.[29][30][31]

Preparations and impact
Highest PSWS raised by PAGASA across the Philippines in relation to Typhoon Nina (Nock-Ten)

Nock-ten made eight landfalls in the Philippines.[32] According to the NDRRMC, a total of 98,771 families were preemptively evacuated in CALABARZON, MIMAROPA, Bicol, and Eastern Visayas region.[33]

A total of 13 people have been reported dead while total damages have been reported up to ₱6.12 billion (US$123 million).[34]

On December 26, 2016, MV Starlite Atlantic sank off the coast of Tingloy, Batangas during the onslaught of the typhoon. The vessel was anchored in Batangas Bay when the typhoon passed over it with winds of up to 185 km/h in the center and gusts of 215 km/h. The typhoon generated huge waves between six and eight meters in height, causing the vessel to come off its mooring and drift toward Tingloy where it sank. One person died and 18 were reported missing in the incident, while the Philippine Coast Guard rescued 15 out of the 34 crew.[35][36][37]

Highest Public Storm Warning Signal
PSWS# Luzon Visayas Mindanao
4 Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Southern Portion of Quezon None None
3 Albay, Burias Island, Marinduque, Batangas, Lubang Island, Cavite, Laguna, Northern Portion of Oriental Mindoro, Northern Portion of Occidental Mindoro, Rest of Quezon, Sorsogon, Southern Portion of Metro Manila None None
2 Rizal, Bulacan, Bataan, Pampanga, Southern Portion of Zambales, Polillo Islands, Rest of Occidental Mindoro, Rest of Oriental Mindoro, Romblon, Masbate including Ticao Island, Rest of Metro Manila Northern Samar None
1 Rest of Zambales, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, Aurora, Pangasinan, Calamian Group of Islands Samar, Eastern Samar, Biliran, Leyte, Rest of Cebu, Aklan, Capiz None

Retirement
See also: List of retired Pacific typhoon names
Aerial photo shows the damage of Typhoon Nina to the communities of Camarines Sur.

PAGASA announced that Nina had removed from their naming lists, because it had caused over ₱1 billion in damages; subsequently on January 17, 2017, PAGASA announced that they selected Nika to supersede Nina for the 2020 season. On the other hand, during the 49th annual session of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee during 2017, they announced that the Nock-ten had also removed from the naming lists. In March 2018, the Typhoon Committee officially chose Hinnamnor as its replacement name. But the name Hinnamnor was also retired after the 2022 season.[38]

See also
  • Typhoon Goni (2020) – the strongest storm to ever make landfall in world history, also struck the town of Bato, Catanduanes
  • Typhoon Lee (1981) – late-season typhoon which caused destruction in Mindanao
  • Typhoon Durian (2006) – caused similar destruction to the same areas affected by Nock-ten
  • Typhoon Rammasun (2014) – typhoon which hit Bicol Region and Metro Manila in July 2014
  • Typhoon Hagupit (2014) – took a similar track
  • Typhoon Melor (2015) – previous typhoon to directly affect Southern Luzon and Bicol prior to Nock-ten
  • Typhoon Tembin (2017) – another late-season storm that struck the Philippines in December 2017
  • Typhoon Kammuri (2019) – another typhoon which hit Bicol and Southern Luzon in December 2019
  • Cyclone Tracy (1974) – a tropical cyclone that struck Darwin, Northern Territory on Christmas Day, causing devastation.
  • Typhoon Phanfone (2019) – a typhoon which affected the Philippines on the same holiday.
  • Typhoon Rai (2021) – the first category 5 equivalent typhoon in the month of December since Nock-ten.

References
  1. "Super Typhoon Nock-ten (Nina) Making Landfall on the Philippines on Christmas Day". The Weather Channel. December 25, 2016.
  2. "#Nockten's current intensity of 155 mph is strongest for TC anywhere around the globe on Christmas (UTC time) on record (since 1960)". Twitter. Phillip Klotzbach. December 25, 2016.
  3. "SitRep No.12 re Preparedness Measures for TY NINA (NOCK-TEN) page 94" (PDF). NDRRMC. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
  4. "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track: Typhoon Nockten". Japan Meteorological Agency. January 24, 2017. Archived from the original on January 24, 2017. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
  5. "Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans December 20, 2016 06z". United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. December 20, 2016. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  6. "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 30W (Thirty) Warning Nr 001". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. December 21, 2016. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2016.
  7. "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 211800". Japan Meteorological Agency. December 21, 2016. Archived from the original on December 22, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2016.
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  11. "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 231200". Japan Meteorological Agency. December 23, 2016. Archived from the original on December 23, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2016.
  12. "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 30W (Nock-ten) Warning Nr 10". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. December 23, 2016. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2016.
  13. "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 30W (Nock-ten) Warning Nr 11". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. December 23, 2016. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2016.
  14. Kitamoto, Asanobu. "Typhoon List (105kt or stronger in December)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
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  20. "SitRep No.7 re Preparedness Measures for Typhoon "Nina" (I.N. NOCK-TEN)" (PDF). NDRRMC. December 28, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
  21. "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 30W (Nock-ten) Warning Nr 21". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. December 26, 2016. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
  22. "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 260600". Japan Meteorological Agency. December 26, 2016. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
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  27. "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 271800". Japan Meteorological Agency. December 27, 2016. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
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  33. "Sitrep_No_13_re_Preparedness_Measures_and_Effects_of_TY_NINA_NOCK-TEN" (PDF). January 9, 2017.
  34. "Sitrep_No_13_re_Preparedness_Measures_and_Effects_of_TY_NINA_NOCK-TEN" (PDF). January 9, 2017.
  35. Cinco, Maricar (December 28, 2016). "18 still missing from MV Starlight Atlantic sinking". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  36. "1 dead, 18 still missing as Typhoon Nina sinks ferry". CNN Philippines. December 27, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  37. "Rescue operations ongoing for crew of sunken PH RORO ship". Port Calls Asia. December 27, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
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